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1340:
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63:
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47:
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Phenol derivatives are environmental pollutants, classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC). Studies show they are likely to facilitate ground level ozone formation and increase photo-chemical smog. In aquatic bodies, they can potentially accumulate in organisms. They are persistent in landfills,
2105:
Photo-aging is another degradation route for polycarbonates. Polycarbonate molecules (such as the aromatic ring) absorb UV radiation. This absorbed energy causes cleavage of covalent bonds which initiates the photo-aging process. The reaction can be propagated via side chain oxidation, ring oxidation
1878:
In the presence of UV light, oxidation of this polymer yields compounds such as ketones, phenols, o-phenoxybenzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and other unsaturated compounds. This has been suggested through kinetic and spectral studies. The yellow color formed after long exposure to sun can also be related
2185:
Waste polycarbonate will degrade at high temperatures to form solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants. A study showed that the products were about 40–50 wt.% liquid, 14–16 wt.% gases, while 34–43 wt.% remained as solid residue. Liquid products contained mainly phenol derivatives (~75wt.%) and bisphenol
1774:
More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of bisphenol A derived from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice. However, the
1586:
Standard polycarbonate resins are not suitable for long term exposure to UV radiation. To overcome this, the primary resin can have UV stabilisers added. These grades are sold as UV stabilized polycarbonate to injection moulding and extrusion companies. Other applications, including polycarbonate
1487:
Polycarbonate, being a versatile material with attractive processing and physical properties, has attracted myriad smaller applications. The use of injection molded drinking bottles, glasses and food containers is common, but the use of BPA in the manufacture of polycarbonate has stirred concerns
1427:
discs. These discs are produced by injection-molding polycarbonate into a mold cavity that has on one side a metal stamper containing a negative image of the disc data, while the other mold side is a mirrored surface. Typical products of sheet/film production include applications in advertisement
1444:
of aluminium without the need for a base-coat. Decorative bezels and optical reflectors are commonly made of polycarbonate. Its low weight and high impact resistance have made polycarbonate the dominant material for automotive headlamp lenses. However, automotive headlamps require outer surface
1869:
The leaching of BPA from polycarbonate can also occur at environmental temperature and normal pH (in landfills).The amount of leaching increases as the polycarbonate parts get older. A study found that the decomposition of BPA in landfills (under anaerobic conditions) will not occur. It will
1357:
Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications that capitalize on its collective safety features. A good electrical insulator with heat-resistant and flame-retardant properties, it is used in products associated with power systems and telecommunications hardware. It can serve as a
1778:
An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry-funded studies tend to find no significant effects whereas
1810:(BPA). After about 30 days at 85 °C/96% RH, surface crystals are formed which for 70% consisted of BPA. BPA is a compound that is currently on the list of potential environmental hazardous chemicals. It is on the watch list of many countries, such as United States and Germany.
1610:
Many polycarbonate grades are used in medical applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards (occasionally referred to as PC-ISO). Class VI is the most stringent of the six USP ratings. These grades can be sterilized using steam at 120 °C,
1407:(ABS) because of the high melting point, difficulty with print bed adhesion, tendency to warp during printing, and tendency to absorb moisture in humid environments. Despite these issues, 3D printing using polycarbonates is common in the professional community.
1270:
of about 147 °C (297 °F), so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155 °C (311 °F). Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80 °C (176 °F) to make strain-free and stress-free products. Low
1461:, although "bullet-resistant" is more accurate for the thinner windows, such as are used in bullet-resistant windows in automobiles. The thicker barriers of transparent plastic used in teller's windows and barriers in banks are also polycarbonate.
976:
cores, which confer rigidity. The unique O=C bond is short (1.173 Å in the depicted example), while the C-O bonds are more ether-like (the bond distances of 1.326 Å for the example depicted). Polycarbonates received their name because they are
1658:
Benefits over glass and metal back covers include durability against shattering (advantage over glass), bending and scratching (advantage over metal), shock absorption, low manufacturing costs, and no interference with radio signals and
1286:. Even for sharp angle bends with a tight radius, heating may not be necessary. This makes it valuable in prototyping applications where transparent or electrically non-conductive parts are needed, which cannot be made from sheet metal.
2832:
Chan, Julian M. W.; Ke, Xiyu; Sardon, Haritz; Engler, Amanda C.; Yang, Yi Yan; Hedrick, James L. (2014). "Chemically
Modifiable N-Heterocycle-Functionalized Polycarbonates as a Platform for Diverse Smart Biomimetic Nanomaterials".
1734:
The use of polycarbonate containers for the purpose of food storage is controversial. The basis of this controversy is their hydrolysis (degradation by water, often referred to as leaching) occurring at high temperature, releases
1398:
Polycarbonates are used extensively in 3D FDM printing, producing durable strong plastic products with a high melting point. Polycarbonate is relatively difficult for casual hobbyists to print compared to thermoplastics such as
1445:
coatings because of its low scratch resistance and susceptibility to ultraviolet degradation (yellowing). The use of polycarbonate in automotive applications is limited to low stress applications. Stress from fasteners,
1619:(EtO) method. Trinseo strictly limits all its plastics with regard to medical applications. Aliphatic polycarbonates have been developed with improved biocompatibility and degradability for nanomedicine applications.
3263:
Morin, Nicolas; Arp, Hans Peter H.; Hale, Sarah E. (July 2015). "Bisphenol A in Solid Waste
Materials, Leachate Water, and Air Particles from Norwegian Waste-Handling Facilities: Presence and Partitioning Behavior".
