337:) tongue. The front, central part of the tongue is somewhat raised compared to the tip, back and sides, which gives it a weak palatalization. For retroflex sounds, the tongue shape is either concave (usually when apical or subapical, made with the tip of the tongue) or flat (usually when laminal, made with the area behind the tongue tip). For alveolo-palatal sounds, the front half of the tongue is flat and raised so that it closely parallels the upper surface of the mouth, from the teeth to the hard palate. Behind that is a sudden convex bend.
653:), which results in a relatively more "hushing" sound. When the tip of the tongue rests against the lower teeth, there is no sublingual cavity, resulting in a more "hissing" sound. Generally, the tongue-down postalveolar consonants have the tongue tip on the hollowed area (with a sublingual cavity), whereas for the tongue-down alveolar consonants, the tongue tip rests against the teeth (no sublingual cavity), which accentuates the hissing vs. hushing distinction of these sounds.
1073:⟩, created by analogy with the curls used to mark alveolo-palatal sibilants. However, the actual sounds indicated using these symbols are often palatal or palatalized alveolar rather than alveolo-palatal, like the variation for symbols like . The decision to use the special alveolo-palatal symbols in sinology is largely based on distributional similarities between the sounds in question and the alveolo-palatal sibilants, which are prominent in many
5028:
5553:
5533:
5504:
5462:
5426:
5397:
5368:
5332:
5290:
5254:
5225:
5196:
5160:
5138:
5102:
5073:
5044:
36:
292:
fricatives differ noticeably both in pitch and sharpness; the order corresponds to progressively lower-pitched and duller (less "hissy" or piercing) sounds. ( is the highest-pitched and most piercing, which is the reason that hissing sounds like "Sssst!" or "Psssst!" are typically used to attract someone's attention). As a result, it is necessary to specify many additional subtypes.
5585:
4608:
3771:
1022:
Palatalized postalveolar non-sibilants are usually considered to be alveolo-palatal. Some non-sibilant sounds in some languages are said to be palato-alveolar rather than alveolo-palatal, but in practice, it is unclear if there is any consistent acoustic distinction between the two types of sounds.
648:
There is an additional distinction that can be made among tongue-down laminal sounds, depending on exactly where behind the lower teeth the tongue tip is placed. A bit behind the lower teeth is a hollow area (or pit) in the lower surface of the mouth. When the tongue tip rests in the hollowed area,
623:
The upward curvature of the tongue tip to make apical or subapical contact renders palatalization more difficult so domed (palato-alveolar) consonants are not attested with subapical articulation and fully palatalized (such as alveolo-palatal) sounds occur only with laminal articulation. Also, the
687:
A laminal "closed" articulation could also be made with alveolo-palatal sibilants and a laminal "non-closed" articulation with alveolar sibilants, but no language appears to do so. In addition, no language seems to have a minimal contrast between two sounds based only on the "closed"/"non-closed"
291:
However, among sibilants, particularly postalveolar sibilants, there are slight differences in the shape of the tongue and the point of contact on the tongue itself, which correspond to large differences in the resulting sound. For example, the alveolar fricative and the three postalveolar
1037:
non-sibilants (such as ). Even the two types are often not distinguished among nasals and laterals, as almost all languages have only one palatalized/palatal nasal or lateral in their phonemic inventories. For example, the sound described as a "palatal lateral" in various
1253:
consistently uses a laminal articulation for its palato-alveolar sibilants, which presumably makes the sound a bit "sharper", more like the alveolo-palatal sibilants, increasing the perceptual difference from the two types of retroflex sibilants that also occur in
753:
The attested possibilities, with exemplar languages, are as follows. IPA diacritics are simplified, and some articulations would require two diacritics to be fully specified, but only one is used to keep the results legible without the need for
627:
As a result, the differing points of tongue contact (laminal, apical and subapical) are significant largely for retroflex sounds. Retroflex sounds can also occur outside of the postalveolar region, ranging from as far back as the
2117:
619:
articulation). Apical and subapical articulations are always "tongue-up", with the tip of the tongue above the teeth, and laminal articulations are often "tongue-down", with the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth.
325:
Less technically, the retroflex consonant sounds somewhat like a mixture between the regular
English of "ship" and the "h" at the beginning of "heard", especially when it is pronounced forcefully and with a strong
2153:
2127:
913:
Non-sibilant sounds can also be made in the postalveolar region, the number of acoustically distinct variations is then significantly reduced. The primary distinction for such sounds is between
2137:
2122:
624:
apical-laminal distinction among palato-alveolar sounds makes little (although presumably non-zero) perceptible difference; both articulations, in fact, occur among
English-speakers.
2107:
971:. Also, for some languages that distinguish "dental" vs. "alveolar" stops and nasals, they are actually articulated nearer to prealveolar and postalveolar, respectively.
2084:
2074:
762:, whose notation is used here, has resurrected an obsolete IPA symbol, the under dot, to indicate the apical postalveolar, which is normally included in the category of
2069:
4961:
3018:
2764:
1350:
1026:
In phonological descriptions, alveolo-palatal postalveolar non-sibilants are usually not distinguished as such but are considered to be variants of either
3032:
3025:
2771:
3246:
3004:
2750:
2019:
4750:
3039:
2736:
53:
4789:
4712:
692:, if the language has two laminal sibilants, one of which is "closed" and the other is "non-closed", they will also differ in some other ways).
