Roman naming conventions - Knowledge (XXG)

166: 148: 157: 1592: 960:

manner of identifying individuals came to be by nomen and cognomen; essentially one form of binomial nomenclature was replaced by another, over the course of several centuries. The very lack of regularity that allowed the cognomen to be used as either a personal or a hereditary surname became its strength in imperial times; as a hereditary surname, a cognomen could be used to identify an individual's connection with other noble families, either by descent, or later by association. Individual cognomina could also be used to distinguish between members of the same family; even as siblings came to share the same praenomen, they bore different cognomina, some from the paternal line, and others from their maternal ancestors.

321:. Originally Roman women shared the binomial nomenclature of men; but over time the praenomen became less useful as a distinguishing element, and women's praenomina were gradually discarded, or replaced by informal names. By the end of the Republic, the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. Most women were called by their nomen alone, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen. Praenomina could still be given when necessary, and as with men's praenomina the practice survived well into imperial times, but the proliferation of personal cognomina eventually rendered women's praenomina obsolete. 764:

and family tradition. An eldest son was usually named after his father, and younger sons were named after their father's brothers or other male ancestors. In this way, the same praenomina were passed down in a family from one generation to the next. Not only did this serve to emphasize the continuity of a family across many generations, but the selection of praenomina also distinguished the customs of one gens from another. The patrician gentes in particular tended to limit the number of praenomina that they used far more than the plebeians, which was a way of reinforcing the exclusiveness of their social status.

631:, which helped to distinguish between members of larger families. Originally these were simply personal names, which might be derived from a person's physical features, personal qualities, occupation, place of origin, or even an object with which a person was associated. Some cognomina were derived from the circumstance of a person's adoption from one family into another, or were derived from foreign names, such as when a freedman received a Roman praenomen and nomen. Other cognomina commemorated important events associated with a person; a battle in which a man had fought ( 1206: 1549:

known chiefly by their nomina or cognomina. The first of these reasons is probably that the praenomen itself lost much of its original utility following the adoption of hereditary surnames; the number of praenomina commonly used by both men and women declined throughout Roman history. For men, who might hold public office or serve in the military, the praenomen remained an important part of the legal name. As Roman women played little role in public life, the factors that resulted in the continuation of men's praenomina did not exist for women.

927:, began as an additional personal name. It was not unique to Rome, but Rome was where the cognomen flourished, as the development of the gens and the gradual decline of the praenomen as a useful means of distinguishing between individuals made the cognomen a useful means of identifying both individuals and whole branches of Rome's leading families. In the early years of the Republic, some aristocratic Romans had as many as three cognomina, some of which were hereditary, while others were personal. 311:, who made up the majority of the Roman people, until the second century BC. Even then, not all Roman citizens bore cognomina, and until the end of the Republic the cognomen was regarded as somewhat less than an official name. By contrast, in imperial times the cognomen became the principal distinguishing element of the Roman name, and although praenomina never completely vanished, the essential elements of the Roman name from the second century onward were the nomen and cognomen. 864:, or "gentile name", designated a Roman citizen as a member of a gens. A gens, which may be translated as "clan", constituted an extended Roman group of individuals, all of whom shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. Particularly in the early Republic, the gens functioned as a state within the state, observing its own sacred rites and establishing private laws, which were binding on its members, although not on the community as a whole. 1686:, after the emperor's praenomen and nomen. The result was that vast numbers of individuals who had never possessed praenomina or nomina formally shared the same names. In turn, many of the "new Romans" promptly discarded their praenomina, and ignored their nomina except when required by formality. As a result, the cognomina adopted by these citizens, often including their original non-Latin names, became the most important part of their nomenclature. 1084:, while the number of plebeians continually grew, the patricians continually struggled to preserve their wealth and influence. A man who had no sons to inherit his property and preserve his family name would adopt one of the younger sons from another family. In time, as the plebeians also acquired wealth and gained access to the offices of the Roman state, they too came to participate in the Roman system of adoption. 1202:. Many nomina were derived in the same way, and most praenomina have at least one corresponding nomen, such as Lucilius, Marcius, Publilius, Quinctius, or Servilius. These are known as patronymic surnames, because they are derived from the name of the original bearer's father. Even after the development of the nomen and cognomen, filiation remained a useful means of distinguishing between members of a large family. 879: 801:, Probus discusses a number of older praenomina and their meanings. Most praenomina were regularly abbreviated, and rarely written in full. Other praenomina were used by the Oscan, Umbrian, and Etruscan-speaking peoples of Italy, and many of these also had regular abbreviations. (Lists of praenomina used by the various people of Italy, together with their usual abbreviations, can be found at 1803: 1133: 367: 1741: 1700: 35: 2574:, signifying the transition into adulthood, and that girls did not receive a praenomen before marriage. But this appears to refer to some sort of formal ceremony in which a praenomen was granted or confirmed, rather than the original act of naming. The funerary inscriptions of many Romans who died in childhood conclusively demonstrate that 349:. Over the course of the sixth century, as Roman institutions and social structures gradually fell away, the need to distinguish between nomina and cognomina likewise vanished. By the end of the seventh century, the people of Italy and western Europe had reverted to single names. But many of the names that had originated as part of the 703:. In the course of the sixth century, as central authority collapsed and Roman institutions disappeared, the complex forms of Roman nomenclature were abandoned altogether, and the people of Italy and western Europe reverted to single names. Modern European nomenclature developed independently of the Roman model during the 662:. Some Romans had more than one cognomen, and in aristocratic families it was not unheard of for individuals to have as many as three, of which some might be hereditary and some personal. These surnames were initially characteristic of patrician families, but over time cognomina were also acquired by the 1577:, etc. All of these names could be used as praenomina, preceding the nomen, but common usage from the later Republic onward was to treat them as personal cognomina; when these names appear in either position, it is frequently impossible to determine whether they were intended as praenomina or cognomina. 2044:

In order to reflect an illustrious pedigree or other connections, the aristocracy expanded the binary nomenclature concept to include other nomina from an individual's paternal and maternal ancestry. There was no limit to the number of names which could be added in this way (known as polyonomy), and,

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Another factor was probably that the praenomen was not usually necessary to distinguish between women within the family. Because a Roman woman did not change her nomen when she married, her nomen alone was usually sufficient to distinguish her from every other member of the family. As Latin names had

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In the earliest period, the binomial nomenclature of praenomen and nomen that developed throughout Italy was shared by both men and women. Most praenomina had both masculine and feminine forms, although a number of praenomina common to women were seldom or never used by men. Just as men's praenomina,

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By the sixth century, traditional Roman cognomina were frequently prefixed by a series of names with Christian religious significance. As Roman institutions vanished, and the distinction between nomen and cognomen ceased to have any practical importance, the complex system of cognomina that developed

843:

Under the weight of these practices and others, the utility of the praenomen to distinguish between men continued to decline, until only the force of tradition prevented its utter abandonment. Over the course of the third century, praenomina become increasingly scarce in written records, and from the

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Under the "High Empire", the new aristocracy began adopting two or more nomina – a practice which has been termed 'binary nomenclature'. This arose out of a desire to incorporate distinguished maternal ancestry in a name or, in order to inherit property, an heir was required by a will to incorporate

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As Roman territory expanded beyond Italy, many foreigners obtained Roman citizenship, and adopted Roman names. Often these were discharged auxiliary soldiers, or the leaders of annexed towns and peoples. Customarily a newly enfranchised citizen would adopt the praenomen and nomen of his patron; that

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Unlike the nomen, which was passed down unchanged from father to son, cognomina could appear and disappear almost at will. They were not normally chosen by the persons who bore them, but were earned or bestowed by others, which may account for the wide variety of unflattering names that were used as

835:

exchanged their original praenomina for cognomina, or received cognomina in place of praenomina at birth. An emperor might emancipate or enfranchise large groups of people at once, all of whom would automatically receive the emperor's praenomen and nomen. Yet another common practice beginning in the

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and close friends; but outside of this circle, they might be called by their nomen, cognomen, or any combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that was sufficient to distinguish them from other men with similar names. In the literature of the Republic, and on all formal occasions, such as when a

681:

Adding to the complexity of aristocratic names was the practice of combining the full nomenclature of both one's paternal and maternal ancestors, resulting in some individuals appearing to have two or more complete names. Duplicative or politically undesirable names might be omitted, while the order

