Portrait painting - Knowledge

3326:, was the founder of the Tang dynasty, Emperor Taizong's selection of the previous emperors in the similar position of himself served as a political allusion. His succession was under doubt and criticism since he murdered two of his brothers and forced his father to pass the throne to him. Through commissioning the collective portraits of the previous emperors, he aimed at legitimize the transmission of the reign. In addition, the difference in the costumes of the portrayed emperors implied Emperor Taizong's opinion on them. The emperors portrayed in informal costumes were regarded as the bad examples of a ruler such as being weak or violent, while the ones in formal dresses were thought to accomplish either civil or military achievements. The commission was an indirect method by Emperor Taizong to proclaim his achievements had surpassed the precedent emperors. Emperor Taizong also commissioned a series of portrait paintings of famous scholars and intellectuals before he became the emperor. He attempted to befriend with the intellectuals by putting the portraits on the wall of Pingyan Pavilion as a signal of respect. The portraits also served as evidence that he had gained political support from the portrayed famous scholars to frighten his opponents. During his reign, Emperor Taizong commissioned portraits of himself receiving offerings from the ambassadors of the conquered foreign countries to celebrate and advertise his military achievements. 1542: 3439:, commissioned a number of masquerade portrait paintings with various political implications. In most of the Yongzheng Emperor's masquerade portrait, he wears exotic costumes such as the suit of the European gentleman. The lack of inscription on the portrait painting leaves his intention unclear, but some scholars believe the exotic costume reflects his interest in foreign culture and desire to rule the world. Compared with the Yongzheng Emperor's ambiguous attitude, the Qianlong Emperor wrote inscriptions on his masquerade portraits to announce his philosophy of the "Way of Ruling" which was to conceal and to deceive so that his subordinates and enemies cannot trace his strategies. Compared with the Yongzheng Emperor's enthusiasm in exotic costume, the Qianlong Emperor showed more interest in Chinese traditional costume such as dressing as a Confucian scholar, Taoist priest, and Buddhist monk, which manifests his desire in conquer the traditional Chinese heritage. 2343: 853: 2082: 3547: 1373: 2415: 1397: 1909: 2490: 1472: 2821: 878: 3419:

technique such as outlining the shape with ink and reinforcing the shape with color, whereas the highlights on Chabi's jewelry with the same hue but lighter value proved to be a continuation of the Himalayan style. The full frontal orientation of the sitters and their centered pupil add a confrontational impact to the viewer, which reflect the Nepali aesthetics and style. The highly symmetrical composition and the rigid depiction of hair and clothes differed from the previous Song dynasty painting style. There is little implication on the moral merit of the sitters or their personality, indicating a detachment of the painter from the sitter, which contradicts with the Song dynasty's emphasis on the capture of the spirit.

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throne by emphasizing the physical similarity between him and his father such as facial structure, identical costume and hairstyle. The bamboo forest in the background indicate their moral righteousness proposed by traditional Confucianism. The portrait depicts the Yongzheng Emperor, who is in a larger scale, handing a flowering branch to the Qianlong Emperor as a political metaphor of the imperial authority to reign. The Qianlong Emperor also advertised his filial piety proposed by Confucianism by posing in a modest gesture.

380: 3528: 3111: 832: 2393: 1354: 2515: 2932: 3468: 100: 1515: 1983: 3335: 2753: 2910: 1963: 2371: 3506:) performing daily chores or entertainment became a popular subject. The feminine beauty and charm of the palace ladies were valued, but the subject remained nonspecific under the painting name "Palace Ladies". Characteristics encouraged by the Confucianism including submissive and agreeable were encompassed as standards of beauty and emphasized in the portrait. Painters pursued correctness and likeness of the sitter and aimed to reveal the purity of the soul. 2257:. Even with his portraits, as with his tonal landscapes, Whistler wanted his viewers to focus on the harmonic arrangement of form and color in his paintings. Whistler used a subdued palette to create his intended effects, stressing color balance and soft tones. As he stated, "as music is the poetry of sound, so is painting the poetry of sight, and the subject-matter has nothing to do with the harmony of sound or of color." Form and color were also central to 2148: 1068: 2220: 976: 899: 1925: 2800: 1757:(van Dyck's successor in England), who promised that the portrait would be "from the Beginning to ye end drawne with my owne hands." Unlike the exactitude employed by the Flemish masters, Reynolds summed up his approach to portraiture by stating that, "the grace, and, we may add, the likeness, consists more in taking the general air, than in observing the exact similitude of every feature." Also prominent in England was 1335: 3221:. The relief is 96 inches in length and 35 inches in width, with more than 300 bricks. It is one of the most well-preserved thread-relief paintings from the Jin dynasty which reflect high-quality craftsmanship. There are two parts of the relief and each contains four figure portraits. According to the names inscribed next to the figures, from the top to the bottom, and from the left to the right, the eight figures are 1413: 3169:. The combined interests in human psychological and physical features caused a growth in biography and portraiture. Portrait paintings created during the Han dynasty were considered prototypes of the earliest Chinese portrait paintings, most of which were found on the walls of palace halls, tomb chambers, and offering shrines. For instance, the engraved figure of a man found in a tomb tile from western 1432: 474: 649:

out…Indolence has destroyed the arts." These full-face portraits from Roman Egypt are fortunate exceptions. They present a somewhat realistic sense of proportion and individual detail (though the eyes are generally oversized and the artistic skill varies considerably from artist to artist). The Fayum portraits were painted on wood or ivory in wax and resin colors (encaustic) or with

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the eyes and eyebrows. As author and artist Gordon C. Aymar states, "the eyes are the place one looks for the most complete, reliable, and pertinent information" about the subject. And the eyebrows can register, "almost single-handedly, wonder, pity, fright, pain, cynicism, concentration, wistfulness, displeasure, and expectation, in infinite variations and combinations."

68:, where the intent is to represent a specific human subject. The term 'portrait painting' can also describe the actual painted portrait. Portraitists may create their work by commission, for public and private persons, or they may be inspired by admiration or affection for the subject. Portraits often serve as important state and family records, as well as remembrances. 2289:, were enthusiastic about camera photography and found it to be a useful aid to composition. From the Impressionists forward, portrait painters found a myriad number of ways to reinterpret the portrait to compete effectively with photography. Sargent and Whistler were among those stimulated to expand their technique to create effects that the camera could not capture. 1696: 2540: 1212:. After becoming a member of the Guild of Painters, he began to accept independent commissions. Owing to his wide-ranging interests and in accordance with his scientific mind, his output of drawings and preliminary studies is immense though his finished artistic output is relatively small. His other memorable portraits included those of noblewomen 1680:(1656), one of the most famous and enigmatic group portraits of all time. It memorializes the artist and the children of the Spanish royal family, and apparently the sitters are the royal couple who are seen only as reflections in a mirror. Starting out as primarily a genre painter, Velázquez quickly rose to prominence as the court painter of 1105:. Dürer was an outstanding draftsman and one of the first major artists to make a sequence of self-portraits, including a full-face painting. He also placed his self-portrait figure (as an onlooker) in several of his religious paintings. Dürer began making self-portraits at the age of thirteen. Later, Rembrandt would amplify that tradition. 571: 397:

the face is completed first, and the rest afterwards. In the studios of many of the great portrait artists, the master would do only the head and hands, while the clothing and background would be completed by the principal apprentices. There were even outside specialists who handled specific items such as drapery and clothing, such as

3546: 3257:". They were eminent intelligentsias accomplished at literature, music, or philosophy. The relief depicts a narrative scene of the eight cultivated gentlemen sitting on the ground in the grove performing various activities. The figures were portrayed in a relaxed and self-absorbed posture wearing loose garments with bare feet. 3510:

in the domestic chores while their husbands stayed outside and pursued their careers. Common settings include empty garden path and empty platform couch which hint the absence of male figures. Common background include flowering trees which were associated with beauty and banana trees which symbolized vulnerability of women.