1533:
The light weight of polycarbonate as opposed to glass has led to development of electronic display screens that replace glass with polycarbonate, for use in mobile and portable devices. Such displays include newer
4785:
4396:
2614:
2382:
Perez, Serge; Scaringe, Raymond P. (1987). "Crystalline features of 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenylbis(phenyl carbonate) and conformational analysis of the polycarbonate of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane".
3416:
Collin, S.; Bussière, P. -O.; Thérias, S.; Lambert, J. -M.; Perdereau, J.; Gardette, J. -L. (2012-11-01). "Physicochemical and mechanical impacts of photo-ageing on bisphenol a polycarbonate".
1530:(helmet visors, riot shields, etc.). Windscreens in small motorized vehicles are commonly made of polycarbonate, such as for motorcycles, ATVs, golf carts, and small airplanes and helicopters.
2265:
1709:
Patent priority was resolved in Bayer's favor, and Bayer began commercial production under the trade name
Makrolon in 1958. GE began production under the name Lexan in 1960, creating the
1538:
and some LCD screens, though CRT, plasma screen and other LCD technologies generally still require glass for its higher melting temperature and its ability to be etched in finer detail.
1938:
This product can be further oxidized to form smaller unsaturated compounds. This can proceed via two different pathways, the products formed depends on which mechanism takes place.
1278:
Unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo large plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. As a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using
1255:(PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger and will hold up longer to extreme temperature. Thermally processed material is usually totally amorphous, and as a result is highly
1571:, instrument panels, tealight candle containers and food blender jars. Many toys and hobby items are made from polycarbonate parts, like fins, gyro mounts, and flybar locks in
3307:
Chin, Yu-Ping; Miller, Penney L.; Zeng, Lingke; Cawley, Kaelin; Weavers, Linda K. (November 2004). "Photosensitized
Degradation of Bisphenol A by Dissolved Organic Matter †".
2151:
2071:
1989:
1275:
grades are easier to mold than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are more difficult to process.
4509:
4120:
2934:
1503:
Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications that would normally indicate the use of
1307:) into sheets (0.5–20 mm (0.020–0.787 in)) and films (below 1 mm (0.039 in)), which can be used directly or manufactured into other shapes using
1244:
Polycarbonate is a durable material. Although it has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance. Therefore, a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate
1785:
bleach and other alkali cleaners catalyze the release of the bisphenol A from polycarbonate containers. Polycarbonate is incompatible with ammonia and acetone.
3461:
Assadi, M. Hussein N.; Sahajwalla, V. (2014). "Recycling End-of-Life
Polycarbonate in Steelmaking: Ab Initio Study of Carbon Dissolution in Molten Iron".
2734:
2692:
985:(−O−(C=O)−O−). A balance of useful features, including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties, positions polycarbonates between
1706:
polycarbonate. Both companies filed for U.S. patents in 1955, and agreed that the company lacking priority would be granted a license to the technology.
3174:
2276:
1467:
3116:
Hunt, PA; Kara E. Koehler; Martha
Susiarjo; Craig A. Hodges; Arlene Ilagan; Robert C. Voigt; Sally Thomas; Brian F. Thomas; Terry J. Hassold (2003).
2807:
2680:
3535:
4502:
4113:
1683:. However, after 30 years' laboratory research, this class of materials was abandoned without commercialization. Research resumed in 1953, when
968:
derived from bis(phenol-A) and two equivalents of phenol. This molecule reflects a subunit of a typical polycarbonate derived from bis(phenol-A).
3996:
2973:
2918:
2658:
1386:
The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry, e.g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, roofing sheets and
4795:
4764:
4455:
4406:
4375:
2485:
1464:
So-called "theft-proof" large plastic packaging for smaller items, which cannot be opened by hand, is typically made from polycarbonate.
3231:
Bair, H. E.; Falcone, D. R.; Hellman, M. Y.; Johnson, G. E.; Kelleher, P. G. (1981-06-01). "Hydrolysis of polycarbonate to yield BPA".
4495:
4106:
3613:
2551:
Polycarbonate can satisfactorily be given a single-dose sterilization exposure (22) but tends to become brittle much above 2.5 Mrad.
2498:
1602:
and other forms of industrial grade under printed products. The polycarbonate provides a barrier to wear, the elements, and fading.
3378:
Carroccio, Sabrina; Puglisi, Concetto; Montaudo, Giorgio (2002). "Mechanisms of
Thermal Oxidation of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate)".
2763:
1775:
animal cages used in the research were fabricated from industrial grade polycarbonate, rather than FDA food grade polycarbonate.
520:
31:
3638:
2443:
Djurner, K.; M??nson, J-A.; Rigdahl, M. (1978). "Crystallization of polycarbonate during injection molding at high pressures".
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therefore be persistent in landfills. Eventually, it will find its way into water bodies and contribute to aquatic pollution.
4846:
4780:
4759:
4656:
4391:
4370:
4267:
4021:
1545:, polycarbonate glasses are becoming popular for serving alcohol because of their strength, durability, and glass-like feel.
2938:
1526:, swimming goggles and SCUBA masks, and safety glasses/goggles/visors including visors in sporting helmets/masks and police
2748:
1703:
128:
2524:
1436:
In the automotive industry, injection-molded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for
4821:
4754:
4445:
4365:
2705:
1511:
light. Many kinds of lenses are manufactured from polycarbonate, including automotive headlamp lenses, lighting lenses,
1267:
411:
2785:
1315:
techniques, such as bending, drilling, or routing. Due to its chemical properties it is not conducive to laser-cutting.
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and are identified as "Other", 7 on the RIC list. Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer
2186:(~10wt.%) also present. Polycarbonate, however, can be safely used as a carbon source in the steel-making industry.