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Cognomina are known from the beginning of the Republic, but were long regarded as informal names, and omitted from most official records before the second century BC. Later inscriptions commemorating the early centuries of the Republic supply these missing surnames, although the authenticity of some

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Secondly, with the nomen becoming an increasingly fossilized formality, non-Italian families, even those who had acquired citizenship and a nomen prior to 212, began to ignore their nomen. When a nomen was required for official purposes they would simply put the default nomen of "Aurelius" in front

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Although praenomina were not adopted by the new citizens, reflecting the pre-existing decline amongst "old" Romans, in the west the new names were formulated on the same basis as the existing Roman practices. In the east, however, the new citizens formulated their names by placing "Aurelius" before

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The cognomen, as in Vespasian's family, then assumed the distinguishing function for individuals; where this happened, the cognomen replaced the praenomen in intimate address. The result was that two names remained in use for formal public address but instead of praenomen + nomen, it became nomen +

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The praenomen, even under the classic system, had never been particularly distinctive because of the limited number of praenomina available. Between the late Republic and the second century AD, the praenomen gradually became less used and eventually disappeared altogether. Even among the senatorial

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During the Republic, a person's names were usually static and predictable, unless he were adopted into a new family or obtained a new surname; in imperial times, however, names became highly variable and subject to change. Perhaps no names were more variable than those of the emperors. For example,

1548:

For a variety of reasons, women's praenomina became neglected over the course of Roman history, and by the end of the Republic, most women did not have or did not use praenomina. They did not disappear entirely, nor were Roman women bereft of personal names; but for most of Roman history women were

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is found with much less frequency than other parts of the name; so the custom of including it does not seem to have been deeply ingrained in Roman practice. As with the filiation, it was common to abbreviate the name of the tribe. For the names of the thirty-five tribes and their abbreviations, see

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About three dozen Latin praenomina were in use at the beginning of the Republic, although only about eighteen were common. This number fell gradually, until by the first century AD, about a dozen praenomina remained in widespread use, with a handful of others used by particular families. The origin

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performed on the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. Normally all of the children in a family would have different praenomina. Although there was no law restricting the use of specific praenomina, the choice of the parents was usually governed by custom

2746:, CIL ii. 1806, in the latter case giving her father's name. Both inscriptions are from Roman Spain, and are also notable for the doubled nomen and for the cognomen Secunda, which in this case is really a praenomen placed after the filiation, a common practice in Roman women's names of this period. 344:

For a variety of reasons, the Roman nomenclature system broke down in the centuries following the collapse of imperial authority in the west. The praenomen had already become scarce in written sources during the fourth century, and by the fifth century it was retained only by the most conservative

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in recognition of Caracalla's beneficence (the emperor's full name was Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus, with Aurelius as the nomen). "Aurelius" quickly became the most common nomen in the east and the second most common (after "Julius") in the west. The change in the origins of the new

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When this occurred, praenomina could be and frequently were used to distinguish between sisters. However, it was also common to identify sisters using a variety of names, some of which could be used as either praenomina or cognomina. For example, if Publius Servilius had two daughters, they would

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Since the primary purpose of adoption was to preserve the name and status of the adopter, an adopted son would usually assume both the praenomen and nomen of his adoptive father, together with any hereditary cognomina, just as an eldest son would have done. However, adoption did not result in the

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Under the Empire, the number of cognomina increased dramatically. Where once only the most noble patrician houses used multiple surnames, Romans of all backgrounds and social standing might bear several cognomina. By the third century, this had become the norm amongst freeborn Roman citizens. The

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Like the nomen, cognomina could arise from any number of factors: personal characteristics, habits, occupations, places of origin, heroic exploits, and so forth. One class of cognomina consisted largely of archaic praenomina that were seldom used by the later Republic, although as cognomina these

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Although a few individuals mentioned in relation to the period of and before Rome's legendary foundation in the eighth century BC are known by only a single name, it is equally difficult to discern which of these represent actual historical figures, and if so, whether their names were accurately

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came to be used as a cognomen designating an heir apparent; and for the first two centuries of the empire, most emperors were adopted by their predecessors. The result was that each emperor bore a series of names that had more to do with the previous emperor than the names with which he had been

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Adoption was a common and formal process in Roman culture. Its chief purpose had nothing to do with providing homes for children; it was about ensuring the continuity of family lines that might otherwise become extinct. In early Rome, this was especially important for the patricians, who enjoyed

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Of course, there were many exceptions to these general practices. A son might be named in honour of one of his maternal relatives, thus bringing a new name into the gens. Because some gentes made regular use of only three or four praenomina, new names might appear whenever a family had more than

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For most of the Republic, the usual manner of distinguishing individuals was through the binomial form of praenomen and nomen. But as the praenomen lost its value as a distinguishing name, and gradually faded into obscurity, its former role was assumed by the versatile cognomen, and the typical

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cognomina. Doubtless some cognomina were used ironically, while others continued in use largely because, whatever their origin, they were useful for distinguishing among individuals and between branches of large families. New cognomina were coined and came into fashion throughout Roman history.

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Two factors encouraged its frequent non-use. Firstly, the cognomen increasingly became the distinguishing name and general name of address. As a result, "New Romans" and, under their influence, "old Romans" too, either dropped the nomen from their name or, in some cases, treated the nomen as a

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as part of his full nomenclature is uncertain. The name of the tribe normally follows the filiation and precedes any cognomina, suggesting that its addition preceded formal recognition of the cognomen — thus, no later than the second century BC. However, in both writing and inscriptions, the

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first century AD was to give multiple sons the same praenomen, and distinguish them using different cognomina; by the second century this was becoming the rule, rather than the exception. Another confusing practice was the addition of the full nomenclature of maternal ancestors to the basic

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wrote that the earliest Italians used simple names. Names of this type could be honorific or aspirational, or might refer to deities, physical peculiarities, or circumstances of birth. In this early period, the number of personal names must have been quite large; but with the development of

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to newly enfranchised citizens. As a result, by the third century the cognomen became the most important element of the Roman name, and frequently the only one that was useful for distinguishing between individuals. In the later empire, the proliferation of cognomina was such that the full

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has the same origin as the term used to distinguish non-Jews from the Jewish population, its meaning is purely civil and has nothing to do with ethnic or religious identity; in this use it simply refers to a member of a gens, distinguished by his or her surname, and in this sense the term

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aristocracy it became a rarity by about 300 AD. In part this came about through a tendency for the same praenomen to be given to all males of a family, thereby fossilizing a particular praenomen/nomen combination and making the praenomen even less distinctive e.g. all males in the emperor

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that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names that developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman

165: 1612:, which means "Annia, daughter of Publius Annius, the senator". However, toward the end of the Republic, as hereditary cognomina came to be regarded as proper names, a woman might be referred to by her cognomen instead, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen; the daughter of 147: 1477:") became binding on the whole Roman people. Although much of the assembly's authority was usurped by the emperors, membership in a tribe remained an important part of Roman citizenship, so that the name of the tribe came to be incorporated into a citizen's full nomenclature. 156: 1003:, and cognomina that were derived from nomina, to indicate the parentage of Romans who had been adopted from one gens into another. Although these names had existed throughout Roman history, it was only in this late period that they were distinguished from other cognomina. 551:. This demonstrates that, much like later European surnames, the earliest nomina were not necessarily hereditary, but might be adopted and discarded at will, and changed from one generation to the next. The practice from which these patronymics arose also gave rise to the 1492:

in 88 BC, this number remained fixed. The nature of the tribes was mainly geographic, rather than ethnic; inhabitants of Rome were, in theory, assigned to one of the four "urban" tribes, while the territory beyond the city was allocated to the "rural" or "rustic" tribes.

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existed throughout Roman history, the period during which the majority of citizens possessed exactly three names was relatively brief. Nevertheless, because most of the important individuals during the best-recorded periods of Roman history possessed all three names, the

1488:, but ten of these were destroyed at the beginning of the Republic. Several tribes were added between 387 and 241 BC, as large swaths of Italy came under Roman control, bringing the total number of tribes to thirty-five; except for a brief experiment at the end of the 324:

In the later empire, members of the Roman aristocracy used several different schemes of assuming and inheriting nomina and cognomina, both to signify their rank, and to indicate their family and social connections. Some Romans came to be known by alternative names, or

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Although filiation was common throughout the history of the Republic and well into imperial times, no law governed its use or inclusion in writing. It was used by custom and for convenience, but could be ignored or discarded, as it suited the needs of the writer.