1013:. Oil colors can produce more texture and grades of thickness, and can be layered more effectively, with the addition of increasingly thick layers one over another (known by painters as ‘fat over lean’). Also, oil colors dry more slowly, allowing the artist to make changes readily, such as altering facial details. 3521:) which combined painting, calligraphy, and poetry became a popular trend among the elites. Most women in the literati painting were abstract figures serving as visual metaphor and remained nonentity. In the Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the literati painting gained more variety of brushstroke and use of bright color. 2342: 2414: 1047:, London) is a landmark of Western art, an early example of a full-length couple portrait, superbly painted in rich colors and exquisite detail. But equally important, it showcases the newly developed technique of oil painting pioneered by van Eyck, which revolutionized art, and spread throughout Europe. 852: 582:, especially in Egypt, depictions of rulers and rulers as gods abound. However, most of these were done in a highly stylized fashion, and most in profile, usually on stone, metal, clay, plaster, or crystal. Egyptian portraiture placed relatively little emphasis on likeness, at least until the period of 2677:

who developed into the leading American realist portrait painter. With Wyeth, realism, though overt, is secondary to the tonal qualities and mood of his paintings. This is aptly demonstrated by his landmark series of paintings known as the "Helga" pictures, the largest group of portraits of a single

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of upper-class families. Sargent was born in Florence, Italy to American parents. He studied in Italy and Germany, and in Paris. Sargent is considered to be the last major exponent of the British portrait tradition beginning with van Dyck. Another prominent American portraitist who trained abroad was

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also spanned the change of century, but he rejected overt Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. He was the most successful portrait painter of his era, using a mostly realistic technique often effused with the brilliant use of color. He was equally apt at individual and group portraits, particularly

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reigned as the premier portrait painter, taking realism to a new level of frankness, especially with his two portraits of surgeons at work, as well as those of athletes and musicians in action. In many portraits, such as "Portrait of Mrs. Edith Mahon", Eakins boldly conveys the unflattering emotions

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that portrait painting was well established in Greek times, and practiced by both men and women artists. In his times, Pliny complained of the declining state of Roman portrait art, "The painting of portraits which used to transmit through the ages the accurate likenesses of people, has entirely gone

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put it, "there are only two styles of portrait painting: the serious and the smirk." Even given these limitations, a full range of subtle emotions is possible from quiet menace to gentle contentment. However, with the mouth relatively neutral, much of the facial expression needs to be created through

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in 1294 reflect the fusion of the traditional Chinese imperial portrait techniques and the Himalayan-Mongol aesthetic value. Kublai Khan was portrayed as an elder man while Empress Chabi was depicted in youth, both wearing traditional Mongolian imperial costumes. Araniko adopted the Chinese portrait

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linked the presence in an image with the presence in reality. Portrait was regarded as the visual embodiment and substitute of a real person. Thus, the true likeness was highly valued in the paintings and statues of the monks. The Tang dynasty mural portrait painting values the spiritual quality—the

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by the 1870s. Partly due to their meager incomes, many of the Impressionists relied on family and friends to model for them, and they painted intimate groups and single figures in either outdoors or in light-filled interiors. Noted for their shimmering surfaces and rich dabs of paint, Impressionist

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demonstrated virtuosity in this draftsman-like technique as well as a keen eye for character. Ingres, a student of David, is notable for his portraits in which a mirror is painted behind the subject to simulate a rear view of the subject. His portrait of Napoleon on his imperial throne is a tour de

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Self-portraits are usually produced with the help of a mirror, and the finished result is a mirror-image portrait, a reversal of what occurs in a normal portrait when sitter and artist are opposite each other. In a self-portrait, a righted handed artist would appear to be holding a brush in the left

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stated, "The aim of Art is to present not the outward appearance of things, but their inner significance; for this, not the external manner and detail, constitutes true reality." Artists may strive for photographic realism or an impressionistic similarity in depicting their subject, but this differs

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In the Song dynasty (960–1279), portrait paintings of women were created based on love poems written by court poets. Although depicted as living in luxurious fashion and comfortable housing, women in the painting were usually portrayed as lonely and melancholic because they feel deserted or trapped

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The historically recorded name inscriptions next to the figures cause the relief painting functions as "portraiture represents specific people". In addition, the iconographic details of each figure based on biography renders an extent of individualization. For instance, the biography of Liu Ling in

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Chinese portrait painting was slow to desire or achieve an actual likeness. Many "portraits" were of famous figures from the past, and showed an idea of what that person should look like. Buddhist clergy, especially in sculpture, were something of an exception to this. Portraits of the emperor were