4851:
4831:
3703:
3678:
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As more and more governments are restricting the use of glass in pubs and clubs due to the increased incidence of
4601:
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4478:
4212:
4098:
4011:
3836:
3653:
3643:
3069:"An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment"
1691:
in
Uerdingen, Germany patented the first linear polycarbonate. The brand name "Makrolon" was registered in 1955.
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933:
329:
231:
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2885:
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1441:
3210:
3173:
Koehler, KE; Robert C. Voigt; Sally Thomas; Bruce Lamb; Cheryl Urban; Terry
Hassold; Patricia A. Hunt (2003).
2426:
Volker Serini "Polycarbonates" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000.
1806:
Studies have shown that at temperatures above 70 °C, and high humidity, polycarbonate will hydrolyze to
4841:
4816:
3872:
3763:
3748:
3728:
2345:"Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique"
1627:
Some smartphone manufacturers use polycarbonate. Nokia used polycarbonate in their phones starting with the
1252:
379:
174:
155:
1251:
and polycarbonate exterior automotive components. The characteristics of polycarbonate compare to those of
932:. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique
4676:
4554:
4287:
4165:
3920:
3648:
3606:
1167:. The cyclohexane is used as a comonomer to suppress crystallisation tendency of the BPA-derived product.
540:
2811:
4560:
4467:
4171:
3816:
3543:
3010:
Howdeshell, KL; Peterman PH; Judy BM; Taylor JA; Orazio CE; Ruhlen RL; Vom Saal FS; Welshons WV (2003).
1684:
1256:
1168:
1164:
450:
145:
2300:
Parvin, M. & Williams, J. G. (1975). "The effect of temperature on the fracture of polycarbonate".
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1479:
jet fighter is fabricated from high optical quality polycarbonate. It is the largest item of its type.
2136:
2056:
1974:
1290:, which is similar in appearance to polycarbonate, is brittle and cannot be bent at room temperature.
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In this way, approximately one billion kilograms of polycarbonate is produced annually. Many other
990:
745:
566:
502:
1123:, which subsequently is attacked by another phenoxide. The net reaction from the diphenoxide is:
30:
This article is about thermoplastic polymer materials. For carbonate-chain functional-groups, see
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piston filler made of polycarbonate and stainless steel, launched in 1966 and still in production
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1390:. Polycarbonates are used to create materials used in buildings that must be durable but light.
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881:
3012:"Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature"
2961:
1643:-branded removable battery cover in 2012. This practice continues with various phones in the
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2400:
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1507:, but require much higher impact-resistance. Polycarbonate lenses also protect the eye from
1366:. Commercial manufacture of polycarbonate capacitors mostly stopped after sole manufacturer
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have been tested in place of bisphenol A, e.g. 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane and
1044:
865:
396:
319:
3142:
3117:
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After 1970, the original brownish polycarbonate tint was improved to "glass-clear".
1029:
4053:
4043:
3905:
3753:
3698:
3673:
2771:
2209:
1663:(advantage over metal). Polycarbonate back covers are available in glossy or matte
1632:
1568:
1416:
1040:
875:
590:
135:
1492:), leading to development and use of "BPA-free" plastics in various formulations.
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99:
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materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked,
847:
833:
797:
17:
2881:
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920:
in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong,
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4307:
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4147:
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1631:'s unibody case in 2011. This practice continued with various phones in the
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2966:
Unlikely Victory: How General Electric Succeeded in the Chemical Industry
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when it comes in contact with certain accelerants such as salt water and
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The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with
809:
82:
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3399:
3328:
2695:. The State of Queensland (Department of Justice and Attorney-General)
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1370:
stopped making capacitor-grade polycarbonate film at the end of 2000.
3084:
3035:
2199:
855:
821:
757:
650:
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533:
3363:
3118:"Bisphenol A Exposure Causes Meiotic Aneuploidy in the Female Mouse"
2359:
948:
3475:
1587:
sheets, may have the anti-UV layer added as a special coating or a
1489:
2683:. State of New South Wales (Office of Liquor, Gaming & Racing)
2272:
2225:
2114:, dihydroxybenzophenone groups, and hydroxydiphenyl ether groups.
1710:
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Other miscellaneous items include durable, lightweight luggage,
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3595:
3445:"The effects of ultraviolet radiation on polycarbonate glazing"
1702:(GE) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, independently synthesized a
1006:
The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of
1420:
785:
700:
678:
2190:
do not readily evaporate and would remain in the atmosphere.
3443:
Tjandraatmadja, G. F.; Burn, L. S.; Jollands, M. J. (1999).
2486:
Answers to Common Questions about Bayer Polycarbonate Resins
1779:
government-funded studies tend to find significant effects.
61:
3591:
1263:, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass.
3355:
Environmental assessment for bisphenol-a and polycarbonate
1694:
Also in 1953, and one week after the invention at Bayer,
1293:
Main transformation techniques for polycarbonate resins:
2913:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 205–.
1598:
Polycarbonate is also used as a printing substrate for
1300:
into tubes, rods and other profiles including multiwall
2139:
2059:
1977:
3175:"When disaster strikes: rethinking caging materials"
2525:"The Effects of Radiation Sterilization on Plastics"
2228:, allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) used for eyeglasses
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2445:
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition
1647:series. Apple started using polycarbonate with the
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2208:, was found to consume the polycarbonate found in
2145:
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1983:
1415:A major polycarbonate market is the production of
1025:. The overall reaction can be written as follows:
2910:Ingredient Branding: Making the Invisible Visible
2907:Philip Kotler; Waldemar Pfoertsch (17 May 2010).
1793:for cleaning grease and oils from polycarbonate.
2808:"Makrolon Polycarbonate Biocompatibility Grades"
2372:CES Edupack 2010, Polycarbonate (PC) specs sheet
2216:. However, this effect has not been reproduced.