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Although a nomen would long be required for official purposes, and, in isolated corners of the empire and in parts of Italy, its usage would persist into the seventh century, the nomen was generally omitted from the name (even of emperors) by the third century.

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granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. It had long been the expectation that when a non-Roman acquired citizenship he, as part of his enfranchisement, took on a Roman name. With the mass enfranchisement of 212, the new citizens adopted

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can be misleading, because not all of these names were required or used throughout the whole of Roman history. During the period of the Roman Republic, the praenomen and nomen represented the essential elements of the name; the cognomen first appeared among the

2525:, are among those easily remembered; but even supposing that Romulus and Remus are the names of historical persons, they belonged, in theory, to the royal house of the Silvii; or they might have borne no surname because they were said to have been fathered by 2016:

born; moreover, they added new cognomina as they fought and conquered enemies and new lands, and their filiations recorded their descent from a series of gods. As the names of the emperors themselves changed, so did the names of the members of their families.

830:

to their names as a praenomen, while at the same time retaining their own praenomina; but because most of the early emperors were legally adopted by their predecessors, and formally assumed new names, even these were subject to change. Several members of the

195:. Throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, other ancient civilizations distinguished individuals using single personal names. These names usually combined two elements or themes which allowed for hundreds or even thousands of possible combinations - a 1189:

was the oldest element of the Roman name. Even before the development of the nomen as a hereditary surname, it was customary to use the name of a person's father as a means of distinguishing him or her from others with the same personal name, like a

963:

Although the nomen was a required element of Roman nomenclature down to the end of the western empire, its usefulness as a distinguishing name declined throughout imperial times, as an increasingly large portion of the population bore nomina such as

2603:, but were distinguished in each generation by the use of different cognomina. Also, because praenomina had grammatical gender, a brother and sister could have the same praenomen, in masculine and feminine forms, and still be easily distinguished. 792:

all used praenomina that were uncommon amongst the patricians, or which had fallen out of general use. In the last two centuries of the Republic, and under the early Empire, it was fashionable for aristocratic families to revive older praenomina.

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distinctive masculine and feminine forms, the nomen was sufficient to distinguish a daughter from both of her parents and all of her brothers. Thus, there was no need for a personal name unless there were multiple sisters in the same household.

696:. The praenomen and sometimes the nomen gradually disappeared from view, crowded out by other names indicating the bearer's rank and social connections. Surviving inscriptions from the fifth century rarely provide a citizen's full nomenclature. 1645:, or alternative names, in place of their Roman names. Finally, with the fall of the western empire in the fifth century, the last traces of the distinctive Italic nomenclature system began to disappear, and women too reverted to single names. 1681:

in AD 212 was perhaps the most far-reaching of many imperial decrees enfranchising large numbers of non-citizens living throughout the empire. It extended citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire, all of whom thus received the name

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However, the eldest daughter, who might have been called by her nomen alone for several years, might continue to be so called even after the birth of younger sisters; in this case only the younger sisters might receive distinctive personal

1504:. Perhaps for similar reasons, when large numbers of provincials gained the franchise, certain rural tribes were preferred for their enrollment. Citizens did not normally change tribes when they moved from one region to another; but the 1409:, "Lucius Cornelius Alexander, freedman of Lucius"; it was customary for a freedman to take the praenomen of his former owner, if he did not already have one, and to use his original personal name as a cognomen. Another example might be 1603:

Most Roman women were known by their nomina, with such distinction as described above for older and younger siblings. If further distinction were needed, she could be identified as a particular citizen's daughter or wife. For instance,

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is, the person who had adopted or manumitted him, or otherwise procured his citizenship. But many such individuals retained a portion of their original names, usually in the form of cognomina. This was especially true for citizens of

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versions of their non-Roman given name and a patronymic. Ultimately, the ubiquity of "Aurelius" meant that it could not function as a true distinguishing nomen, and became primarily just a badge of citizenship added to any name.

981:

under the later empire faded away. The people of the western empire reverted to single names, which were indistinguishable from the cognomina that they replaced; many former praenomina and nomina also survived in this way.

496:. As part of Rome's foundation myth, this statement cannot be regarded as historical fact, but it does indicate the antiquity of the period to which the Romans themselves ascribed the adoption of hereditary surnames. 691:

in AD 212, granting Roman citizenship to all free men living within the Roman Empire, the praenomen and nomen lost much of their distinguishing function, as all of the newly enfranchised citizens shared the name of

2041:, has a name which is composed of two standard sets of tria nomina: he was the natural son of a Lucius Bruttius, and added the nomina of his maternal grandfather, Lucius Fulvius Rusticus, to his paternal nomina. 1508:

had the power to punish a citizen by expelling him from one of the rural tribes and assigning him to one of the urban tribes. In later periods, most citizens were enrolled in tribes without respect to geography.

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termination typical of Latin nomina was generally not used for cognomina until the fourth century AD, making it easier to distinguish between nomina and cognomina until the final centuries of the western empire.

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In such cases, the filiation, if present, would indicate if someone were a freedman; but in these particular instances the nomina suggest citizens of provincial origin, who have been enfranchised by imperial

733:. Although not all Romans possessed three names, the practice of using multiple names having different functions was a defining characteristic of Roman culture that distinguished citizens from foreigners. 7110: 819:

was called upon to speak, it was customary to address a citizen by praenomen and nomen; or, if this were insufficient to distinguish him from other members of the gens, by praenomen and cognomen.

461:

additional names the number in widespread use dwindled. By the early Republic, about three dozen Latin praenomina remained in use, some of which were already rare; about eighteen were used by the

1935:, "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, son of Gaius". Thus far, his name follows the Republican model, becoming that of his adoptive father, followed by his original nomen in the form of an agnomen. 1390:, here used generically to mean any woman; and there are a few examples of an inverted "M", although it is not clear whether this was used generically, or specifically for the feminine praenomen 1382:. A slave might have more than one owner, in which case the names could be given serially. In some cases the owner's nomen or cognomen was used instead of or in addition to the praenomen. The 49:. See thoroughgoing interpretive statements citing no or only primary sources, throughout the text and footnotes (e.g., the entire Imperial names section, FN in the Filiation section, etc.) 3036: 2529:

himself. Meanwhile, Faustulus may represent a mythical personage interjected into Rome's foundation legend; although it may be noted that his name is a diminutive of the Latin praenomen

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complete abandonment of the adopted son's birth name. The son's original nomen (or occasionally cognomen) would become the basis of a new surname, formed by adding the derivative suffix

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of them has been disputed. Under the Empire, however, the cognomen acquired great importance, and the number of cognomina assumed by the Roman aristocracy multiplied exponentially.

555:, which in later times, once the nomen had become fixed, nearly always followed the nomen. Other nomina were derived from names that later came to be regarded as cognomina, such as 1273:

means "Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis, of Aulus the son, of Publius the grandson". "Tiberius Aemilius Mamercinus, the son of Lucius and grandson of Mamercus" would be written

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was a surname derived from some virtuous or heroic episode attributed to the bearer. Roman history is filled with individuals who obtained cognomina as a result of their exploits:

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The development of the nomen as the second element of the Italic name cannot be attributed to a specific period or culture. From the earliest period it was common to both the

1061:. The examples most often described in scholarship on the subject regarding this class of cognomen come from the period of the Republic, centuries before the concept of the 465:. Barely a dozen praenomina remained in general use under the Empire, although aristocratic families sometimes revived older praenomina, or created new ones from cognomina. 2495:

simply means "name", and before the adoption of a second name, this is how the praenomen would have been called; thus, the first surnames adopted would have been known as

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culture, where women held a markedly higher social status than at Rome or in other ancient societies, inscriptions referring to women nearly always include praenomina.