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in India, things rapidly changed. Unlike their Persian predecessors, Mughal patrons placed great emphasis on detailed naturalistic likenesses of all the unfamiliar natural forms of their new empire, such as animals, birds and plants. They had the same attitude to human portraiture, and individual

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Group portraits were produced in great numbers during the Baroque period, particularly in the Netherlands. Unlike in the rest of Europe, Dutch artists received no commissions from the Calvinist Church which had forbidden such images or from the aristocracy which was virtually non-existent. Instead,

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first employed Rubens, then imported van Dyck as his court painter, knighting him and bestowing on him courtly status. Van Dyck not only adapted Rubens’ production methods and business skills, but also his elegant manners and appearance. As was recorded, "He always went magnificently dress’d, had a

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periods (17th and 18th centuries, respectively), portraits became even more important records of status and position. In a society dominated increasingly by secular leaders in powerful courts, images of opulently attired figures were a means to affirm the authority of important individuals. Flemish

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For complex compositions, the artist may first do a complete pencil, ink, charcoal, or oil sketch which is particularly useful if the sitter's available time is limited. Otherwise, the general form then a rough likeness is sketched out on the canvas in pencil, charcoal, or thin oil. In many cases,

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alone. Stuart worked quickly and employed softer, less detailed brush strokes than Copley to capture the essence of his subjects. Sometimes he would make several versions for a client, allowing the sitter to pick their favorite. Noted for his rosy cheek tones, Stuart wrote, "flesh is like no other

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who all mastered oil painting technique. Cranach was one of the first artists to paint life-sized full-length commissions, a tradition popular from then on. At that time, England had no portrait painters of the first rank, and artists like Holbein were in demand by English patrons. His painting of

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While free-standing portrait painting diminished in Rome, the art of the portrait flourished in Roman sculptures, where sitters demanded realism, even if unflattering. During the 4th century, the sculpted portrait dominated, with a retreat in favor of an idealized symbol of what that person looked

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or dolls to help establish and execute the pose and the clothing. The use of symbolic elements placed around the sitter (including signs, household objects, animals, and plants) was often used to encode the painting with the moral or religious character of the subject, or with symbols representing

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After putting the sitter at ease and encouraging a natural pose, the artist studies his subject, looking for the one facial expression, out of many possibilities, that satisfies his concept of the sitter's essence. The posture of the subject is also carefully considered to reveal the emotional and

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with his handwritten inscription. The figures were portrayed in vivid lines, animated gestures, and the facial expressions were rendered a narrative quality. The portrait of the saints and his disciples was found on a stone tablet on the wall of Imperial University as a moral code to educate the

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effort in the way that it did in the West. Even where it is clear that a scene shows the court of the prince commissioning the work, the features of the chief figure have the same rather Chinese-looking features as all the rest. This long-lasting convention seems to derive from the start of the

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A very high degree of grace in the light and shadow is added to the faces of those who sit in the doorways of rooms that are dark, where the eyes of the observer see the shadowed part of the face obscured by the shadows of the room, and see the lighted part of the face with the greater brilliance

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Partly out of interest in the natural world and partly out of interest in the classical cultures of ancient Greece and Rome, portraits—both painted and sculpted—were given an important role in Renaissance society and valued as objects, and as depictions of earthly success and status. Painting in

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after he inherited the throne from his father, which is a double portrait painting of him and his father dressed in Confucian scholar garments instead of traditional Manchu robes standing side by side next to bamboos. Scholars believe that the commission aimed to legitimize his succession of the

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is another fine example of Rembrandt's mastery of the group painting, in which he bathes the corpse in bright light to draw attention to the center of the painting while the clothing and background merge into black, making the faces of the surgeon and the students standout. It is also the first

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Rubens' fame extended beyond his art—he was a courtier, diplomat, art collector, and successful businessman. His studio was one of the most extensive of that time, employing specialists in still-life, landscape, animal and genre scenes, in addition to portraiture. Van Dyck trained there for two

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The two British artists had opposite opinions on using assistants. Reynolds employing them regularly (sometimes doing only 20 percent of the painting himself) while Gainsborough rarely did. Sometimes a client would extract a pledge from the artist, as did Sir Richard Newdegate from portraitist