4923:
4853:
3011:
2757:
1306:
1272:
4796:
4693:
5594:
5129:
4918:
4617:
3780:
3541:
3448:
2033:
322:(such as , strongly palatalized). The increasing palatalization corresponds to progressively higher-pitched and sharper-sounding consonants.
4873:
4810:
1061:
The IPA does not have specific symbols for alveolo-palatal non-sibilants, but they can be denoted using the advanced diacritic like ⟨
4622:
3631:
3523:
3430:
2743:
1014:
trills, including a palatalized/non-palatalized distinction and a three-way place distinction among dental, alveolar and retroflex trills.
4817:
4763:
4719:
5145:
4966:
4156:
4111:
3618:
3555:
3462:
2913:
2669:
4946:
4731:
4700:
5167:
4122:
4074:
4060:
4002:
3988:
3640:
3548:
3455:
2064:
463:
408:
4895:
4880:
4660:
100:
5216:
4136:
3658:
3569:
3530:
3476:
3437:
3194:
1343:
1316:
1282:
119:
4646:
1096:
nasals and laterals: laminal dental , apical alveolar , laminal postalveolar (palatalized) , and apical postalveolar (retroflex) .
72:
664:
have the tongue tip resting directly against the lower teeth rather than in the hollowed area. Ladefoged and
Maddieson term it a "
5644:
5388:
4129:
3785:
3712:
3649:
3562:
3469:
2976:
2920:
2885:
2676:
2641:
4756:
4738:
1600:
5453:
5232:
5187:
3694:
2962:
2718:
2028:
1374:
490:
434:
158:
140:
4666:
1573:
1085:
Some languages distinguish palatalized (alveolo-palatal) and non-palatalized (retroflex) postalveolar nasals and/or laterals.
79:
5639:
5404:
5359:
5245:
4612:
4607:
4039:
3967:
3775:
3770:
3576:
3483:
3129:
3088:
2824:
2491:
57:
4674:
2227:
1568:
5417:
5203:
5064:
4563:
4423:
4391:
3719:
2983:
2899:
2892:
2655:
2648:
2477:
724:
689:
657:
4652:
1580:
1563:
5524:
5375:
5261:
4956:
4554:
4543:
4455:
4067:
3995:
3701:
3159:
2969:
2948:
2871:
2725:
2704:
2627:
2112:
2012:
1555:
1336:
518:
86:
4769:
1595:
1590:
5433:
5080:
5035:
4570:
4053:
4032:
3981:
3728:
3146:
3102:
3095:
3046:
2838:
2831:
2782:
2527:
2498:
2347:
2180:
4680:
1585:
268:
can be sufficiently identified just by specifying the point of contact on the upper part of the mouth (for example,
5589:
5584:
5495:
5093:
4584:
4506:
3388:
3281:
3168:
3074:
2990:
2906:
2810:
2662:
2509:
2484:
2463:
1860:
1031:
917:
301:
281:
68:
4998:
248:(such as , unpalatalized). The palato-alveolar and alveolo-palatal subtypes are commonly counted as "palatals" in
46:
5544:
5281:
5051:
4951:
4577:
4497:
4486:
4088:
4046:
4016:
3974:
3352:
3060:
2955:
2878:
2796:
2711:
2634:
2541:
2392:
2363:
1507:
1452:
1220:
1215:
636:
behind the teeth. Subapical retroflex sounds are often palatal (and vice versa), which occur particularly in the
545:
318:
312:
238:
232:
204:
5511:
5323:
5109:
4635:
4513:
4081:
4009:
3737:
3334:
3308:
3257:
3177:
3109:
3053:
2789:
2569:
2534:
2374:
2354:
2333:
1618:
1437:
1370:
1230:
995:
330:. The alveolo-palatal consonant sounds like a strongly palatalized version of , somewhat like "nourish you".