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also possessed filiations, although in this case the person referred to is usually the slave's owner, rather than his or her father. The abbreviations here include

5971: 1237:, father of his country, Pontifex Maximus, holding the tribunician power for the fourth year, in the eighth year of his imperium, consul for the second time; and 939:, and their meanings were frequently obscure, even in antiquity; this seems to emphasize the manner in which many cognomina originally arose from nicknames. The 3545: 2759:), the mother's name is ablative; the translation "born of" is simply idiomatic in English. "Born to" would also be idiomatic, but could imply the dative case. 4087: 1641:

In imperial times, other, less formal names were sometimes used to distinguish between women with similar names. Still later, Roman women, like men, adopted

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naming system. But a markedly different system of nomenclature arose in Italy, where the personal name was joined by a hereditary surname. Over time, this

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three or four sons. Furthermore, a number of the oldest and most influential patrician families made a habit of choosing unusual names; in particular the

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The Roman grammarians came to regard the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen as a defining characteristic of Roman citizenship, known as the

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governing elite that assumed control of the empire from the end of the third century can be seen in their names: seven of the eleven emperors between

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eventually spread throughout Italy. Nomina from different languages and regions often have distinctive characteristics; Latin nomina tended to end in

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to refer to personal names. In this sense, Romanized Jews could also be gentiles, and gentiles could be Jewish! This is also the origin of the term

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So common was this practice that nearly all Latin praenomina gave rise to patronymic nomina, including many that were uncommon in historical times.

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for "Gaia" was common in the filiations of freedmen, but apparently not restricted to them; see below); this may be the same woman referred to as

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Filiations were normally written between the nomen and any cognomina, and abbreviated using the typical abbreviations for praenomina, followed by

1042: 5409: 4097: 3831: 1988:, exchanging his original praenomen for his paternal cognomen, and assuming a new cognomen from his maternal grandfather. Other members of the 850:

seem to have dispensed with praenomina altogether, and by the end of the western empire, only the oldest Roman families continued to use them.

3468: 329:, and due to the lack of surviving epigraphic evidence, the full nomenclature of most Romans, even among the aristocracy, is seldom recorded. 5379: 4204: 3731: 3328: 1500:; at times efforts were made to assign freedmen to the four urban tribes, thus concentrating their votes and limiting their influence on the 5469: 5344: 4497: 2297: 2191: 1613: 279:, indicating the personal name of an individual's father, and sometimes the name of the mother or other antecedents. Toward the end of the 1584:. Among the other peoples of Italy, women's praenomina continued to be used regularly until the populace was thoroughly Romanized. In the 6976: 6823: 4050: 1469:, in that all citizens could participate on an equal basis, without regard to wealth or social status. Over time, its decrees (known as 1097: 3260: 435: 6495: 6397: 3721: 407: 130:, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in 7246: 5389: 4149: 3716: 3711: 3687: 3538: 3500: 3486: 3101: 1860: 1842: 1784: 1727: 1172: 1018: 882: 632: 78: 1751: 952:

question of how to classify different cognomina led the grammarians of the fourth and fifth centuries to designate some of them as

45: 224:, or "forename", a personal name that served to distinguish between the different members of a family. For example, a Roman named 7105: 6981: 6828: 5404: 4077: 3726: 3653: 2560: 414: 6897: 3670: 3603: 1081: 977:

nomenclature of most individuals was not recorded, and in many cases the only names surviving in extant records are cognomina.

95:

and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the

4424: 4349: 4107: 3256: 2731: 2304: 2049:) had thirty-eight names comprising fourteen sets of nomina reflecting a complex pedigree stretching back three generations. 1928: 1883: 1824: 1154: 844:

fourth century onward their appearance becomes exceptional. The descendants of those who had been granted citizenship by the

392: 1080:

tremendous status and privilege compared with the plebeians. Because few families were admitted to the patriciate after the

7115: 6544: 6531: 6112: 4920: 1719: 421: 1541:

women's names were regularly abbreviated instead of being written in full. (A list of women's praenomina can be found at

6248: 5875: 5827: 5495: 4760: 4364: 3816: 3531: 2429: 456:

As in other cultures, the early peoples of Italy probably used a single name, which later developed into the praenomen.

5459: 1580:

Although women's praenomina were infrequently used in the later Republic, they continued to be used, when needed, into

1205: 699:

In the final centuries of the Empire, the traditional nomenclature was sometimes replaced by alternate names, known as

674:, were never divided into different branches, and in these families cognomina were the exception rather than the rule. 7256: 6353: 5553: 5384: 5143: 4199: 4082: 3628: 3224: 3179: 3166: 3113: 2851: 995:

The proliferation of cognomina in the later centuries of the Empire led some grammarians to classify certain types as

298:. However, although all three elements of the Roman name existed throughout most of Roman history, the concept of the 1960:; in some inscriptions his original praenomen is discarded altogether. In 27 BC, the Senate granted him the title of 1766: 403: 60: 6642: 5903: 5624: 5419: 5083: 4975: 4745: 4517: 4339: 4247: 4112: 4055: 2643: 2024:

During the Empire, a variety of new naming conventions developed which, while differing, were internally coherent.

1618: 7085: 1813: 1762: 1489: 1143: 56: 7251: 6954: 5439: 4532: 4487: 4414: 4334: 4282: 4272: 4224: 3571: 1317:. However, these forms are rarely included as part of a name, except on the grandest of monumental inscriptions. 810: 652:

Although originally a personal name, the cognomen frequently became hereditary, especially in large families, or

624:. Oscan and Umbrian forms tend to be found in inscriptions; in Roman literature these names are often Latinized. 7056: 6912: 5738: 5040: 4950: 4459: 4439: 4434: 4372: 4312: 4267: 4069: 3435: 2904: 2575: 1668:

would be typical of such persons, although in form these names are not distinguishable from those of freedmen.

1074: 1026: 636: 462: 931:

names persisted throughout Imperial times. Many cognomina had unusual terminations for Latin names, ending in

7225: 6795: 6127: 5488: 5449: 5429: 5369: 5359: 5349: 4755: 4444: 4344: 4324: 4239: 4229: 3934: 3874: 3566: 2350: 1673: 1355: 1351: 1022: 846: 687: 469: 6813: 6722: 6489: 6360: 5846: 5454: 5444: 5394: 5374: 5188: 5163: 5128: 5010: 4735: 4382: 4144: 3675: 3053: 3049: 3022: 3004: 2986: 2440: 1989: 1034: 832: 640: 457: 1967:

A similar pattern was followed by Augustus' heirs. The emperor's stepson and eventual successor was born

6564: 5609: 5424: 5354: 5178: 4930: 4730: 4725: 4522: 4429: 4354: 4317: 4302: 4277: 4257: 4159: 2654:

should ever again be named Marcus. However, all of these supposed prohibitions were subsequently broken.

2434: 1585: 1333: 477: 822:

In imperial times, the praenomen became increasingly confused by the practices of the aristocracy. The

428: 6852: 6584: 6319: 5434: 5399: 5088: 5078: 4955: 4855: 4780: 4645: 4608: 3984: 3648: 3320: 3313: 2629: 2624: 1980: 1664: 913: 263:

The origin of this binomial system is lost in prehistory, but it appears to have been established in

6559: 7212: 6949: 6939: 6862: 6837: 6227: 5894: 5870: 5364: 5213: 5015: 4885: 4835: 4154: 3751: 3427: 3243: 3206: 3153: 2966: 2530: 2218: 2076: 1277:. The more formal the writing, the more generations might be included; a great-grandchild would be 760: 493: 489: 6439: 1956:

by the troops under his command, Octavian assumed this title as an additional praenomen, becoming

7075: 7018: 6782: 6462: 6255: 6137: 6049: 5817: 5791: 5667: 5558: 5414: 5138: 4945: 4800: 4740: 4660: 4603: 4467: 3703: 3682: 3460: 3452: 3080: 2638: 512: 118: 5053: 2533:. Almost all other persons mentioned as part of the traditions surrounding Romulus as the first 2612:

A few exceptions are noted by the ancient historians; for example, supposedly no member of the

503:, to the stem of an existing word or name. Frequently this required a joining element, such as 7161: 6927: 6416: 6296: 5690: 5656: 5651: 5048: 4900: 4655: 4615: 4593: 3801: 3496: 3482: 3324: 3097: 2618: 2518: 2372: 1480:

The number of tribes varied over time; tradition ascribed the institution of thirty tribes to

1452: 1234: 1105: 860: 840:, so that a man might appear to have two praenomina, one occurring in the middle of his name. 304: 208: 127: 96: 2902:, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in 7046: 6922: 6917: 6818: 6739: 6636: 6304: 6273: 6180: 6039: 5760: 5113: 5073: 5005: 4940: 4865: 4860: 4632: 4555: 4502: 4297: 4292: 4181: 4040: 3989: 3949: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3899: 3821: 3768: 3761: 3746: 3741: 3665: 3593: 3444: 2672:

is used today without any religious connotation, despite (or perhaps because of) the use of

2526: 2380: 1911: 1054: 1050: 131: 808:

Roman men were usually known by their praenomina to members of their family and household,

7051: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6892: 6857: 6808: 6766: 6660: 6537: 6444: 6286: 6263: 6222: 5976: 5936: 5748: 5208: 5020: 5000: 4960: 4895: 4845: 4840: 4715: 4665: 4573: 4407: 4387: 4307: 3756: 3581: 3513: 2445: 1481: 1461: 1405:, "Alexander, slave of Lucius Cornelius", who upon his emancipation would probably become 1344:

means "Numerius Fabius Maximus, son of Quintus, grandson of Marcus, born of Furia", while

1210: 721:

The three types of names that have come to be regarded as quintessentially Roman were the

384: 179: 6732: 682:

of names might be rearranged to emphasize those giving the bearer the greatest prestige.