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Historically, portrait paintings have primarily memorialized the rich and powerful. Over time, however, it became more common for middle-class patrons to commission portraits of their families and colleagues. Today, portrait paintings are still commissioned by governments, corporations, groups,

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dating back to the third century B.C. indicates the painter's observation and desire to create lively figures. However, the subjects of most wall portraits are anonymous figures engaging in conversation. Despite the vivid depiction of physical features and facial expression, due to the lack of

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Creating a portrait can take considerable time, usually requiring several sittings. Cézanne, on one extreme, insisted on over 100 sittings from his subject. Goya on the other hand, preferred one long day's sitting. The average is about four. Portraitists sometimes present their sitters with a

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It may seem obvious today that a painted portrait is intended to achieve a likeness of the sitter that is recognisable to those who have seen them, and ideally is a very good record of their appearance. In fact this concept has been slow to grow, and it took centuries for artists in different

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dominated portrait painting. They received the highest commissions from the leading officials of the state. Bellini's portrait of Doge Loredan is considered to be one of the finest portraits of the Renaissance and ably demonstrates the artist's mastery of the newly arrived techniques of oil

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Raphael's surviving commission portraits are far more numerous than those of Leonardo, and they display a greater variety of poses, lighting, and technique. Rather than producing revolutionary innovations, Raphael's great accomplishment was strengthening and refining the evolving currents of

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artists continued the tradition of depicting subjects in the latest fashions, which for women by then, meant diaphanous gowns derived from ancient Greek and Roman clothing styles. The artists used directed light to define texture and the simple roundness of faces and limbs. French painters

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Among the other possible variables, the subject can be clothed or nude; indoors or out; standing, seated, reclining; even horse-mounted. Portrait paintings can be of individuals, couples, parents and children, families, or collegial groups. They can be created in various media including

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also included individualized portraits, usually of the commissioner. In religious paintings, portraits of donors began to be shown as present, or participate in the main sacred scenes shown, and in more private court images subjects even appeared as significant figures such as the

333:'s enormous portraits created for museum display differ greatly from most portraits designed to fit in the home or to travel easily with the client. Frequently, an artist takes into account where the final portrait will hang and the colors and style of the surrounding décor. 1641:

benefitted greatly from such commissions and from the general appreciation of art by bourgeois clients, who supported portraiture as well as still-life and landscapes painting. In addition, the first significant art and dealer markets flourished in Holland at that time.

1307:, who trained in Venice for twelve years, went in a more extreme direction after his arrival in Spain, emphasizing his "inner vision" of the sitter to the point of diminishing the reality of physical appearance. One of the best portraitists of 16th-century Italy was 990:

Profile portraits, inspired by ancient medallions, were particularly popular in Italy between 1450 and 1500. Medals, with their two–sided images, also inspired a short-lived vogue for two-sided paintings early in the Renaissance. Classical sculpture, such as the

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conquered the Chinese mainland and ended the Song dynasty, the traditional Chinese intelligentsia were left in a dilemma situation of choosing between reclusion from the foreign government or pursuing new political careers. Portrait paintings of "men of culture"

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painted many portraits in his elongated style which depreciated the "inner person" in favor of strict studies of form and color. To help achieve this, he de-emphasized the normally expressive eyes and eyebrows to the point of blackened slits and simple arches.

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renderings of his mistresses, in which the likeness of the subject is grossly distorted to achieve an emotional statement well beyond the bounds of normal caricature. An outstanding female portrait painter of the turn of the 20th century, associated with the

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Rococo artists, who were particularly interested in rich and intricate ornamentation, were masters of the refined portrait. Their attention to the details of dress and texture increased the efficacy of portraits as testaments to worldly wealth, as evidenced by

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in the 14th century BC. Portrait painting of notables in China probably goes back to over 1000 BC, though none survive from that age. Existing Chinese portraits go back to about 1000 AD, but did not place much emphasis on likeness until some time after that.

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Portrait painting of women in ancient China from the Han dynasty to the Qing dynasty (206 BC – 1912) developed under great impact of the Confucian patriarchal cosmology, however, the subject and the style varied according to the culture of each dynasty.