5560:
5473:
5297:
4527:
3923:
3395:
3228:
3219:
3202:
3081:
2997:
2817:
2555:
2516:
2470:
2406:
2005:
1821:
1816:
1727:
5339:
4520:
4284:
4222:
3914:
3903:
3814:
3374:
3359:
3239:
3067:
2803:
2548:
2434:
2399:
2275:
2259:
1838:
1648:
1422:
1366:
1175:
1147:
1070:
1062:
1043:
968:
964:
771:
767:
747:
705:
701:
681:
673:
540:
513:
485:
458:
429:
403:
277:
154:
150:
136:
1116:", but they would be perhaps more accurately described as apical and laminal postalveolar, respectively:
4346:
4273:
4253:
4211:
4191:
3930:
3827:
3341:
3315:
3290:
3264:
2576:
2420:
2381:
2340:
2270:
2231:
2079:
1427:
1404:
1382:
1210:
999:
987:
940:
939:
Retroflex stops, nasals and laterals (like ) occur in a number of languages across the world such as in
265:
177:
4802:
4335:
4315:
4293:
4231:
3944:
3883:
3210:
2562:
2413:
2315:
1865:
1828:
1540:
1089:
1074:
1055:
948:
327:
93:
5599:
4866:
4477:
4364:
4355:
4264:
4202:
3951:
3937:
3855:
3381:
2441:
2295:
2252:
1936:
1806:
1783:
1532:
1485:
1457:
1225:
952:
924:
763:
637:
615:
306:
244:
340:
The following table shows the three types of postalveolar sibilant fricatives defined in the IPA:
4889:
4326:
3892:
3841:
3820:
2583:
2427:
2285:
2265:
2223:
1801:
1634:
1442:
1399:
1152:
1109:
1034:
633:
571:
189:
5310:
4845:
4247:
4098:
3862:
3793:
3407:
2320:
2300:
2242:
2132:
1923:
1880:
1757:
1722:
1545:
1512:
1480:
1414:
1312:
1278:
1093:
1027:
928:
914:
629:
609:
253:
197:
5120:
4639:
4185:
3876:
3834:
2310:
2280:
2247:
2237:
1948:
1941:
1796:
1752:
1747:
1610:
1522:
1499:
1475:
1432:
1391:
1051:
1047:
1039:
983:
975:
956:
921:
840:
805:
735:
599:
550:
523:
468:
439:
413:
273:
201:
688:
variation, with no concomitant articulatory distinctions (for all languages, including the
300:
The main distinction is the shape of the tongue, which corresponds to differing degrees of
5444:
5178:
4176:
3869:
3302:
2305:
2175:
1997:
1913:
1811:
1791:
1732:
1700:
1517:
1298:
1264:
1105:
991:
798:
759:
739:
731:
554:
495:
269:
5350:
1885:
1185:
1003:
822:
727:
712:
708:
661:
185:
5633:
5009:
4537:
4379:
3797:
1971:
1931:
1908:
1875:
1848:
1302:
1268:
1250:
1180:
1157:
1113:
1007:
1006:
occur commonly in the world's languages. Some languages also have retroflex trills.
826:
285:
597:
A second variable is whether the contact occurs with the very tip of the tongue (an
4859:
2592:
1981:
1900:
1890:
1870:
677:
333:
Palato-alveolar sounds are normally described as having a convex (a bunched-up or
700:
A few languages distinguish three different postalveolar sibilant tongue shapes (
5607:
5021:
5004:
4782:
4309:
3117:
2190:
2168:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1853:
1710:
35:
5486:
5014:
2327:
2185:
1769:
955:. The sounds are fairly rare in European languages but occur, for example, in
927:
non-palatalized. (Subapical retroflex non-sibilants also occur but tend to be
669:
304:(raising of the body of the tongue). From least to most palatalized, they are
770:
is sometimes reversed, and either may also be called 'retroflex' and written
5272:
4778:
4026:
3959:
2849:
2605:
2213:
1958:
1764:
1715:
1675:
1670:
1657:
960:
743:
720:
716:
249:
174:
17:
672:
describes as "hissing-hushing" sounds. Catford transcribes them as ⟨
668:
laminal postalveolar" articulation, which gives the sounds a quality that
5578:
4913:
4835:
4829:
4601:
3764:
2602:
1692:
1680:
1066:
755:
227:
146:
4686:
3897:
2457:
2163:
1665:
1069:
often use special symbols for alveolo-palatal non-sibilants, ⟨
193:
4989:
2158:
1705:
1054:) and sometimes a palatalized alveolar , such as in some northern
944:
226:
There are many types of postalveolar sounds—especially among the
192:, which are at the ridge itself, but not as far back as the hard
27:
Consonants articulated with the tongue behind the alveolar ridge
4987:
2211:
2046:
2001:
1332:
1328:
684:⟩ have occasionally been resurrected for these sounds).
29:
603:
articulation ), with the surface just above the tip, the
899:
subapical postalveolar or palatal (subapical retroflex)
188:. Articulation is farther back in the mouth than the
3802:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
613:
articulation ), or with the underside of the tip (a
593:
Point of tongue contact (laminal, apical, subapical)
145:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5443:
5271:
5119:
4939:
2258:
2230:
2146:
2100:
2057:
1957:
1922:
1899:
1837:
1782:
1691:
1656:
1647:
1627:
1609:
1554:
1531:
1498:
1468:
1413:
1390:
1381:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
998:). Retroflex rhotics of various sorts, especially
867:laminal palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal)
159:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
200:. Examples of postalveolar consonants are the
4962:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2013:
1344:
1108:types that can occur, commonly described as "
795:laminal flat postalveolar (laminal retroflex)
8:
649:there is an empty space below the tongue (a
344:IPA transcription of postalveolar sibilants
4984:
4936:
2208:
2054:
2043:
2020:
2006:
1998:
1653:
1465:
1387:
1351:
1337:
1329:
656:However, the palato-alveolar sibilants in
264:For most sounds involving the tongue, the
2075:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
644:Position of tongue tip (laminal "closed")
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1118:
1046:is most often alveolo-palatal (like in
676:⟩ (that is not IPA notation; the
342:
3816:
2257:
1242:
1010:is particularly unusual in that it has
959:; they are then often considered to be
272:involve contact on the soft palate and
2241:
819:apical postalveolar (apical retroflex)
719:(but only a two-way distinction among
715:, which make such a distinction among
242:(such as , strongly palatalized), and
4476:
4175:
3891:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2251:
2246:
2236:
742:, which distinguish two postalveolar
252:since they rarely contrast with true
180:with the tongue near or touching the
7:
3849:
1121:
837:domed postalveolar (palato-alveolar)
734:. More common are languages such as
316:(such as , weakly palatalized); and
149:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
4967:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3828:
3792:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1308:The Sounds of the World's Languages
1274:The Sounds of the World's Languages
750:since they are maximally distinct.