1675:Polycarbonates were first discovered in 1898 by
1449:and molding render polycarbonate susceptible to
2858:
2856:
1183:An alternative route to polycarbonates entails
2937:. Chemical Institute of Canada. Archived from
2735:"Which Plastic Material is Used in Lego Sets?"
1720:Potential hazards in food contact applications
1490:Potential hazards in food contact applications
4503:
4114:
3607:
2632:Egress technicians keep raptor pilots covered
1432:Automotive, aircraft, and security components
1175:has been developed as a replacement for BPA.
8:
2990:"General Electric to Sell Plastics Division"
2864:"Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic"
2737:. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05.
2653:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 119.
1879:to further oxidation of phenolic end group
1635:. Samsung started using polycarbonate with
4510:
4496:
4488:
4121:
4107:
4099:
3978:
3614:
3600:
3592:
3357:(Master thesis). Kansas State University.
2768:Medical Plastics and Biomaterials Magazine
442:1.8 MPa: 128–138 °C (262–280 °F)
3474:
3362:
3141:
3092:
3043:
2968:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–77.
2786:"Dow Plastics Medical Application Policy"
2693:Ban on regular glass in licensed premises
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2138:
2058:
1976:
1329:when exposed to ionizing radiation above
2634:. Pacaf.af.mil. Retrieved on 2011-02-26.
2764:"Medical Applications of Polycarbonate"
2681:Alcohol restrictions for violent venues
2257:
3704:Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)
3309:Environmental Science & Technology
3266:Environmental Science & Technology
3258:
3256:
3254:
2740:
1428:(signs, displays, poster protection).
1382:Polycarbonate sheeting in a greenhouse
36:
3644:Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)
3639:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
3430:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.036
3411:
3409:
3348:
3346:
2762:Powell, Douglas G. (September 1998).
2650:A Healthy, Wealthy, Sustainable World
51:Repeating chemical structure unit of
7:
4765:List of environmental health hazards
4456:List of environmental health hazards
4376:List of environmental health hazards
2706:"RDLohr's Clearly Superior Products"
1679:, a German scientist working at the
1171:is used to enhance fire resistance.
521:Linear thermal expansion coefficient
2603:from the original on June 12, 2017.
1471:Lockheed Martin F-22 cockpit canopy
972:Carbonate esters have planar OC(OC)
952:Structure of dicarbonate (PhOC(O)OC
439:0.45 MPa: 140 °C (284 °F)
4650:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
4261:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3233:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
2615:"Is this the end of owning music?"
2352:High Temperatures – High Pressures
25:
3418:Polymer Degradation and Stability
3016:Environmental Health Perspectives
2935:"Polycarbonate is Polyfunctional"
2343:Blumm, J.; Lindemann, A. (2003).
1282:techniques, such as bending on a
1119:) reacts with phosgene to give a
467:115–130 °C (239–266 °F)
459:145–150 °C (293–302 °F)
3793:
3787:
3679:Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
3654:Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
2962:"Lexan Polycarbonate: 1953–1968"
2960:Jerome T. Coe (27 August 2010).
2146:{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }
2066:{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }
1984:{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }
1874:Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate
1343:A bottle made from polycarbonate
1028:
45:
32:polycarbonate (functional group)
3659:Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)
2501:. city plastics. Archived from
2488:. bayermaterialsciencenafta.com
2198:In 2001 a species of fungus in
1405:Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
934:resin identification code (RIC)
880:1–2 g·mm/(m·day) @ 85%–0%
4022:Category:Plastics applications
3769:Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)
3764:Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
3749:Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
3067:vom Saal FS, Hughes C (2005).
2733:Linda Jablanski (2015-03-31).
2266:"Lexan sheet technical manual"
2140:
2060:
1978:
1561:MP3/digital audio player cases
1457:. It can be laminated to make
870:400–800 cm·mm/(m·day·Bar)
1:
3729:Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)
3353:Chow, Jimmy T. (2007-08-06).
3143:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00189-1
2212:(CD). This has prospects for
860:70–130 cm·mm/(m·day·Bar)
4796:Toxic Substances Control Act
4755:Persistent organic pollutant
4446:Persistent organic pollutant
4407:Toxic Substances Control Act
4366:Persistent organic pollutant
3649:Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)
3564:Bosch, Xavier (2001-06-27).
2302:Journal of Materials Science
1583:is used for opaque pieces).
1573:radio-controlled helicopters
1268:glass transition temperature
412:Glass transition temperature
4750:Great Pacific garbage patch
4439:Great Pacific garbage patch
4361:Great Pacific garbage patch
3774:Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
3689:Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
1477:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
432:Heat deflection temperature
4868:
4791:Japan Toxic Substances Law
4586:Miscellaneous plasticizers
4402:Japan Toxic Substances Law
4197:Miscellaneous plasticizers
3245:10.1002/app.1981.070260603
2465:10.1002/pol.1978.130160806
2242:Thermoplastic polyurethane
2110:. Products formed include
1723:
1475:The cockpit canopy of the
1303:extrusion with cylinders (
1173:Tetramethylcyclobutanediol
29:
4786:European REACH regulation
4781:California Proposition 65
4524:polyhalogenated compounds
4476:
4397:European REACH regulation
4392:California Proposition 65
4135:polyhalogenated compounds
4012:High-performance plastics
3837:High-performance plastics
3785:
2747:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2523:David W. Plester (1973).