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who, though he proclaimed photography an "enemy of art", found himself attracted to photography's frankness and power. By providing a cheap alternative, photography supplanted much of the lowest level of portrait painting. Some realist artists, such as

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is one of the most famous and recognized portraits of all time, painted with very long brushes and thin oil color to achieve the shimmering effect of the blue costume. Gainsborough was also noted for his elaborate background settings for his subjects.

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rulers on coins, show that Greek portraiture could achieve a good likeness, and subjects, at least of literary figures, were depicted with relatively little flattery – Socrates' portraits show why he had a reputation for being ugly. The successors of

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and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. The famous "Mona Lisa smile" is an excellent example of applying subtle asymmetry to a face. In his notebooks, Leonardo advises on the qualities of light in portrait painting:

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explored the many expressions of the human face, especially as one of the premier self-portraitists (of which he painted over 60 in his lifetime). This interest in the human face also fostered the creation of the first caricatures, credited to the

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generally had figures with faces even less individualized than its Persian equivalents, but a genre of small portraits of males from the Imperial family developed. These had highly individual, and rather exaggerated, features, some verging on

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During the Renaissance, the Florentine and Milanese nobility, in particular, wanted more realistic representations of themselves. The challenge of creating convincing full and three-quarter views stimulated experimentation and innovation.

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and the Northern Italian school. During the 16th century, oil as a medium spread in popularity throughout Europe, allowing for more sumptuous renderings of clothing and jewelry. Also affecting the quality of the images, was the switch from

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depicted him standing in a bamboo forest. While the bamboo symbolizes his moral rightness, the half-enclosed and half-opened space in the background alludes to his potential of choosing between reclusion and serve in the Mongol government.

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general reached a new level of balance, harmony, and insight, and the greatest artists (Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael) were considered "geniuses", rising far above the tradesman status to valued servants of the court and the church.

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Managing the sitter's expectations and mood is a serious concern for the portrait artist. As to the faithfulness of the portrait to the sitter's appearance, portraitists are generally consistent in their approach. Clients who sought out

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Occasionally, the client or the client's family is unhappy with the resulting portrait and the artist is obliged to re-touch it or do it over or withdraw from the commission without being paid, suffering the humiliation of failure.

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spent 50 years at the imperial court before his death in 1766, and was a court painter to three emperors. In his portraits, as with other genres, he combined aspects of Chinese traditional style with contemporary Western painting.

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which contains the portraits of 13 emperors in the previous dynasties in chronological order. The commonness among the selected emperors was that they were the sons of the founders of the dynasties. Since Emperor Taizong's father,

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Northern European artists led the way in realistic portraits of secular subjects. The greater realism and detail of the Northern artists during the 15th century was due in part to the finer brush strokes and effects possible with

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long never seen in public, partly for fear that mistreatment of them might dishonour the emperor or even cause bad luck. The most senior ministers were allowed once a year to pay homage to the images in the imperial gallery of

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substance under heaven. It has all the gaiety of the silk-mercer's shop without its gaudiness of gloss, and all the softness of old mahogany, without its sadness." Other prominent American portraitists of the colonial era were

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artists who worked during the first half of the 19th century painted portraits of inspiring leaders, beautiful women, and agitated subjects, using lively brush strokes and dramatic, sometimes moody, lighting. French artists

2106:, created objective portraits depicting lower and middle-class people. Demonstrating his romanticism, Courbet painted several self-portraits showing himself in varying moods and expressions. Other French realists include 1230:

is one of the foremost group frescoes, containing likenesses of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Bramante, and Raphael himself, in the guise of ancient philosophers. It was not the first group portrait of artists. Decades earlier,

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students. However, scholars argued that Emperor Gaozong's true purpose of the commission was to announce that his policies were supported by Confucianism as well as his control over the Confucian heritage.

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A significant contribution to the development of portrait painting of 1930–2000 was made by Russian artists, mainly working in the traditions of realist and figurative painting. Among them should be called

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produced portraits mostly of the middle class, at work and play indoors. Rubens’ portrait of himself and his first wife (1609) in their wedding attire is a virtuoso example of the couple portrait.

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identity and the close bound to narrative context, many scholars categorize these Han dynasty wall paintings as "character figures in action" instead of actual likenesses of specific individuals.