276:involve the teeth), along with any
3884:
2065:International Phonetic Association
846:(may be either laminal or apical)
464:Voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant
409:Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
25:
5559:
5543:
5523:
5510:
5494:
5472:
5452:
5432:
5416:
5403:
5387:
5374:
5358:
5338:
5322:
5309:
5296:
5280:
5260:
5244:
5231:
5215:
5202:
5186:
5166:
5144:
5128:
5108:
5092:
5079:
5063:
5050:
5034:
4894:
4879:
4872:
4852:
4828:
4816:
4809:
4795:
4788:
4762:
4749:
4737:
4730:
4718:
4711:
4699:
4692:
4673:
4659:
4645:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4553:
4542:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4496:
4485:
4454:
4422:
4390:
4363:
4354:
4345:
4334:
4325:
4314:
4292:
4283:
4272:
4263:
4252:
4230:
4221:
4210:
4201:
4190:
4155:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4110:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3902:
3856:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3711:
3700:
3693:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3617:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3529:
3522:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3436:
3429:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3358:
3351:
3340:
3333:
3314:
3307:
3289:
3280:
3263:
3256:
3245:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3193:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3145:
3128:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2591:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2515:
2508:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2380:
2373:
2362:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2316:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
5583:
5551:
5531:
5502:
5460:
5424:
5395:
5366:
5330:
5288:
5252:
5223:
5194:
5158:
5136:
5100:
5071:
5042:
5026:
4606:
3842:
3821:
3769:
2118:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
284:(raising of the tongue body) or
236:(such as , weakly palatalized),
196:, the place of articulation for
34:
3863:
2029:International Phonetic Alphabet
1375:International Phonetic Alphabet
491:Voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant
435:Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant
141:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
4947:Nasal labial–velar approximant
3877:
3835:
2138:IPA chart for English dialects
1030:non-sibilants (such as or of
230:. The three primary types are
1:
3870:
725:Northwest Caucasian languages
690:Northwest Caucasian languages
658:Northwest Caucasian languages
4957:Voiceless bidental fricative
2080:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
519:voiceless retroflex sibilant
2181:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1153:Apical (post)alveolar click
1104:There are two postalveolar
935:Non-palatalized (retroflex)
887:laminal closed postalveolar
310:(such as , unpalatalized);
5661:
1181:Laminal postalveolar click
909:Postalveolar non-sibilants
855:laminal domed postalveolar
205:palato-alveolar consonants
5485:
5349:
5177:
5020:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4996:
4983:
4952:Nasal palatal approximant
4636:Co-articulated consonants
4536:
4481:
4444:
4412:
4377:
4308:
4246:
4184:
4145:
4097:
4025:
3958:
3896:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3673:
3595:
3502:
3406:
3301:
3201:
3116:
2943:
2847:
2699:
2601:
2456:
2326:
2220:
2207:
2053:
2042:
1743:
1364:
1221:Alveolo-palatal consonant
1216:Palato-alveolar consonant
1127:
1124:
632:to as far forward as the
546:voiced retroflex sibilant
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
351:
348:
1231:List of phonetics topics
1138:
996:postalveolar approximant
69:"Postalveolar consonant"
5645:Postalveolar consonants
3812:Non-pulmonic consonants
2944:Non-sibilant fricative
2700:Non-sibilant affricate
2070:History of the alphabet
1042:and often indicated as
786:Exemplifying languages
137:phonetic transcriptions
2128:Sinological extensions
1367:Articulatory phonetics
278:secondary articulation
260:Postalveolar sibilants
134:This article contains
5640:Place of articulation
1541:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1311:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1277:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1211:Place of articulation
988:retroflex approximant
963:of sequences such as
941:South Asian languages
931:, as for sibilants.)
783:Place of articulation
266:place of articulation
3596:Lateral approximant
1866:Labio-palatalization
1090:Australian languages
1075:East Asian languages
1056:Brazilian Portuguese
949:East Asian languages
764:retroflex consonants
660:such as the extinct
223:ump", respectively.