2108:photo-Fries rearrangement
1499:Laboratory safety goggles
1451:stress corrosion cracking
1325:Polycarbonate may become
1240:Properties and processing
1179:Transesterification route
475:−40 °C (−40 °F)
472:Lower working temperature
464:Upper working temperature
426:147 °C (297 °F)
44:
3822:Fibre-reinforced plastic
3759:Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
3073:Environ. Health Perspect
2532:Sterilization Technology
2432:10.1002/14356007.a21_207
2232:Mobile phone accessories
846:10–25 cm·mm/(m·day·
798:Halogenated hydrocarbons
3873:Biodegradable additives
3286:10.1021/acs.est.5b01307
1253:polymethyl methacrylate
380:Coefficient of friction
4677:Perfluorooctanoic acid
4288:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3724:Polyphenyl ether (PPE)
3719:Polyoxymethylene (POM)
3664:Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
3536:"Pollutant Fact Sheet"
2992:. NY Times. 2007-05-22
2275:. 2009. Archived from
2147:
2067:
1985:
1556:
1500:
1472:
1442:evaporation deposition
1383:
1374:Construction materials
1344:
969:
541:Specific heat capacity
66:
4847:Transparent materials
4468:Biodegradable plastic
3817:Thermosetting polymer
3714:Polylactic acid (PLA)
3578:10.1038/news010628-11
2148:
2068:
1986:
1551:
1498:
1470:
1381:
1353:Electronic components
1342:
1169:Tetrabromobisphenol A
1165:dihydroxybenzophenone
951:
770:Aromatic hydrocarbons
612:Relative permeability
561:Electrical properties
451:Vicat softening point
203:Mechanical properties
146:Limiting oxygen index
69:Transmission spectrum
65:
4479:Identification codes
4079:Foam food containers
4002:Engineering plastics
3507:"Pollution Database"
3191:10.1038/laban0403-24
2882:"Polycarbonate (PC)"
2796:on February 9, 2010.
2774:on 23 February 1999.
2137:
2101:Photo-aging reaction
2057:
1975:
1797:Environmental impact
1681:University of Munich
1606:Medical applications
1459:bullet-proof "glass"
1266:Polycarbonate has a
1047:of the bisphenol A.
991:engineering plastics
916:polymers containing
481:Thermal conductivity
357:Abrasive resistance
330:Izod impact strength
279:Compressive strength
4822:Commodity chemicals
4707:Endocrine disruptor
4318:Endocrine disruptor
3916:Compression molding
3868:Polymer stabilizers
3511:pollution.unibuc.ro
3463:Ind. Eng. Chem. Res
3392:2002MaMol..35.4297C
3321:2004EnST...38.5888C
3278:2015EnST...49.7675M
3134:2003CBio...13..546H
3028:2003EnvHP.111.1180H
2647:(9 November 2015).
2457:1978JPoSL..16..419D
2405:10.1021/ma00167a014
2397:1987MaMol..20...68P
2314:1975JMatS..10.1883P
2237:Organic electronics
2205:Geotrichum candidum
2181:Thermal degradation
1783:Sodium hypochlorite
1730:Endocrine disruptor
1593:enhanced weathering
1321:into ready articles
1185:transesterification
708:Chemical resistance
567:Dielectric constant
503:Thermal diffusivity
77:Physical properties
4722:Polymer fume fever
4333:Polymer fume fever
3992:Commodity plastics
3966:Rotational molding
3936:Fiberglass molding
3896:Injection moulding
3878:Filler (materials)
3827:Corrugated plastic
3779:Tritan copolyester
3734:Polypropylene (PP)
3684:Polycarbonate (PC)
2847:10.1039/C4SC00789A
2354:. 35/36 (6): 627.
2322:10.1007/BF00754478
2143:
2063:
1981:
1713:division in 1973.
1575:, and transparent
1567:, computer cases,
1557:
1501:
1483:Niche applications
1473:
1438:sputter deposition
1384:
1362:in high-stability
1345:
1189:diphenyl carbonate
987:commodity plastics
970:
658:Dissipation factor
406:Thermal properties
67:
27:Family of polymers
4852:German inventions
4832:Optical materials
4804:
4803:
4738:Plastic pollution
4518:Health issues of
4485:
4484:
4463:Plastic recycling
4429:Plastic pollution
4415:
4414:
4349:Plastic pollution
4129:Health issues of
4087:
4086:
3983:Plastics industry
3901:Plastic extrusion
3754:Polyurethane (PU)
3744:Polysulfone (PES)
3699:Polyethylene (PE)
3674:Polybutylene (PB)
3485:10.1021/ie4031105
3469:(10): 3861–3864.
3424:(11): 2284–2293.
3400:10.1021/ma012077t
3386:(11): 4297–4305.
3329:10.1021/es0496569
3315:(22): 5888–5894.
3272:(13): 7675–7683.
2975:978-0-470-93547-7
2920:978-3-642-04214-0
2868:Android Authority
2660:978-1-78262-589-6
2621:. 3 January 2019.
2112:phenyl salicylate
1789:is a recommended
1661:wireless charging
1319:injection molding
1067:+ 2 NaOH → Na
912:) are a group of
903:
902:
16:(Redirected from
4859:
4743:Rubber pollution
4593:Organophosphates
4512:
4505:
4498:
4489:
4354:Rubber pollution
4204:Organophosphates
4123:
4116:
4109:
4100:
3979:
3951:Filament winding
3926:Transfer molding
3853:Polymer additive
3797:
3791:
3739:Polystyrene (PS)
3616:
3609:
3602:
3593:
3582:
3581:
3566:"Fungus eats CD"
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3542:. Archived from
3540:apps.sepa.org.uk
3532:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3513:. Archived from
3503:
3497:
3496:
3478:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3209:. Archived from
3170:
3164:
3163:
3145:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3085:10.1289/ehp.7713
3064:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3036:10.1289/ehp.5993
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2841:(8): 3294–3300.