1846: 1761:, who dared to buck conventional methods by introducing touches of humor in his portraits. His "Self-portrait with Pug" is clearly more a humorous take on his pet than a self-indulgent painting. 263:(1948) is a famous example, where the pose of the disabled woman – with her back turned to the viewer – integrates with the setting in which she is placed to convey the artist's interpretation. 1120:

extended realism in Italy to a much higher level in the following decades with his monumental wall paintings. During this time, the betrothal portrait became popular, a particular specialty of

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make a drawing of the face, then complete the rest of the painting without the sitter. In the 18th century, it would typically take about one year to deliver a completed portrait to a client.

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Around the end of the century, the first oil portraits of contemporary individuals, painted on small wood panels, emerged in Burgundy and France, first as profiles, then in other views. The

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the sitter's occupation, interests, or social status. The background can be totally black and without content or a full scene which places the sitter in their social or recreational milieu.

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portraits, less than half life-size, were commissioned, not only of figures from the court, but what appear from their relatively plain dress to be wealthy townspeople. Miniatures in

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assumed much the same role, particularly by expanding the variety of poses and sittings of his royal subjects. Titian was perhaps the first great child portraitist. After Titian,

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eventually founded the Western Jin dynasty in 266 AD. The unstable socio-political environment and the declining imperial authority resulted in a transition from Confucianism to

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included portraiture, often highly accurate if the praises of writers are to be believed, but no painted examples remain. Sculpted heads of rulers and famous personalities like

4601: 4371: 3431:, the eighteenth century European masquerade court portraiture which portrayed the aristocrats engaging in various activities in different costumes was imported to China. The 621:

and Greeks, and developed a very strong tradition, linked to their religious use of ancestor portraits, as well as Roman politics. Again, the few painted survivals, in the

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In the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD), women in the portrait painting were mainly a type rather than specific individual. The major subject was idealized exemplary women (

2886: 1962: 4255:- Frauke K. Laarmann, Families in beeld: De ontwikkeling van het Noord-Nederlandse familieportret in de eerste helft van de zeventiende eeuw. Hilversum, 2002, Verloren, 1947: 365:

physical state of the sitter, as is the costume. To keep the sitter engaged and motivated, the skillful artist will often maintain a pleasant demeanor and conversation.

3301:, the painting portrait adopted a more realistic likeness, especially for the portraits of the monks. The belief in "temporal incorruptibility" of the immortal body in 1514: 1353: 1303:, shows the austere ruler in armor with a wary eye gazed to his extreme right, in sharp contrast to most royal paintings which show their sitters as benign sovereigns. 5127: 3034:

larger than those given to any religious figures. Such images spread the idea of the portrait of the ruler to smaller courts, so that by the 18th century many small

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around 1525. King Francis was a great patron of artists and an avaricious art collector who invited Leonardo da Vinci to live in France during his later years. The

640:

district (see illustration, below), dating from the 2nd to 4th century AD. These are almost the only paintings of the Roman period that have survived, aside from

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stated, "The only expression allowable in great portraiture is the expression of character and moral quality, not anything temporary, fleeting, or accidental."

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famously demanded that his portrait show "all these roughnesses, pimples, warts, and everything as you see me, otherwise I will never pay a farthing for it."

1359: 455:

had created of his wife that he told the artist, "Your image…alone can lighten my cares. That image is my delight; I direct my smiles to it, it is my joy."

4737: 1924: 1101:(1527), his first important patron in England, has nearly the realism of a photograph. Holbein made his great success painting the royal family, including 2392: 1887: 1595:

One of the innovations of Renaissance art was the improved rendering of facial expressions to accompany different emotions. In particular, Dutch painter

3030:, made great use of idealized miniature portraits of themselves as a form of propaganda, distributing them to significant allies. These often featured 2678:

person by any major artist (247 studies of his neighbor Helga Testorf, clothed and nude, in varying surroundings, painted during the period 1971–1985).