54:improve this article
2224:Pulmonic consonants
1556:Double articulation
1226:Retroflex consonant
1100:Postalveolar clicks
990:(the equivalent in
638:Dravidian languages
345:
207:, as in the words "
190:alveolar consonants
4146:Lateral fricative
3796:, to the left are
3503:Lateral fricative
2291:Postalveolar
2276:Linguolabial
2123:Naming conventions
2086:Journal of the IPA
730:(now extinct) and
343:
254:palatal consonants
198:palatal consonants
5627:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5570:
5569:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4932:
4931:
4757:Uvular–epiglottal
4631:
4630:
4593:
4592:
3808:
3807:
3756:
3755:
3674:Lateral tap/flap
2271:Labiodental
2203:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2133:World Orthography
1995:
1994:
1881:Pharyngealization
1778:
1777:
1643:
1642:
1601:Uvular–epiglottal
1494:
1493:
1202:
1201:
1092:distinguish four
1040:Romance languages
906:
905:
758:IPA fonts. Also,
651:sublingual cavity
607:of the tongue (a
590:
589:
274:dental consonants
173:) consonants are
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5652:
5611:
5587:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5535:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5515:
5514:
5506:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5477:
5476:
5464:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5437:
5436:
5428:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5408:
5407:
5399:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5379:
5378:
5370:
5369:
5363:
5362:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5314:
5313:
5301:
5300:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5265:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5207:
5206:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5171:
5170:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5084:
5083:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5067:
5055:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5029:
4999:
4985:
4937:
4898:
4883:
4876:
4856:
4832:
4820:
4813:
4799:
4792:
4766:
4753:
4741:
4734:
4725:Labial–retroflex
4722:
4715:
4703:
4696:
4677:
4667:Labial–retroflex
4663:
4649:
4610:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4557:
4546:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4489:
4460:
4428:
4396:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4340:
4331:
4320:
4298:
4289:
4278:
4269:
4258:
4236:
4227:
4216:
4207:
4196:
4182:bottom: uvular)
4159:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4114:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3906:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3803:
3773:
3740:
3731:
3722:
3715:
3704:
3697:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3621:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3533:
3526:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3440:
3433:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3362:
3355:
3344:
3337:
3318:
3311:
3293:
3284:
3267:
3260:
3249:
3242:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3197:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3149:
3132:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2519:
2512:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2384:
2377:
2366:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2228:
2209:
2055:
2044:
2037:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1949:Voice onset time
1654:
1574:Labial–retroflex
1466:
1388:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1299:Ladefoged, Peter
1295:
1289:
1288:
1265:Ladefoged, Peter
1261:
1255:
1247:
1177:
1149:
1119:
1072:
1064:
1045:
984:American English
976:rhotic consonant
970:
966:
777:
776:
773:
769:
749:
736:Mandarin Chinese
703:
683:
680:letters ⟨
675:
542:
515:
487:
460:
431:
405:
346:
288:(lip rounding).
270:velar consonants
156:
152:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5619:
5609:
5608:unrounded
5604:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5542:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5522:
5517:
5516:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5493:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5451:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5415:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5357:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5279:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5127:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5033:
5027:
4992:
4971:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4901:Labial–alveolar
4899:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4833:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4814:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4706:Labial–alveolar
4704:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4656:
4655:
4653:Labial–alveolar
4650:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4457:
4425:
4413:Voiced lateral
4393:
4368:
4357:
4348:
4337:
4328:
4317:
4295:
4286:
4275:
4266:
4255:
4233:
4224:
4213:
4204:
4193:
4181:
4179:
3801:
3790:
2296:Retroflex
2216:
2195:
2154:ASCII encodings
2142:
2096:
2049:
2038:
2031:
2026:
1996:
1991:
1953:
1918:
1895:
1840:
1833:
1774:
1739:
1687:
1639:
1623:
1605:
1569:Labial–alveolar
1550:
1527:
1508:Alveolo-palatal
1490:
1464:
1453:Palato-alveolar
1409:
1377:
1371:Co-articulation
1360:
1357:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1207:
1102:
1083:
1020:
992:British English
937:
911:
896:
884:
864:
852:
834:
816:
792:
766:. The notation
760:Peter Ladefoged
698:
646:
634:alveolar region
595:
585:
553:
319:alveolo-palatal
313:palato-alveolar
298:
262:
239:alveolo-palatal
233:palato-alveolar
164:
163:
162:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5658:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5581:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5557:
5550:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5530:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5508:
5501:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5459:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5401:
5394:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5372:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5336:
5329:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5294:
5287:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5229:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5200:
5193:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5142:
5135:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5077:
5070:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5048:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4844:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4803:Labial–palatal
4801:
4794:
4787:
4786:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4445:Nasal lateral
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4259:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4217:
4208:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3734:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:Bilabial
2263:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2101:Special topics
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:Glottalization
