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on active duty had been granted posthumous citizenship. The process of gaining posthumous citizenship is not automatic and requires the submission of an application form, but family members of soldiers killed on duty have suggested making the grant of posthumous citizenship automatic instead, and a number of members of
Congress have sponsored bills to that end.
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grant posthumous citizenship to the deceased. That is an honorary status which does not confer any immigration benefits to the decedent's relatives. In the 2000s and 2010s, there were roughly 30,000 to 40,000 service members who were not U.S. citizens; by 2007, a total of 59 non-citizens who had died
39:. Israeli legal experts looked into the idea, but the government eventually decided to move ahead with the building of the memorial first, leaving the idea of posthumous citizenship to be resolved later. There were voices of opposition to Shenhavi's plan, such as
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stated that the United States should not have the right to claim Frank's legacy after having rebuffed the efforts of her family and thousands of other Jewish refugees from Europe to immigrate to the United States in the early years of World War II.
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sparked public interest in granting her posthumous citizenship. Frank had moved to the
Netherlands with her family while a young girl, and her father became a Dutch citizen after her death. A spokeswoman for Immigration Minister
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stated that the ministry was trying to find a way in which this could be accomplished, but expressed her doubt that it would be possible. However, the proposal did not enjoy universal support; Patricia
Bosboom of the
47:, and as a result, the Israeli government at the time chose not to make a blanket grant of posthumous citizenship but instead granted it only upon application by a relative or friend of one of the dead.
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However, in 1985, Israel granted posthumous citizenship to all the six million Jewish victims of the
Holocaust. After the Knesset approved the decision, the Israeli Minister for Education,
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for marrying a
Swedish immigrant and died without regaining her citizenship, began lobbying Congress for posthumous citizenship to women like his grandmother. He contacted his senator
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In the late 1940s, Mordechai
Shenhavi, one of the early supporters of the creation of an Israeli national memorial authority whose efforts would eventually lead to the building of
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expressed misgivings about the idea, stating that Anne herself had wanted to be Dutch, and others including Emory
University Institute for Jewish Studies director
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254:
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Young, James E. (2007). "Mandating the
National Memory of Catastrophe". In Sarat, Austin; Douglas, Lawrence; Umphrey, Martha Merrill (eds.).
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There have also been calls for the granting of posthumous citizenship to other individuals or groups. In 2004 and again in 2007, Congressman
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described it as insulting to other victims of the
Holocaust. In the end, Frank was not granted citizenship under the proposal.
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museum stated, "She was as Dutch as you can be. Giving her citizenship would add nothing", while David
Barnouw of the
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In 2013, Daniel Swalm, the grandson of a Minnesota woman who had lost US citizenship under Section 3 of the
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makes no provision for a posthumous grant of citizenship. In 2004, a television programme about
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475:"After a century, Minn. woman in line to receive posthumous apology from the U.S. government"
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of non-U.S. citizens who died due to injuries sustained while on active duty with the
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granted by countries to immigrants or other foreigners after their deaths.
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Amaya, Hector (2013-05-06). "Mediating Belonging, Inclusion, and Death".
400:"A Push for Citizenship to Honor Anne Frank, but It's No Easy Sell"
255:"Dutch lawmakers want to give Anne Frank posthumous citizenship"
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323:"Noncitizen soldiers: the quandaries of foreign-born troops"
277:"Posthumous honor sought for Anne Frank: U.S. citizenship"
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Holocaust Victims to Receive Posthumous Israel Citizenship
219:"Holocaust Victims Given Posthumous Citizenship by Israel"
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450:"Franken: So sorry for that terrible law 100 years ago"
350:"Immigrant U.S. Soldier Granted Posthumous Citizenship"
303:. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2013-01-19
168:) expressing regret for the passage of the 1907 Act.
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Citizenship Excess: Latino/as, Media, and the Nation
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sponsored a bill to grant posthumous citizenship to
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301:"N-644, Application for Posthumous Citizenship"
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425:"He wants grandma's citizenship restored"
207:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 317.
190:. Stanford University Press. p. 143.
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81:Dutch Institute for War Documentation
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473:Sandretsky, Lareesa (2014-04-07).
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275:Demirjian, Karoun (2007-04-02).
479:Minnesota West-Central Tribune
448:Itkowitz, Colby (2014-04-03).
321:Jonsson, Patrik (2005-07-05).
204:The Holocaust in American Life
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423:Rosario, Ruben (2013-03-23).
398:Vitello, Paul (2007-02-26).
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327:Christian Science Monitor
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154:Expatriation Act of 1907
509:Posthumous recognitions
201:Novick, Peter (2000).
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