6944: 6907: 6786: 6778: 6717: 6709: 6685: 6675: 6607: 6551: 6516: 6392: 6374: 6324: 6217: 6064: 5999: 5943: 5619: 5544: 5263: 4905: 4640: 4588: 4560: 4507: 4492: 4472: 4287: 4262: 4219: 4209: 4035: 4009: 3939: 3924: 3889: 3849: 3610: 2118: 1920: 1655: 1448: 1218: 1109: 473: 280: 2062:'s family (including all his sons) had the praenomen/nomen combination Titus Flavius: 2007:

as an additional praenomen (usually without foregoing their original praenomina), and

1964:, which would ever after be affixed as a cognomen to the names of the Roman emperors. 1931:, without legitimate children; but in his will he adopted his nephew, who then became 7240: 6934: 6842: 6761: 6650: 6631: 6616: 6521: 6484: 6367: 6334: 6314: 6237: 6212: 6207: 6194: 6165: 6122: 6059: 5966: 5951: 5922: 5835: 5629: 5511: 4795: 4765: 4680: 4214: 4191: 4004: 3859: 3844: 3791: 3598: 3464: 3428:"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" 2460: 1924: 1916: 1336:

origin. The names of married women were sometimes followed by the husband's name and

1112: 823: 785: 1886:. His ancestors had borne the same name for at least four generations. Although the 7200: 7188: 7138: 7132: 7127: 6986: 6680: 6626: 6621: 6574: 6508: 6434: 6424: 6403: 6347: 6281: 6232: 6160: 6094: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6044: 6019: 6009: 5916: 5697: 5515: 5273: 5133: 4578: 4527: 4482: 4477: 4329: 4139: 4025: 3969: 3964: 3854: 3736: 3620: 3554: 3423: 2899: 2651: 2534: 2455: 2359: 1939: 1887: 1581: 1505: 1485: 816: 789: 781: 773: 667: 346: 92: 5480: 878: 3092: 1894:

and had no hereditary cognomina; Octavius' father had put down a slave revolt at

7173: 7095: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6665: 6579: 6569: 6429: 6387: 6382: 6199: 6175: 6117: 6084: 6054: 6034: 6029: 6004: 5994: 5961: 5956: 5772: 5753: 5707: 5702: 5583: 5068: 4690: 4512: 4402: 3796: 2647: 2633: 2596: 2587:

As usual, there were exceptions to this policy as well; for instance, among the

2567:, for the proposition that boys did not receive a praenomen before assuming the 2450: 1802: 1523: 1474: 1456: 1442: 1132: 708: 704: 366: 284: 196: 3085: 1417:

is used generically, irrespective of whether Pompeius' wife was actually named

7166: 7149: 7090: 7070: 6727: 6655: 6602: 6598: 6526: 6342: 6309: 6242: 6145: 6089: 5911: 5865: 5822: 5777: 5728: 5661: 5641: 5604: 5578: 5534: 5529: 5293: 5233: 5198: 4990: 4925: 4915: 4810: 4695: 4583: 4166: 4134: 3879: 3806: 3638: 3633: 2613: 2588: 2376: 2368: 1191: 891: 777: 769: 748: 671: 188: 100: 1890:

were an old and distinguished plebeian family, the gens was not divided into

797:

and use of praenomina was a matter of curiosity to the Romans themselves; in

7178: 7065: 7041: 6803: 6695: 6455: 6170: 5853: 5787: 5733: 5680: 5675: 5548: 5323: 5318: 5278: 5203: 5173: 5153: 5030: 4970: 4880: 4830: 4825: 4750: 4710: 4598: 4568: 4377: 4252: 4045: 3929: 3904: 3783: 2564: 2522: 2364: 2354: 2206: 2059: 1952: 1678: 1542: 1238: 802: 756: 742: 221: 200: 175: 114: 1386:

of women sometimes used an inverted "C", signifying the feminine praenomen

3518: 1465:, or "tribal assembly". This was the most democratic of Rome's three main 499:

In Latin, most nomina were formed by adding an adjectival suffix, usually

291:, which could be either personal or hereditary, or a combination of both. 216:, a hereditary surname that identified a person as a member of a distinct 7195: 7183: 7144: 7122: 7013: 6902: 6847: 6670: 6469: 5929: 5882: 5841: 5812: 5800: 5743: 5723: 5685: 5646: 5283: 5268: 5258: 5243: 5158: 5148: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5093: 4995: 4910: 4790: 4775: 4705: 4685: 4675: 4670: 4650: 4449: 4030: 3994: 3884: 3811: 3643: 2396: 2392: 2324: 2034: 1969: 1875: 1214: 1116: 1058: 907: 873: 288: 248:, identifying each person in the family as a member of the gens Lemonia; 192: 122: 17: 2738:, in which Ɔ. f. can only be read "Gaiae filia" (the use of an inverted 2037:'s name into his own name. For example, the suffect consul of AD 118/9, 7036: 7008: 6476: 6104: 5859: 5806: 5765: 5614: 5588: 5539: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5183: 5168: 4985: 4980: 4965: 4935: 4890: 4870: 4850: 4805: 4537: 4392: 4171: 3979: 3974: 3864: 2517:

remembered by the historians who recorded these myths centuries later.

2503:

to refer to them, while the original personal name became known as the

2388: 1827: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1320:

The filiation sometimes included the name of the mother, in which case

1222: 1157: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1030: 990: 645: 268: 104: 3523: 3456: 2755:

Note that while the names of the father and grandfather are genitive (

287:. Lastly, these elements could be followed by additional surnames, or 7205: 7080: 6190: 5636: 5313: 5193: 5123: 5063: 5058: 5025: 4785: 4770: 4720: 4700: 4122: 3999: 3894: 1895: 1605: 1226: 917: 264: 187:

The distinguishing feature of Roman nomenclature was the use of both

2632:, were put to death for plotting to restore the Roman monarchy. The 1769:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1235:

Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus

1045:, who likewise defeated a Gaulish giant, and took his name from the 307:

at the inception of the Republic, but was not widely used among the

174:

Portrait busts of an Etruscan man, woman and child, 3rd century BC,

63:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3448: 3093:

Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women

1512:

Precisely when it became common to include the name of a citizen's

1413:, "Salvia Pompeia, freedwoman of Gnaeus (Pompeius) and Gaia"; here 7155: 6884: 6870: 6866: 5098: 4820: 4547: 3839: 2384: 2311: 1590: 1230: 1038: 877: 666:. However, a number of distinguished plebeian gentes, such as the 663: 577: 308: 1622:. Sometimes these cognomina were given diminutive forms, such as 1229:, conqueror of Parthia, great-great-great-grandson of the divine 898:

was a personal cognomen referring to a wart above his upper lip;

126:

civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the

5308: 4875: 4815: 4397: 3773: 3017: 2999: 2981: 2569: 1209: "Dedicated by the emperor Caesar, son of the divine 1046: 654: 481: 217: 5484: 3527: 2437: – Practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a Latin style 711:. However, many modern names are derived from Roman originals. 658:, in which they served to identify distinct branches, known as 3869: 2650:

and the execution of his son, it was decreed that none of the

1796: 1734: 1693: 1126: 360: 203:

system expanded to include additional names and designations.

28: 2680:; the association of gentlemen with courtesy developed later. 2499:

before their gradually-increasing importance caused the word

1401:

An example of the filiation of slaves and freedmen would be:

1115:

adopted his grandnephew, Gaius Octavius, who became known as

353:

were adapted to this usage, and survived into modern times.