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1861:Palatalization
1858:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1619:Velopharyngeal
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:Labial–palatal
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1564:Labial–coronal
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1438:Denti-alveolar
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1303:Maddieson, Ian
1290:
1283:
1269:Maddieson, Ian
1256:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1101:
1098:
1082:
1079:
1019:
1016:
936:
933:
910:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
802:sz, rz, cz, dż
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
781:
713:Southern Qiang
709:Northern Qiang
704:) such as the
697:
694:
645:
642:
594:
591:
588:
587:
582:
578:
557:
548:
543:
538:
535:
533:
526:
521:
516:
510:
509:
506:
504:
498:
493:
488:
483:
480:
478:
471:
466:
461:
455:
454:
451:
449:
442:
437:
432:
427:
424:
422:
416:
411:
406:
400:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
374:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
302:palatalization
297:
294:
282:palatalization
261:
258:
186:alveolar ridge
157:⟩, see
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5657:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5614:
5613:
5612: rounded
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5562:
5546:
5539:
5526:
5519:
5513:
5497:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5419:
5412:
5406:
5390:
5383:
5377:
5361:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5325:
5318:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5283:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5247:
5240:
5234:
5218:
5211:
5205:
5189:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5131:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5095:
5088:
5082:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5037:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4982:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4897:
4891:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4831:
4819:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4780:
4771:
4770:Labial–uvular
4765:
4758:
4752:
4740:
4733:
4721:
4714:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4668:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3831:
3824:
3813:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Case variants
2111:
2109:
2108:Cursive forms
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Uvularization
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:Labialization
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Coronal–velar
1594:
1592:
1591:Labial–uvular
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1521:
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1516:
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1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
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1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1320:
1318:0-631-19815-6
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1284:0-631-19815-6
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1251:Toda language
1246:
1243:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
972:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
934:
932:
930:
926:
923:
919:
916:
908:
901:
898:
894:
893:
889:
886:
882:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
861:
857:
854:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:
824:
821:
818:
814:
813:
810:
807:
803:
800:
797:
794:
790:
789:
785:
782:
779:
778:
775:
765:
761:
757:
751:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
707:
695:
693:
691:
685:
679:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
625:
621:
618:
617:
612:
611:
606:
602:
601:
592:
583:
581:
579:
577:
576:
574:
568:
566:
561:
558:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
457:
456:
452:
450:
447:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
428:
425:
423:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
355:
347:
341:
338:
336:
331:
329:
323:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
308:
303:
295:
293:
289:
287:
286:labialization
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
172:
171:post-alveolar
168:
160:
148:
144:
142:
138:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5605:
4886:Labial–velar
4836:
4823:Labial–velar
4744:Labial–velar
4681:Labial–velar
4634:
4180:(top: velar;
3848:
3811:
3791:
2290:
2222:
2089:
2085:
1901:Tongue shape
1891:Nasalization
1871:Velarization
1841:articulation
1611:Pathological
1586:Labial–velar
1469:Active place
1448:Postalveolar
1447:
1423:Linguolabial
1359:Articulation
1307:
1293:
1273:
1259:
1245:
1190:
1162:
1136:Orthography
1125:Description
1110:postalveolar
1103:
1087:
1084:
1060:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1000:approximants
979:
973:
947:and various
938:
912:
875:
871:
843:
808:
801:
752:
746:, typically
706:Sino-Tibetan
699:
686:
678:obsolete IPA
665:
655:
650:
647:
626:
622:
614:
608:
604:
598:
596:
580:
572:
570:
564:
563:
559:
529:
500:
474:
445:
418:
392:Orthography
380:Orthography
369:Description
360:Description
339:
334:
332:
328:American "r"
324:
317:
311:
305:
299:
296:Tongue shape
290:
263:
243:
237:
231:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
181:
170:
167:Postalveolar
166:
165:
153:and ⟨
135:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
18:Postalveolar
4848:approximant
4783:approximant
3118:Approximant
2191:IPA Braille
2169:Kirshenbaum
1711:Approximant
1428:Interdental
1405:Labiodental
1198:to imitate
1067:Sinologists
1032:palatalized
1018:Palatalized
982:-sound) in
974:The normal
918:palatalized
876:ć, ś, ź, dź
630:hard palate
219:ion", and "
178:articulated
110:August 2020
5634:Categories
5595:full chart
5121:Near-close
4919:full chart
4841:(variable)
4618:full chart
4101:affricate
3781:full chart
3410:affricate
2214:Consonants
2186:IPA number
2048:IPA topics
1839:Secondary
1829:Percussive
1797:Ingressive
1770:Continuant
1237:References
1065:⟩.
1058:dialects.
961:allophones
953:Vietnamese
809:sh, zh, ch
723:) and the
721:fricatives
717:affricates
670:JC Catford
349:Voiceless
175:consonants
80:newspapers
5445:Near-open
5179:Close-mid
4867:Implosive
4860:Velarized
4779:Fricative
4538:Voiceless
4478:Implosive
4027:Fricative
3960:Affricate
3798:voiceless
2850:fricative
2848:Sibilant
2606:affricate
2253:Laryngeal
2147:Encodings
1959:Phonation
1937:Aspirated
1932:Voiceless
1807:Implosive
1792:Egressive
1784:Airstream
1765:Occlusive
1716:Semivowel
1676:Fricative
1671:Affricate
1658:Obstruent
1533:Laryngeal
1486:Subapical
1458:Retroflex
1133:Language
925:retroflex
874:, Polish
870:Mandarin
744:sibilants
702:/ʂ//ʃ//ɕ/
616:subapical
537:Shanghai
389:Language
377:Language
307:retroflex
250:phonology
245:retroflex
228:sibilants
215:ill", "vi
5606:Legend:
5600:template
5579:IPA help
5351:Open-mid
4924:template
4914:IPA help
4890:Ejective
4862:alveolar
4623:template
4602:IPA help
3893:Ejective
3786:template
3765:IPA help
3203:Tap/flap
2603:Sibilant
2286:Alveolar
1854:Rounding
1822:Ejective
1817:Pulmonic
1802:Ejective
1728:Tap/flap
1693:Sonorant
1681:Sibilant
1635:Bidental
1443:Alveolar
1400:Bilabial
1305:(1996).