2835:Chemical Science
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2810:. Archived from
2804:
2798:
2797:
2792:. Archived from
2790:Plastics.dow.com
2782:
2776:
2775:
2770:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2722:on 1 April 2010.
2721:
2715:. Archived from
2710:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2570:. Archived from
2560:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2542:. Archived from
2529:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2440:
2434:
2424:
2409:
2408:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2270:
2262:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1700:General Electric
1665:surface textures
1336:
1037:sodium hydroxide
1032:
1024:
1023:
1022:
983:carbonate groups
918:carbonate groups
828:
816:
804:
792:
776:
764:
752:
740:
724:
696:
641:
623:
599:
578:
549:
529:
515:0.144 mm²/s
511:
489:
423:
388:
307:
290:
270:
264:
243:
232:Tensile strength
217:
198:
190:
175:Water absorption
156:Water absorption
125:
117:Refractive index
108:
91:
71:of polycarbonate
49:
37:
21:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4769:
4726:
4683:
4645:
4612:
4581:
4527:
4516:
4486:
4481:
4472:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4380:
4337:
4294:
4256:
4223:
4192:
4138:
4127:
4093:
4083:
4032:
3970:
3956:Solvent bonding
3946:Plastic welding
3888:
3882:
3841:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3783:
3694:Polyester (PEs)
3631:
3625:
3620:
3590:
3585:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3520:
3518:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3262:
3261:
3252:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3122:Current Biology
3115:
3114:
3110:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2870:. 19 July 2018.
2862:
2861:
2854:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2549:on 2015-05-12.
2546:
2534:. p. 149.
2527:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2499:"Polycarbonate"
2497:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2425:
2412:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2360:10.1068/htjr144
2347:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2247:Vapor polishing
2222:
2196:
2194:Effect of fungi
2183:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2103:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1804:
1799:
1791:organic solvent
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1732:
1724:Main articles:
1722:
1685:Hermann Schnell
1673:
1625:
1613:gamma radiation
1608:
1485:
1447:plastic welding
1434:
1413:
1401:Polylactic acid
1396:
1376:
1355:
1350:
1330:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1181:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1045:hydroxyl groups
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1004:
999:
975:
967:
963:
959:
955:
946:
826:
814:
802:
790:
774:
762:
750:
738:
722:
690:
635:
621:
614:
593:
576:
569:
543:
523:
505:
483:
445:
421:
414:
382:
301:
299:Poisson's ratio
288:
281:
265:
258:
241:
234:
211:
209:Young's modulus
196:
189:(1–380 nm)
188:
119:
102:
85:
72:
60:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Thermoplastics
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:Polycarbonates
4809:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4636:Vinyl chloride
4633:
4630:Polycarbonates
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4529:
4528:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:Vinyl chloride
4244:
4241:Polycarbonates
4233:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Packaging film
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4037:Specific goods
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3961:Vacuum forming
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3832:Polymeric foam
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:Polyimide (PI)
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Polyamide (PA)
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3596:
3589:
3588:External links
3586:
3584:
3583:
3556:
3527:
3498:
3453:
3435:
3405:
3380:Macromolecules
3370:
3342:
3299:
3250:
3223:
3165:
3128:(7): 546–553.
3108:
3059:
3002:
2981:
2974:
2952:
2926:
2919:
2899:
2873:
2852:
2824:
2799:
2777:
2754:
2725:
2713:wavelandps.com
2697:
2685:
2673:
2659:
2636:
2624:
2606:
2584:
2555:
2515:
2490:
2478:
2451:(8): 419–424.
2435:
2410:
2385:Macromolecules
2374:
2365:
2335:
2292:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2214:bioremediation
2195:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1721:
1718:
1677:Alfred Einhorn
1672:
1669:
1655:case in 2013.
1624:
1621:
1617:ethylene oxide
1607:
1604:
1484:
1481:
1433:
1430:
1412:
1409:
1395:
1392:
1375:
1372:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1301:
1273:molecular mass
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1180:
1177:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1019:
1003:
1002:Phosgene route
1000:
998:
995:
973:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
942:
906:Polycarbonates
901:
900:
897:
893:
892:
888:
887:
878:
872:
871:
868:
866:Carbon dioxide
862:
861:
858:
852:
851:
844:
838:
837:
834:Gas permeation
830:
829:
824:
818:
817:
812:
806:
805:
800:
794:
793:
788:
778:
777:
772:
766:
765:
760:
754:
753:
748:
742:
741:
736:
726:
725:
720:
710:
709:
705:
704:
697:
683:
682:
675:
668:
667:
664:
654:
653:
643:
629:
628:
625:
619:
608:
607:
600:
587:
586:
583:
574:
563:
562:
558:
557:
550:
537:
536:
530:
517:
516:
513:
499:
498:
491:
477:
476:
473:
469:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
447:
446:
444:
443:
440:
436:
434:
428:
427:
424:
419:
408:
407:
403:
402:
399:
397:Speed of sound
393:
392:
389:
376:
375:
362:
354:
353:
346:
340:
339:
332:
326:
325:
322:
312:
311:
308:
295:
294:
291:
286:
275:
274:
271:
252:
251:
244:
239:
228:
227:
218:
205:
204:
200:
199:
194:
182:
181:
178:
177:—over 24 hours
171:
170:
167:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
138:
132:
131:
126:
113:
112:
109:
96:
95:
94:1.20–1.22 g/cm
92:
79:
78:
74:
73:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
18:Polycarbonates
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4864:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4689:Health issues
4686:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4508:
4506:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:Garbage patch
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4300:Health issues
4297:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Shopping bags
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4029:(Agriculture)
4028:
4027:Plasticulture
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:Geosynthetics
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Thermoforming
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Thermoplastic
3810:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3546:on 2017-01-09
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3517:on 2017-12-29
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3224:
3213:on 2009-07-06
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:(8): 926–33.