3239:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

3202:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

3149:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

2962:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

1565:. If there were more daughters, the eldest might be called 643:). The late grammarians distinguished certain cognomina as 332:

Thus, although the three types of names referred to as the

3131:

George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in

2003:

In subsequent generations, all reigning emperors assumed

3143: 3141: 1909:

At the age of eighteen in 44 BC, Octavius was nominated

341:

remains the most familiar conception of the Roman name.

1758: 1496:

Geography was not the sole determining factor in one's

388: 52: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3037:

Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft

2483:, or "surname", which in later Roman practice was the 1978:(retaining his original praenomen). His brother, born 999:. This class included two main types of cognomen: the 2956: 2954: 2952: 2591:, several brothers in a single family were all named 1421:. A freedman of the emperor might have the filiation 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2628:

after two brothers of this name, sons of the consul

7029: 7001: 6883: 6794: 6775: 6708: 6597: 6507: 6415: 6333: 6295: 6272: 6189: 6136: 6103: 6018: 5985: 5902: 5891: 5786: 5716: 5597: 5571: 5522: 5332: 5226: 5039: 4631: 4624: 4546: 4458: 4363: 4238: 4190: 4068: 4018: 3957: 3948: 3830: 3782: 3702: 3619: 3580: 2420:of their name, rather than use their actual nomen. 2045:for example, the consul of 169 AD, (usually called 751:, chosen by a child's parents, and bestowed on the 345:elements of the old Roman aristocracy, such as the 3312: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2521:, together with their foster-father, the herdsman 2730:Evidently there were exceptions to this as well. 1942:, and Octavian, as he was then known, was styled 1906:), but this name was not passed down to the son. 627:Many individuals added an additional surname, or 260:are praenomina used to distinguish between them. 3491:Liberati, Anna Maria and Bourbon, Fabio (2005), 91:Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the 3184:Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions 2039:Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus 283:, this was followed by the name of a citizen's 317:also varied from the classical concept of the 5496: 3539: 3315:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 3219: 3217: 3215: 1974:after his adoption by the emperor, he became 1348:would be "Claudia, wife of Lucius Valerius". 107:. Although conventionally referred to as the 8: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3277: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 1536:Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome 1467:legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic 1198:; Paulla, the daughter of Quintus, would be 393:introducing citations to additional sources 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 1950:. Still later, after having been acclaimed 1946:, "son of the divine (Caesar)", instead of 1938:Two years later, Caesar was deified by the 1874:the first emperor, known conventionally as 1728:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1332:. This is especially common in families of 1324:would follow the mother's name, instead of 1194:; thus Lucius, the son of Marcus, would be 906:referring to his delaying strategy against 108: 6791: 6269: 5899: 5503: 5489: 5481: 4628: 3954: 3586: 3546: 3532: 3524: 2977: 2975: 2491:; but it must be remembered that the word 1342:N. Fabius Q. f. M. n. Furia gnatus Maximus 1271:S. Postumius A. f. P. n. Albus Regillensis 729:. Together, these were referred to as the 206:The most important of these names was the 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 1861:Learn how and when to remove this message 1843:Learn how and when to remove this message 1785:Learn how and when to remove this message 1173:Learn how and when to remove this message 271:by at least 650 BC. In written form, the 180:Vatican Museums. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco 79:Learn how and when to remove this message 3127: 3125: 3123: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 1958:Imp. C. Julius Divi f. Caesar Octavianus 1204: 600:, while Oscan names frequently ended in 383:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2792: 2472: 1269:(granddaughter). Thus, the inscription 923:The cognomen, the third element of the 3481:, University of Cambridge Press 2004, 3319:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3133:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1021:, who commanded the Roman army at the 2636:is said to have forbidden the use of 2322: 2320: 2310: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2230: 2217: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2122: 2117: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 1309:, and a great-great-great-grandchild 1275:Ti. Aemilius L. f. Mam. n. Mamercinus 1225:, great-great-grandson of the divine 7: 3519:Names of Byzantine Romans in Turkish 2855:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Names, Personal." 1898:and was sometimes given the surname 1825:adding citations to reliable sources 1155:adding citations to reliable sources 1041:in single combat, aided by a raven; 527:, "son of Marcus". In the same way, 3311:Flower, Harriet, ed. (2004-01-19). 1106:Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus 2399:) bore the name "Marcus Aurelius" 1051:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 685:Following the promulgation of the 25: 2028:Binary nomenclature and polyonymy 1933:C. Julius C. f. Caesar Octavianus 1709:This section has multiple issues. 1599:Aulia Secunda, daughter of Lucius 1096:to the stem. Thus, when a son of 1019:Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis 883:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 99:, consisting of a combination of 6151:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3474:from the original on 2020-04-11. 1882:, or Gaius Octavius, the son of 1801: 1739: 1698: 1575:Servilia Secunda, Tertia, Quarta 1239:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar 1131: 584:The binomial name consisting of 376:relies largely or entirely on a 365: 164: 155: 146: 33: 2595:; in the first century AD, the 1812:needs additional citations for 1717:or discuss these issues on the 1221:, great-grandson of the divine 1142:needs additional citations for 639:); or a miraculous occurrence ( 618:-arna, -erna, -ena, -enna, -ina 571:; or from place-names, such as 519:was derived from the praenomen 3186:(American Book Company, 1896). 2908:, vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994). 2663:Although this use of the term 2537:have both praenomen and nomen. 1455:were enumerated in one of the 1185:Apart from the praenomen, the 1117:Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus 552: 511:. Many common nomina arose as 276: 1: 3170:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Adoption." 1610:Annia P. Anni senatoris filia 594:-ius, -us, -aius, -eius, -eus 492:in honour of their ancestor, 4118:Frontiers and fortifications 3156:, Editor (1897), "Adoption." 2710:; this could be abbreviated 2430:Ancient Greek personal names 1557:typically be referred to as 1407:L. Cornelius L. l. Alexander 1049:that he claimed as a prize; 315:Naming conventions for women 4177:Decorations and punishments 3246:, Editor (1897), "Comitia." 3228:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Tribus." 3225:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3180:James Chidester Egbert, Jr. 3167:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3114:Oxford Classical Dictionary 2852:Oxford Classical Dictionary 2744:Fabia Domitia D. f. Secunda 2736:Fabia Domitia Ɔ. f. Secunda 2718:, or, perhaps confusingly, 2053:Cognomen replaces praenomen 1765:the claims made and adding 1616:was usually referred to as 1293:, a great-great-grandchild 1029:, who captured the city of 523:, and originally signified 220:. This was preceded by the 59:the claims made and adding 7273: 6814:Imperial, royal, and noble 5084:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3659:historiography of the fall 3495:, Barnes and Noble Press, 3209:, Editor (1897), "Tribus." 2926:, epitome by Julius Paris. 2757:Quinti filius, Marci nepos 2644:Marcus Manlius Capitolinus 2642:after the condemnation of 2407:Traditional nomen replaced 1533: 1447:From the beginning of the 1440: 1072: 988: 871: 740: 539:arose from the praenomina 515:; for instance, the nomen 404:"Roman naming conventions" 275:was usually followed by a 7221: 6898:Imperial, royal and noble 5465:External wars and battles 3589: 3562: 3117:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Gens." 2969:, Editor (1897), "Nomen." 2646:; and after the death of 2479:Livy refers to this as a 2312:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 2290: 2288: 2286: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2215: 2207:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2115: 2096: 2094: 1919:, who held the office of 1614:Lucius Caecilius Metellus 1217:, grandson of the divine 972:, which had been granted 747:The praenomen was a true 7247:Roman naming conventions 5739:Maiden and married names 3436:Journal of Roman Studies 2905:Journal of Roman Studies 2734:ii. 4566 gives the name 2325:Titus Flavius Domitianus 1992:used praenomina such as 1411:Salvia Pompeia Cn. Ɔ. l. 1213:, brother of the divine 1102:Publius Cornelius Scipio 1075:Adoption in ancient Rome 1057:to Africa, and defeated 1027:Gaius Marcius Coriolanus 616:, and Etruscan names in 484:relates the adoption of 7226:Category:Lists of names 5460:Roman–Iranian relations 3935:Optimates and populares 3058:De Verborum Significatu 2599:all bore the praenomen 2561:Quintus Mucius Scaevola 2351:Constitutio Antoniniana 1674:Constitutio Antoniniana 1573:; younger daughters as 1403:Alexander Corneli L. s. 1098:Lucius Aemilius Paullus 1043:Titus Manlius Torquatus 1037:, who defeated a giant 1023:Battle of Lake Regillus 885:, surnamed "Cunctator". 