1271:(1996).
1205:See also
1142:Meaning
1128:Example
1081:Examples
1063:c̟ ɲ̟ ʎ̟
1035:alveolar
951:such as
943:such as
878:, Ubykh
806:Mandarin
756:OpenType
696:Examples
532:ànghǎi)
524:Mandarin
469:Mandarin
398:Meaning
386:Meaning
372:Example
363:Example
280:such as
151:/ /
147:Help:IPA
5610:•
5010:Central
4846:Lateral
4687:Plosive
4482:Voiced
4380:lateral
4378:Tenuis
4369:
4099:Lateral
3408:Lateral
2458:Plosive
2321:Glottal
2301:Palatal
2243:Coronal
2164:X-SAMPA
1972:Breathy
1758:Lateral
1723:Vibrant
1666:Plosive
1546:Glottal
1513:Palatal
1481:Laminal
1415:Coronal
1170:hollow
1114:palatal
1112:" and "
1094:coronal
1052:Italian
1048:Catalan
1028:palatal
957:Swedish
929:palatal
915:laminal
872:q, j, x
841:English
610:laminal
551:Russian
453:vision
440:English
414:English
352:Voiced
211:ip", "'
202:English
184:of the
139:in the
94:scholar
5588:
4990:Vowels
4839:-sound
4611:
4248:Voiced
4186:Tenuis
3794:voiced
3774:
2765:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2311:Uvular
2281:Dental
2260:Manner
2248:Dorsal
2238:Labial
1982:Creaky
1942:Tenuis
1909:Sulcal
1753:Rhotic
1748:Liquid
1649:Manner
1523:Uvular
1500:Dorsal
1476:Apical
1433:Dental
1392:Labial
1315:
1281:
922:apical
890:Ubykh
844:sh, zh
799:Polish
748:/ʂ//ɕ/
740:Polish
732:Abkhaz
666:closed
600:apical
555:Polish
496:Polish
482:small
194:palate
155:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5590:audio
5022:Close
5005:Front
4940:Other
4874:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4640:Nasal
4613:audio
4310:Nasal
4177:Click
3776:audio
3303:Trill
2772:d̠ɹ̠˔
2328:Nasal
2306:Velar
2232:Place
2159:SAMPA
2034:chart
1987:Stiff
1977:Slack
1967:Modal
1924:Voice
1914:Domed
1812:Click
1733:Trill
1706:Vowel
1701:Nasal
1628:Other
1518:Velar
1383:Place
1254:Toda.
1186:!Kung
1106:click
1088:Some
1071:ȶ ȵ ȴ
1004:flaps
994:is a
986:is a
945:Hindi
902:Toda
858:Toda
823:Ubykh
728:Ubykh
662:Ubykh
605:blade
586:frog
562:аба (
508:herb
477:iǎo)
426:shin
335:domed
143:(IPA)
101:JSTOR
87:books
5487:Open
5015:Back
4896:t͡pʼ
4137:q𝼄ʼ
4130:k𝼄ʼ
4123:c𝼆ʼ
3989:t̠ʃʼ
3975:t̪θʼ
3968:p̪fʼ
3898:Stop
3353:ɽ̊r̥
3019:ɹ̠̊˔
2751:tɹ̝̊
2176:TIPA
2090:JIPA
1313:ISBN
1279:ISBN
1249:The
1165:oas
1158:Nama
1139:IPA
1122:IPA
1050:and
1008:Toda
1002:and
969:/rt/
965:/rn/
920:and
827:Toda
768:s̠,ṣ
738:and
711:and
682:ʆ, ʓ
674:ŝ, ẑ
584:toad
528:上海 (
503:oło
448:ion
395:IPA
383:IPA
366:IPA
357:IPA
182:back
73:news
5273:Mid
4881:ɠ͡ɓ
4764:q͡p
4751:q͡ʡ
4739:ɡ͡b
4732:k͡p
4720:ɖ͡b
4713:ʈ͡p
4701:d͡b
4694:t͡p
4675:ŋ͡m
4661:ɳ͡m
4647:n͡m
4349:ɴ𝼊
4347:ŋ𝼊
4287:ɢ𝼊
4285:ɡ𝼊
4225:q𝼊
4223:k𝼊
4112:tɬʼ
4017:qχʼ
4010:kxʼ
4003:tɕʼ
3996:tʂʼ
3982:tsʼ
3713:𝼈̥
3484:ɡʟ̝
3477:k𝼄
3470:ɟʎ̝
3463:c𝼆
3456:d𝼅
3033:ɻ̊˔
3026:ɹ̠˔
2758:dɹ̝
2744:d̪ð
2737:t̪θ
2726:b̪v
2719:p̪f
2649:d̠ʒ
2642:t̠ʃ
2058:IPA
1193:ua
1044:/ʎ/
1012:six
967:or
780:IPA
575:aba
567:aba
473:小 (
421:in
56:by
5636::
5340:o̞
5324:ɤ̞
5298:ø̞
5282:e̞
4837:Sj
4790:ɥ̊
4585:ʛ̥
4578:ɠ̊
4571:ʄ̊
4564:ᶑ̊
4555:ɗ̥
4544:ɓ̥
4458:ɴǁ
4456:ŋǁ
4426:ɢǁ
4424:ɡǁ
4394:qǁ
4392:kǁ
4358:ɴǂ
4356:ŋǂ
4338:ɴǃ
4336:ŋǃ
4329:ɴǀ
4327:ŋǀ
4318:ɴʘ
4316:ŋʘ
4296:ɢǂ
4294:ɡǂ
4276:ɢǃ
4274:ɡǃ
4267:ɢǀ
4265:ɡǀ
4256:ɢʘ
4254:ɡʘ
4234:qǂ
4232:kǂ
4214:qǃ
4212:kǃ
4205:qǀ
4203:kǀ
4194:qʘ
4192:kʘ
4157:ɬʼ
4089:χʼ
4082:xʼ
4075:ɕʼ
4068:ʂʼ
4061:ʃʼ
4054:sʼ
4047:θʼ
4040:fʼ
4033:ɸʼ
3952:ʡʼ
3945:qʼ
3938:kʼ
3931:cʼ
3924:ʈʼ
3915:tʼ
3904:pʼ
3885:EG
3857:RF
3850:PA
3829:LD
3822:BL
3800:.