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3022:(9): 1180–7.
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2941:on 5 May 2014
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2900:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2825:
2814:on 2013-04-10
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2574:on 2023-03-09
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2505:on 2018-10-16
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2282:on 2015-03-16
2278:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2210:compact discs
2207:
2206:
2201:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:Mobile phones
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:camera lenses
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:compact discs
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:or secondary
1310:
1309:thermoforming
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1261:visible light
1258:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1239:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:from BPA and
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:chloroformate
1098:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1013:
1009:
1001:
996:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
950:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:thermoplastic
911:
907:
898:
894:
889:
886:
883:
879:
877:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
825:
823:
819:
813:
811:
807:
801:
799:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
761:
759:
755:
749:
747:
743:
737:
735:
731:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
674:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
652:
648:
644:
642:at 1 MHz
639:
634:
630:
626:
624:at 1 MHz
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
582:
573:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
538:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
512:at 25 °C
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
490:at 23 °C
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
441:
438:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
418:
413:
409:
404:
401:2270 m/s
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
360:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
296:
292:
285:
280:
276:
272:
269:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
238:
233:
229:
226:
223:
219:
215:
210:
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127:
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118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
75:
70:
64:
59:
55:
54:Polycarbonate
48:
43:
40:Polycarbonate
38:
33:
19:
4629:
4533:Plasticizers
4240:
4144:Plasticizers
4092:Environment
4044:Blister pack
3997:Construction
3906:Blow molding
3683:
3569:
3559:
3548:. Retrieved
3544:the original
3539:
3530:
3519:. Retrieved
3515:the original
3510:
3501:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3438:
3421:
3417:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3354:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3269:
3265:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3215:. Retrieved
3211:the original
3185:(4): 24–27.
3182:
3178:
3168:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3019:
3015:
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2984:
2965:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:the original
2929:
2909:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:the original
2802:
2794:the original
2789:
2780:
2772:the original
2767:
2757:
2728:
2717:the original
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2649:
2645:Emsley, John
2639:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2596:
2587:
2576:. Retrieved
2572:the original
2567:
2558:
2550:
2544:the original
2531:
2518:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:the original
2493:
2481:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2391:(1): 68–77.
2388:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2351:
2338:
2308:(11): 1883.
2305:
2301:
2295:
2284:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2260:
2203:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2104:
2019:
2018:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1877:
1868:
1805:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1733:
1715:
1708:
1693:
1674:
1657:
1640:
1637:Galaxy S III
1633:Lumia series
1626:
1615:, or by the
1609:
1597:
1595:resistance.
1585:
1569:riot shields
1558:
1540:
1532:
1502:
1486:
1474:
1463:
1435:
1414:
1411:Data storage
1397:
1385:
1356:
1348:Applications
1324:
1292:
1288:PMMA/Acrylic
1277:
1265:
1243:
1223:CO → 1/n
1182:
1158:
1094:
1041:deprotonates
1034:
1027:
1005:
971:
930:thermoformed
909:
905:
904:
899:2.6–2.8 €/kg
876:Water vapour
718:concentrated
692:
637:
633:Permeability
616:
595:
591:Permittivity
571:
552:1.2–1.3 kJ/(
545:
525:
507:
485:
416:
384:
303:
283:
260:
236:
213:
136:Flammability
121:
104:
87:
53:
4827:Dielectrics
4774:Regulations
4626:Bisphenol A
4385:Regulations
4237:Bisphenol A
3921:Calendering
3863:Plasticizer
3803:Mechanical
3570:Nature News
3239:(6): 1777.
2085:OH + OCO(OC
1808:bisphenol A
1751:O → (HOC
1737:bisphenol A
1726:Bisphenol A
1711:GE Plastics
1589:coextrusion
1394:3D Printing
1388:sound walls
1313:fabrication
1280:sheet metal
1257:transparent
1008:bisphenol A
981:containing
938:bisphenol A
688:resistivity
673:resistivity
602:2.568 × 10
532:65–70 × 10/
186:Ultraviolet
160:Equilibrium
129:1.584–1.586
100:Abbe number
58:bisphenol A
4811:Categories
4702:Carcinogen
4667:Organotins
4537:Phthalates
4313:Carcinogen
4278:Organotins
4148:Phthalates
4094:and health
3941:Pultrusion
3931:Laminating
3889:processing
3550:2016-11-14
3521:2016-11-14
3476:2204.08706
3217:2008-05-06
3179:Lab Animal
2996:2020-07-21
2888:Prospector
2818:2007-04-14
2578:2012-07-19
2568:execpc.com
2509:2013-12-18
2286:2015-07-18
2253:References
1911:, R* → (OC
1696:Daniel Fox
1641:hyperglaze
1364:capacitors
1360:dielectric
1010:(BPA) and
997:Production
493:0.19–0.22
344:Notch test
293:>80 MPa
256:Elongation
192:resistance
169:0.16–0.35%
56:made from
4731:Pollution
4697:Teratogen
4628:(BPA, in
4342:Pollution
4308:Teratogen
4239:(BPA, in
3887:Plastics
3858:Colorants
3846:Additives
3630:Chemical
3493:101308914
2666:1 October
2473:0360-6384
2330:135645940
2141:⟶
2061:⟶
2020:Pathway B
1999:)OCO + CH
1979:⟶
1967:)CO + O
1942:Pathway A
1649:iPhone 5C
1600:nameplate
1553:Lamy 2000
1543:glassings
1528:riot gear
1455:plastisol
1403:(PLA) or
1305:calenders
1298:extrusion
1155:+ 2 NaCl
1097:phenoxide
944:Structure
891:Economics
803:Good-poor
791:Good-fair
763:Good-Poor
645:1.089(2)
4837:Plastics
4712:Diabetes
4618:Monomers
4598:Adipates
4520:plastics
4323:Diabetes
4229:Monomers
4209:Adipates
4131:plastics
3985:segments
3975:Products
3623:Plastics
3364:2097/368
3337:15573586
3294:26055751
3207:37343342
3199:19753748
3160:10168552
3152:12676084
3103:16079060
3054:12842771
2743:cite web
2619:BBC News
2601:Archived
2597:wima.com
2540:18798850
2220:See also
1842:O → (CH
1802:Disposal
1704:branched
1565:ocarinas
1517:eyeglass
1513:sunglass
1368:Bayer AG
1335:(kJ/kg).