847:Constitutio Antoniniana 688:Constitutio Antoniniana 6156:Eritrean and Ethiopian 5470:Civil wars and revolts 4736:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4383:Conflict of the Orders 3742:Legislative assemblies 3479:Cambridge Latin Course 3054:Marcus Verrius Flaccus 3050:Sextus Pompeius Festus 2441:Spanish naming customs 1990:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1984:, subsequently became 1976:Tiberius Julius Caesar 1970:Tiberius Claudius Nero 1660:T. Flavius Aristodemus 1600: 1346:Claudia L. Valeri uxor 1242: 1082:expulsion of the kings 1035:Marcus Valerius Corvus 920: 894:to which he belonged; 890:was the branch of the 833:Julio-Claudian dynasty 458:Marcus Terentius Varro 357:Origin and development 228:might have sons named 109: 7086:Galton–Watson process 6691:Ancient Tamil country 6113:Australian Aboriginal 5179:Simplicius of Cilicia 4931:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4160:Siege in Ancient Rome 3769:Executive magistrates 2922:Gaius Titius Probus, 2487:element of the Roman 2435:Latinisation of names 2305:Titus Flavius Clemens 2298:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2192:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2112:Titus Flavius Sabinus 1981:Decimus Claudius Nero 1608:refers to a woman as 1594: 1529: 1211:Marcus Antoninus Pius 1208: 881: 113:, the combination of 6853:Post-nominal letters 5972:Indigenous Taiwanese 5189:Stephanus Byzantinus 5094:Eusebius of Caesaria 4956:Sidonius Apollinaris 4646:Ammianus Marcellinus 3985:Tribune of the plebs 2630:Lucius Junius Brutus 2360:the nomen "Aurelius" 2353:in 212, the emperor 1986:Nero Claudius Drusus 1821:improve this article 1665:Gaius Julius Hyginus 1200:Paulla, Quinti filia 1196:Lucius, Marci filius 1151:improve this article 1008:Cognomina ex virtute 635:), a town captured ( 389:improve this article 7213:Surnames by country 6838:Pre-nominal letters 5895:Surnames by country 5365:Distinguished women 5016:Velleius Paterculus 4856:Nicolaus Damascenus 4836:Marcellus Empiricus 4225:Republican currency 3244:Harry Thurston Peck 3207:Harry Thurston Peck 3154:Harry Thurston Peck 3135:, vol. VIII (1897). 2967:Harry Thurston Peck 2077:Titus Flavius Petro 1917:Gaius Julius Caesar 1915:by his granduncle, 1626:from the masculine 1113:Gaius Julius Caesar 1108:; in his will, the 1015:cognomen ex virtute 1001:cognomen ex virtute 904:cognomen ex virtute 761:ritual purification 608:; Umbrian names in 513:patronymic surnames 490:kings of Alba Longa 7257:Naming conventions 7076:Endonym and exonym 7019:Calendar of saints 7002:Related traditions 6776:Manners of address 6138:Sub-Saharan Africa 5559:Nobiliary particle 5139:Phlegon of Tralles 4946:Seneca the Younger 4420:Naming conventions 4150:Personal equipment 3683:Later Roman Empire 3242:, Second Edition, 3205:, Second Edition, 3152:, Second Edition, 2965:, Second Edition, 2563:, an authority on 2345:Edict of Caracalla 1750:possibly contains 1658:. A name such as 1601: 1596:Avlia L.F. Secunda 1243: 1069:Adoptive cognomina 1053:, who carried the 921: 488:as a nomen by the 44:possibly contains 7234: 7233: 7162:Personal identity 6997: 6996: 6704: 6703: 6645: 6593: 6592: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6498: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6406: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6258: 6251: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5717:By life situation 5670: 5478: 5477: 5440:Pontifices maximi 5222: 5221: 5079:Diogenes Laërtius 4901:Pliny the Younger 4656:Asconius Pedianus 4616:Romance languages 4488:Civil engineering 4230:Imperial currency 4103:Political control 4064: 4063: 3698: 3697: 3330:978-0-521-00390-2 2555:In his treatise, 2519:Romulus and Remus 2373:Claudius Gothicus 2338: 2337: 2047:Q. Sosius Priscus 2020:Later development 1880:C. Octavius C. f. 1871: 1870: 1863: 1853: 1852: 1845: 1795: 1794: 1787: 1752:original research 1732: 1183: 1182: 1175: 914:Schönbrunn Palace 861:nomen gentilicium 826:usually prefixed 610:-as, -anas, -enas 454: 453: 439: 305:Roman aristocracy 209:nomen gentilicium 128:Early Middle Ages 97:Mediterranean Sea 89: 88: 81: 46:original research 16:(Redirected from 7264: 7252:Names by country 7047:Anthropomorphism 6792: 6740:Buddhist surname 6641: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6496:Hispanic America 6494: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6402: 6373: 6366: 6361:African-American 6359: 6352: 6270: 6254: 6247: 6218:Ashkenazi Jewish 6023:and Western Asia 5988:and Central Asia 5942: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5900: 5761:Placeholder name 5666: 5610:Double-barrelled 5505: 5498: 5491: 5482: 5430:Magistri equitum 5345:Cities and towns 5338: 5264:Constantinopolis 5074:Diodorus Siculus 5006:Valerius Maximus 4941:Seneca the Elder 4861:Nonius Marcellus 4629: 4182:Hippika gymnasia 4145:Infantry tactics 4051:Consular tribune 4041:Magister equitum 3990:Military tribune 3955: 3915:Pontifex maximus 3910:Princeps senatus 3900:Magister militum 3666:Byzantine Empire 3587: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3525: 3475: 3473: 3432: 3409: 3406: 3391: 3388: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3360: 3351: 3348: 3335: 3334: 3318: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3286: 3283: 3272: 3269: 3263: 3253: 3247: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3210: 3198: 3187: 3177: 3171: 3163: 3157: 3145: 3136: 3129: 3118: 3110: 3104: 3089: 3078: 3065: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3027: 3015: 3009: 2997: 2991: 2979: 2970: 2958: 2927: 2924:De Praenominibus 2920: 2909: 2897: 2856: 2848: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2661: 2655: 2610: 2604: 2585: 2579: 2557:De Praenominibus 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2514: 2508: 2507:, or "forename". 2477: 2327: 2219:Flavia Domitilla 2065: 2064: 1959: 1949: 1945: 1934: 1912:magister equitum 1881: 1878:, began life as 1866: 1859: 1848: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1828: 1805: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1767:inline citations 1743: 1742: 1735: 1724: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1667: 1661: 1619:Caecilia Metella 1597: 1427:Augusti libertus 1424: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1373: 1361: 1347: 1343: 1300: 1296: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1260: 1257:, and sometimes 1248: 1178: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1135: 1127: 1065:was formulated. 1055:Second Punic War 799:De Praenominibus 723:praenomen, nomen 480:. The historian 449: 446: 440: 438: 397: 369: 361: 347:Aurelii Symmachi 230:Publius Lemonius 226:Publius Lemonius 168: 159: 150: 132:modern languages 112: 84: 77: 73: 70: 64: 61:inline citations 37: 36: 29: 21: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7262: 7261: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7217: 7052:Personification 7025: 6993: 6879: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6767:Theophoric name 6700: 6605: 6589: 6503: 6411: 6329: 6291: 6268: 6197: 6185: 6132: 6099: 6022: 6014: 5987: 5981: 5893: 5887: 5782: 5749:Posthumous name 5712: 5593: 5567: 5518: 5509: 5479: 5474: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5218: 5054:Aëtius of Amida 5035: 5021:Verrius Flaccus 5001:Valerius Antias 4961:Silius Italicus 4896:Pliny the Elder 4841:Marcus Aurelius 4716:Cornelius Nepos 4666:Aurelius Victor 4620: 4542: 4454: 4388:Secessio plebis 4359: 4234: 4186: 4060: 4014: 3944: 3826: 3778: 3694: 3615: 3576: 3558: 3552: 3510: 3505: 3471: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3349: 3338: 3331: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3289: 3284: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3254: 3250: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3213: 3199: 3190: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3160: 3146: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3111: 3107: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3030: 3023:Ab Urbe Condita 3016: 3012: 3005:Ab Urbe Condita 2998: 2994: 2987:Ab Urbe Condita 2980: 2973: 2959: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2898: 2859: 2849: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2763: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2688: 2684: 2662: 2658: 2648:Marcus Antonius 2611: 2607: 2586: 2582: 2578:had praenomina. 2559:, Probus cites 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2515: 2511: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2446:Portuguese name 2426: 2409: 2347: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2209: 2055: 2030: 2022: 2011:as a cognomen. 