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made it positive obligation on EU states to provide sex change surgery and this was repeated in the L v
Lithuania 2007 verdict and again in the Schlump v Switzerland 2009 verdict. Because of this the Swiss Government and many other removed the need for a person to prove they needed sex change surgery in 2010. However, there are still countries, especially the UK, which refuse to accept the legality of the positive obligations on them regardless of the fact that this makes them liable to being found guilty of Article 8 violations. See ECtHR Van Kuck v Germany 2003. See ECtHR L V Lithuania 2007. See ECtHR Schlumpf v Switzerland 2009.
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42:. Modern or social rights, on the other hand, imply an obligation for the State to become active, such as to secure individuals' rights to education or employment by building schools and maintaining a healthy economy. Such social rights are generally more difficult to enforce. This is due to the scarcity of public resources required to fulfill positive obligations. The
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Important cases have been taken to the ECtHR which over the last ten years has moved to making positive obligations especially in the field of transsexuals right to decide if they want surgery to convert their bodies as far as possible from one sex to the other. Cases such as Van Kuck v
Germany 2003
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Positive obligations transpose the concept of State obligations to become active into the field of classical human rights. Thus, in order to secure an individual's right to family life, the State may not only be obliged to refrain from interference therein, but positively to facilitate for example
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to engage in an activity to secure the effective enjoyment of a fundamental right, as opposed to the classical negative obligation to merely abstain from human rights violations.
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that a positive obligation "must be interpreted in a way which does not impose an impossible or disproportionate burden on the authorities". The
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that there was a positive obligation to recognize same-sex partnerships based on article 8.
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The most prominent field of application of positive obligations is
Article 8 of the
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Positive Obligations of the State under the European Convention of Human Rights
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apply the "proviso of the possible" as a limitation of positive obligations.
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Diritti umani e impunità: obblighi positivi degli Stati in materia penale
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family reunions or parents' access to their children.
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