177:(which is responsible for the disease being known as a "sleeping sickness"), and convulsions sometimes followed by death. Encephalitis that results as a complication of another systemic infection is known as parainfectious encephalitis and can follow such diseases as measles (rubeola), influenza, and scarlet fever. The AIDS virus also infects the brain and produces dementia in a predictably progressive pattern. Although no specific treatment can destroy the virus once the disease has become established, many types of encephalitis can be prevented by immunization.
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Vaccination with vaccinia virus was accompanied with a spectrum of adverse events. Some of them lethal. Generally accepted number of deaths after vaccination with live vaccine is one per one million vaccinations. But during the eradication campaign, more than one vaccination strain was used and these
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Among the several forms of viral brain inflammation are rabies, polio, and two types transmitted by the mosquito: equine encephalitis in its various forms and St. Louis encephalitis. The latter two have appeared in epidemic form in the United States and are characterized by high fever, prolonged coma
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The incidence of PVE was between 44.9 cases per one million vaccinations with Bern strain used in western Europe to 2.9 cases per one million vaccinations with NYCBH strain used in the US. Number of deaths directly connected to PVE also differed from strain to strain. With 11 deaths per one million
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vaccinations with the Bern strain to 1.2 deaths per one million vaccinations with the NYCBH strain. PVE incidence also depended on the age of the vaccinated person. That is why in the US children up to one year of age and in Europe children up to three years of age were excluded from vaccination.
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In times of the smallpox eradication campaign, when PVE was a serious problem, there were no tools for identification of the immune mechanism behind PVE available. Considering the fact that modern smallpox vaccines are much safer and only chosen personnel are vaccinated, PVE is no longer in the
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Vaccinia immunoglobulin was given to patients with PVE. But some significant effects of this treatment were observed only if given before PVE developed. That is why only supportive treatment was given to patients with PVE to attenuate symptoms.
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Inflammatory extra-adventitial lesions are found not only in the brain but in the spinal cord as well. Lesions might be uniform in acute phase or disseminated in subacute phase. Unlike in cases of
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Complications with the central neural system after smallpox vaccination were observed for the first time right after the vaccination begun. The first diagnosed case of PVE was in 1905.
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or B virus vaccination), PVE is considered to be of autoimmune nature. There is no final proof of PVE being caused directly by vaccine virus replication in neural tissues.
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campaign. With mortality ranging between 25 – 30% it is the most severe adverse event associated with this vaccination. The mechanism of how it happens is unknown.
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space there is a tissue rarefication in spaces close to damaged blood vessels. Accumulated small nuclei are found in places of such rarefication. Strong
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PVE symptoms start to appear between 8th and 14th day after vaccination. Amongst the first are fever, headache, confusion and nausea. With passing time
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277:"Post-vaccinal encephalitis : Its association with vaccination and with post-infectious and acute disseminated encephalitis"
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Rogalewski, Andreas; Kraus, Jörg; Hasselblatt, Martin; Kraemer, Christoffer; Schäbitz, Wolf-Rüdiger (2007).
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Kretzschmar, Mirjam; Wallinga, Jacco; Teunis, Peter; Xing, Shuqin; Mikolajczyk, Rafael (2006).
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Roos, K L; Eckerman, N L (2002). "The smallpox vaccine and postvaccinal encephalitis".
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the main damage is found in white brain matter. Meninges are infiltrated with
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Perdrau, J R (1928). "The histology of post-vaccinal encephalitis".
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centre of attention. Nevertheless, for its similarity with
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strains differed significantly in causing adverse events.
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is also observed in cases of PVE. Tissue damage leads to
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438:"Smallpox Vaccination and Adverse Reactions"
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
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519:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
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249:acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
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169:. In extreme cases PVE can lead to
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596:Unsolved problems in neuroscience
205:with rapid clearance of degraded
327:(3): 711–712. 1 September 1931.
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317:"Post-Vaccination Encephalitis"
275:Jorge, Ricardo (January 1932).
31:needs additional citations for
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293:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82942-6
481:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030272
321:Annals of Internal Medicine
55:"Postvaccinal encephalitis"
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129:which was associated with
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119:Postvaccinal encephalitis
591:Rare infectious diseases
412:The Journal of Pathology
424:10.1002/path.1700310104
187:encephalitis lethargica
193:, plasmatic cells and
137:during the worldwide
381:10.1055/s-2002-33052
139:smallpox eradication
40:improve this article
571:History of medicine
586:Viral encephalitis
145:Symptoms and signs
532:10.2147/NDT.S2024
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442:www.cdc.gov
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565:Categories
281:The Lancet
259:References
159:hemiplegia
96:April 2018
66:newspapers
418:: 17–39.
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226:Incidence
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181:Histology
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211:necrosis
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