1957: 1947: 1943: 1932: 1879: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1818: 1806: 1791: 1780: 1774: 1771: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1684:Marcus Aurelius 1677:promulgated by 1663: 1659: 1651: 1598: 1595: 1571:Servilia Maxima 1538: 1532: 1502:comitia tributa 1482:Servius Tullius 1462:comitia tributa 1445: 1439: 1422: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1371: 1359: 1345: 1341: 1298: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1258: 1246: 1179: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1148: 1136: 1125: 1100:was adopted by 1077: 1071: 1011: 993: 987: 911: 886: 876: 870: 856: 745: 739: 719: 694:Marcus Aurelius 505:-e-, -id-, -il- 450: 444: 441: 398: 396: 382: 370: 359: 234:Lucius Lemonius 185: 184: 183: 182: 171: 170: 169: 161: 160: 152: 151: 140: 85: 74: 68: 65: 50: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7270: 7268: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7239: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7191: 7176: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6982:Ecclesiastical 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6860: 6850: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6829:Ecclesiastical 6821: 6816: 6811: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6718:Christian name 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6608:Southeast Asia 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6532:Eastern Slavic 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6487: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6345: 6339: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5926: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5897: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5720: 5718: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5512:Personal names 5510: 5508: 5507: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4906:Pomponius Mela 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4641:Aelius Donatus 4637: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4609:Ecclesiastical 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4552: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4350:Toys and games 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4244: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890:Vigintisexviri 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3850:Cursus honorum 3847: 3842: 3836: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3649:Western Empire 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3508:External links 3506: 3504: 3503: 3489: 3476: 3449:10.2307/300873 3419: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3392: 3380: 3364: 3352: 3336: 3329: 3303: 3287: 3273: 3264: 3248: 3230: 3211: 3188: 3172: 3158: 3137: 3119: 3105: 3066: 3042: 3028: 3010: 2992: 2971: 2928: 2910: 2857: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2748: 2723: 2699: 2682: 2674:Christian name 2656: 2605: 2580: 2576:Roman children 2548: 2539: 2509: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2408: 2405: 2346: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2321: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119:Vespasia Polla 2116: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2054: 2051: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2018: 1884:Gaius Octavius 1869: 1868: 1851: 1850: 1809: 1807: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1747: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1690:Imperial names 1688: 1650: 1647: 1582:imperial times 1567:Servilia Prima 1563:Servilia Minor 1559:Servilia Major 1534:Main article: 1531: 1528: 1459:making up the 1449:Roman Republic 1441:Main article: 1438: 1435: 1265:(grandson) or 1219:Antoninus Pius 1181: 1180: 1139: 1137: 1130: 1124: 1121: 1073:Main article: 1070: 1067: 1010: 1005: 989:Main article: 986: 983: 872:Main article: 869: 866: 855: 852: 753:dies lustricus 741:Main article: 738: 735: 718: 713: 474:Italic peoples 452: 451: 387:. Please help 373: 371: 364: 358: 355: 281:Roman Republic 238:Gaius Lemonius 189:personal names 173: 172: 163: 162: 154: 153: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 139: 136: 87: 86: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7269: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7220: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Mandaean name 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Biblical name 6721: 6720: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6497: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6467: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6262: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249:Ancient Greek 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6196: 6195:North America 6192: 6188: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986:Northern Asia 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5836:Nom de guerre 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523:Personal name 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Julius Paulus 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4731:Fabius Pictor 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4468:Amphitheatres 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4205:Deforestation 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155:Siege engines 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4088:Establishment 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019:Extraordinary 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4005:Promagistrate 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3792:Twelve Tables 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3501:0-7607-6234-1 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3487:0-521-78230-9 3484: 3480: 3477: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3425: 3424:Salway, Benet 3421: 3420: 3415: 3408:Salway, p.135 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3390:Salway, p.136 3387: 3385: 3381: 3378:Salway, p.134 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3362:Salway, p.133 3359: 3357: 3353: 3350:Salway, p.130 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3316: 3307: 3304: 3301:Salway, p.132 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3285:Salway, p.131 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3271:Salway, p.145 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3102:951-96902-1-2 3099: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3052:, epitome of 3051: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2853: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2786: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2709: 2706:Also spelled 2703: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2689:Also spelled 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Flavii Sabini 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2466: 2462: 2461:Romanian name 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2342: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2208: 2193: 2185: 2182: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2150: 2148: 2140: 2138: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2113: 2101: 2099: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2027: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1955: 1954: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1927:, Caesar was 1926: 1925:Ides of March 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1877: 1865: 1862: 1847: 1844: 1836: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1810:This section 1808: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1789: 1786: 1778: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1748:This section 1746: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1666: 1657: 1649:Foreign names 1648: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1537: 1530:Women's names 1527: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1420: 1416: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1369: 1365: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1292: 1288: 1268: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1177: 1174: 1166: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1140:This section 1138: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1076: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1002: 998: 992: 984: 982: 978: 975: 971: 967: 961: 957: 955: 949: 945: 942: 938: 934: 928: 926: 919: 915: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 875: 867: 865: 863: 862: 853: 851: 849: 848: 841: 839: 834: 829: 825: 820: 818: 813: 812: 806: 804: 800: 794: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 762: 758: 755:, or "day of 754: 750: 749:personal name 744: 736: 734: 732: 728: 724: 717: 714: 712: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 690: 689: 683: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 656: 650: 648: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 579: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:Indo-European 466: 464: 459: 448: 437: 434: 430: 427: 423: 420: 416: 413: 409: 406: – 405: 401: 400:Find sources: 394: 390: 386: 380: 379: 378:single source 374:This section 372: 368: 363: 362: 356: 354: 352: 348: 342: 340: 335: 330: 328: 322: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 301: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 210: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 181: 177: 167: 158: 149: 137: 135: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 111: 106: 102: 98: 94: 83: 80: 72: 62: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7201:Signum manus 7189:Royal cypher 7154: 7139:Nomen nescio 7137: 7133:Nomenclature 7128:Naming taboo 6940:Professional 6783:of authority 6733:Saint's name 6449: 6398:Scandinavian 6020:Muslim world 5858: 5834: 5805: 5657:Occupational 5516:anthroponymy 5410:Institutions 5274:Leptis Magna 5227:Major cities 5134:Philostratus 4921:Quadrigarius 4741:Rufus Festus 4604:Contemporary 4419: 4325:Romanization 4248:Architecture 3855:Collegiality 3704:Constitution 3555:Ancient Rome 3493:Ancient Rome 3492: 3478: 3440: 3434: 3416:Bibliography 3314: 3306: 3267: 3255: 3251: 3237: 3233: 3223: 3200: 3183: 3175: 3165: 3161: 3147: 3132: 3112: 3108: 3091: 3061: 3057: 3045: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3018:Titus Livius 3013: 3003: 3000:Titus Livius 2995: 2985: 2982:Titus Livius 2960: 2923: 2903: 2900:Benet Salway 2850: 2774: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2726: 2707: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2677: 2673: 2670:gentile name 2669: 2664: 2659: 2637: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2600: 2592: 2589:Fabii Maximi 2583: 2568: 2556: 2551: 2542: 2535:King of Rome 2512: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2456:Italian name 2418: 2414: 2410: 2401: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2316: 2211: 2056: 2043: 2031: 2023: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1979: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1961: 1951: 1940:Roman Senate 1937: 1929:assassinated 1910: 1908: 1903: 1902:(a cognomen 1899: 1891: 1872: 1857: 1839: 1830: 1819:Please help 1814:verification 1811: 1781: 1772: 1749: 1725: 1718: 1712: 1711:Please help 1708: 1683: 1672: 1670: 1656:Greek origin 1652: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1609: 1602: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1486:King of Rome 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