1039:, which
1012:phosgene
979:polymers
885:gradient
842:Nitrogen
836:at 20 °C
810:Halogens
746:Alcohols
671:Surface
627:0.866(2)
334:600–850
320:Rockwell
316:Hardness
220:2.0–2.4
4760:Dioxins
4717:Obesity
4451:Dioxins
4371:Dioxins
4328:Obesity
4069:Cutlery
4059:Bottles
3388:Bibcode
3317:Bibcode
3274:Bibcode
3130:Bibcode
3094:1280330
3045:1241572
3024:Bibcode
2453:Bibcode
2393:Bibcode
2310:Bibcode
1787:Alcohol
1671:History
1653:unibody
1425:Blu-ray
1327:brittle
1246:eyewear
1151:→ 1/n
1147:+ COCl
940:(BPA).
822:Ketones
782:Greases
758:Alkalis
686:Volume
273:80–150%
83:Density
4557:(BBzP)
4526:(PHCs)
4168:(BBzP)
4137:(PHCs)
4049:Chairs
4017:Nurdle
3491:
3335:
3292:
3205:
3197:
3158:
3150:
3101:
3091:
3052:
3042:
2972:
2917:
2657:
2593:"WIMA"
2564:"Film"
2538:
2471:
2328:
2200:Belize
2073:OCO(OC
1645:Galaxy
1520:lenses
1423:, and
1249:lenses
1227:+ 2 C
1095:The di
1087:+ 2 H
928:, and
926:molded
856:Oxygen
734:dilute
699:10–10
579:at 1 M
497:/(m·K)
453:at 50
373:cycles
371:/1000
364:10–15
348:20–35
246:55–75
150:25–29%
4657:PBDEs
4568:(DOP)
4422:Waste
4268:PBDEs
4179:(DOP)
3805:types
3632:types
3489:S2CID
3471:arXiv
3448:(PDF)
3203:S2CID
3156:S2CID
2945:5 May
2892:5 May
2720:(PDF)
2709:(PDF)
2547:(PDF)
2536:S2CID
2528:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2326:S2CID
2280:(PDF)
2273:SABIC
2269:(PDF)
2226:CR-39
2093:)COCH
2053:, H*
1991:HO(OC
1971:, H*
1834:CO-)-
1814:-(-OC
1767:+ CO
1689:Bayer
1536:e-ink
1505:glass
1488:(see
1284:brake
1211:+ (C
1161:diols
922:tough
896:Price
730:Acids
714:Acids
660:at 1
361:D1044
268:break
140:HB-V2
4672:PFCs
4662:PCBs
4638:(in
4602:DEHA
4577:DINP
4572:DIDP
4566:DEHP
4561:DIHP
4545:DIBP
4522:and
4283:PFCs
4273:PCBs
4249:(in
4213:DEHA
4188:DINP
4183:DIDP
4177:DEHP
4172:DIHP
4156:DIBP
4133:and
4064:Bags
3333:PMID
3290:PMID
3195:PMID
3148:PMID
3099:PMID
3050:PMID
2970:ISBN
2947:2014
2915:ISBN
2894:2014
2749:link
2668:2023
2655:ISBN
2469:ISSN
2045:)CO)
2037:C(CH
2015:)OCO
2003:COCH
1959:C(CH
1931:)CO)
1923:C(CH
1903:CO )
1895:C(CH
1862:+ CO
1838:+ H
1826:C(CH
1747:+ H
1743:1/n
1728:and
1591:for
1577:LEGO
1421:DVDs
1195:(HOC
1051:(HOC
1043:the
1015:COCl
989:and
827:Poor
815:Poor
786:oils
784:and
775:Poor
751:Good
739:Good
723:Poor
666:0.01
391:0.31
359:ASTM
310:0.37
197:Fair
180:0.1%
164:ASTM
111:34.0
4640:PVC
4607:DOA
4555:BBP
4550:DBP
4251:PVC
4218:DOA
4166:BBP
4161:DBP
3574:doi
3481:doi
3426:doi
3396:doi
3359:hdl
3325:doi
3282:doi
3241:doi
3187:doi
3138:doi
3089:PMC
3081:doi
3077:113
3040:PMC
3032:doi
3020:111
2843:doi
2461:doi
2428:doi
2401:doi
2356:doi
2318:doi
2165:+ C
2106:or
2081:)CH
2049:+ O
2025:(OC
2007:(OC
1947:(OC
1907:+ O
1883:(OC
1858:OH)
1850:C(C
1763:CMe
1698:at
1687:at
1651:'s
1639:'s
1581:ABS
1440:or
1333:kGy
1331:25
1259:to
1207:CMe
1143:CMe
1131:(OC
1115:CMe
1103:(OC
1099:(Na
1083:CMe
1071:(OC
1063:CMe
964:CMe
848:Bar
681:/sq
677:10
662:MHz
585:2.9
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703:·m
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