3738:ʟ̆
3729:ʎ̆
3720:𝼈
3695:ɺ̥
3659:ʟ̠
3577:ʟ̝
3570:𝼄
3563:ʎ̝
3556:𝼆
3549:𝼅
3449:tꞎ
3438:dɮ
3431:tɬ
3375:ʀ̥
3360:ɽr
3335:r̥
3309:ʙ̥
3291:ʡ̆
3282:ɢ̆
3258:ɽ̊
3240:ɾ̥
3229:ɾ̼
3211:ⱱ̟
3195:ʔ̞
3040:ɻ˔
3012:ð̠
3005:θ̠
2984:ð̼
2977:θ̼
2839:ʔh
2832:ʡʢ
2825:ʡʜ
2818:ɢʁ
2811:qχ
2804:ɡɣ
2797:kx
2790:ɟʝ
2783:cç
2712:bβ
2705:pɸ
2677:dʑ
2670:tɕ
2663:dʐ
2656:tʂ
2635:dz
2628:ts
2499:d̼
2492:t̼
2485:b̪
2478:p̪
2435:ɴ̥
2421:ŋ̊
2407:ɲ̊
2393:ɳ̊
2375:n̥
2364:n̼
2348:ɱ̊
2334:m̥
2262:↓
2234:→
1373:–
1369:–
1301:;
1267:;
1077:.
825:,
804:,
774:.
640:.
569:)
530:Sh
501:zi
444:vi
419:sh
256:.
213:ch
209:sh
5561:ɒ
5545:ɑ
5525:ä
5512:ɶ
5496:a
5474:ɐ
5454:æ
5434:ɔ
5418:ʌ
5405:ɞ
5389:ɜ
5376:œ
5360:ɛ
5311:ə
5262:o
5246:ɤ
5233:ɵ
5217:ɘ
5204:ø
5188:e
5168:ʊ
5146:ʏ
5130:ɪ
5110:u
5094:ɯ
5081:ʉ
5065:ɨ
5052:y
5036:i
4854:ɫ
4830:ɧ
4818:w
4811:ʍ
4797:ɥ
4781:/
4528:ʛ
4521:ɠ
4514:ʄ
4507:ᶑ
4498:ɗ
4487:ɓ
4365:ʞ
3878:U
3871:V
3864:P
3843:A
3836:D
3702:ɺ
3650:ʟ
3641:ʎ
3632:ɭ
3619:l
3542:ꞎ
3531:ɮ
3524:ɬ
3396:ʢ
3389:ʜ
3382:ʀ
3342:r
3316:ʙ
3265:ɽ
3247:ɾ
3220:ⱱ
3178:ɰ
3169:j
3160:ɻ
3147:ɹ
3130:ʋ
3110:ɦ
3103:h
3096:ʕ
3089:ħ
3082:ʁ
3075:χ
3068:ɣ
3061:x
3054:ʝ
3047:ç
2998:ð
2991:θ
2970:v
2963:f
2956:β
2949:ɸ
2921:ʑ
2914:ɕ
2907:ʐ
2900:ʂ
2893:ʒ
2886:ʃ
2879:z
2872:s
2593:ʔ
2584:ʡ
2577:ɢ
2570:q
2563:ɡ
2556:k
2549:ɟ
2542:c
2535:ɖ
2528:ʈ
2517:d
2510:t
2471:b
2464:p
2442:ɴ
2428:ŋ
2414:ɲ
2400:ɳ
2382:n
2355:ɱ
2341:m
2092:)
2088:(
2036:)
2032:(
2021:e
2014:t
2007:v
1352:e
1345:t
1338:v
1321:.
1287:.
1191:ǂ
1176:ǂ
1163:!
1148:ǃ
980:r
978:(
772:ʂ
573:ż
565:ž
560:ж
541:ʐ
514:ʂ
486:ʑ
475:x
459:ɕ
446:s
430:ʒ
404:ʃ
221:j
217:s
169:(
161:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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