898: 161:

is expected to show the inner essence of the subject (from the artist's point of view) or a flattering representation, not just a literal likeness. As

243:, also meaning this partial view is more than half a face). Occasionally, artists have created composites with views from multiple directions, as with 2276:

which had also been previously used as an aid in painting. Many modernists flocked to the photography studios to have their portraits made, including

4387: 3019:) made with portraits of all the leading members of his huge court, and used this when considering appointments around the empire with his advisors. 2669:

Portrait production in Europe (excluding Russia) and the Americas generally declined in the 1940s and 1950s, a result of the increasing interest in

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Portraiture's roots are likely found in prehistoric times, although few of these works survive today. In the art of the ancient civilizations of the

1764:

In the 18th century, female painters gained new importance, particularly in the field of portraiture. Notable female artists include French painter

3210:. As the attitude of breaking social hierarchy and decorum flourished, self-expression and individualism started to grow among the intelligentsia. 2909: 1660: 831: 3110: 2370: 1588:

numerous and gallant equipage, and kept so noble a table in his apartment, that few princes were not more visited, or better serv’d." In France,

1520: 1033:

Early on, the Northern Europeans abandoned the profile, and started producing portraits of realistic volume and perspective. In the Netherlands,

5018:

Murray, Julia K. (March 1992). "The Hangzhou Portraits of Confucius and Seventy-two Disciples (Sheng xian tu): Art in the Service of Politics".

3038:

maintained court artists to portray them enjoying princely activities in rather stylized images that combine senses of informality and majesty.

1783:, schooled in the refined British manner, became the leading painter of full-size and miniature portraits, with his hyper-realistic pictures of 5193:"Art Notes" column of 28 February 1918 is a closely reasoned analysis of the rationale and aesthetic of portraiture by B.H. Dias (pseudonym of 2931: 1050: 37: 136: 4684: 4260: 3656: 3455: 3267:

records his obsession with alcohol. In the relief painting, the figure of Liu Ling sits in a casual posture with a curving knee and holds an

1505: 1059: 1982: 1287:. The Mannerists contributed many exceptional portraits that emphasized material richness and elegantly complex poses, as in the works of 1017:

was one of the first Italians to take advantage of oil. Trained in Belgium, he settled in Venice around 1475, and was a major influence on

440: 170:

which attempts to reveal character through exaggeration of physical features. The artist generally attempts a representative portrayal, as

3060:

in oils, as well as miniatures and textile hangings. These tend to be dominated by the magnificent costumes and long beards of the shahs.

1271:

painting. Bellini is also one of the first artists in Europe to sign their work, though he rarely dated them. Later in the 16th century,

1148:

and other artists expanded their technique accordingly, adding portraiture to traditional religious and classical subjects. Leonardo and

1611: 1124:. During the early Renaissance, portrait paintings were generally small and sometimes covered with protective lids, hinged or sliding. 888: 177:

In most cases, this results in a serious, closed lip stare, with anything beyond a slight smile being rather rare historically. Or as

3577: 2306: 969: 491: 4983:

Qiang, Ning (2008). "Imperial Portraiture as Symbol of Political Legitimacy: A New Study of the "Portraits of Successive Emperors"".

448:

once replied to a client's dissatisfaction with his wife's portrait by retorting, "You brought me a potato, and you expect a peach!"

4924: 4704: 4676: 4184: 3892: 3829: 3725: 2979:

tradition avoided giving figures individualized facial features for a long time, partly for religious reasons, to avoid any hint of

557: 4815: 4120: 2606:

produced notable examples of expressionist portraiture. Beckmann was a prolific self-portraitist, producing at least twenty-seven.

2746:

continues in the realist tradition of his father Andrew, producing famous portraits whose subjects range from presidents to pigs.

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have produced powerful paintings. Bacon's portraits are notable for their nightmarish quality. In May 2008, Freud's 1995 portrait

1637:

used fluid brush strokes of vivid color to enliven his group portraits, including those of the civil guards to which he belonged.

1334: 3007:

portraits, normally in profile, became an important feature of the tradition. This received a particular emphasis under Emperor

2056:

painted particularly fine portraits of this type, especially dashing horsemen. A notable example of artist of romantic period in

1791:

especially well-regarded. Copley is also notable for his efforts to merge portraiture with the academically more revered art of

1550: 1477: 997:, also influenced the choice of poses used by Renaissance portraitists, poses that have continued in use through the centuries. 4066: 1799:

who painted over 1,000 portraits and was especially known for his presidential portraiture. Stuart painted over 100 replicas of

1155: 538: 3254: 2960: 2831: 2132: 1438: 1412: 357:

knew to expect a realistic, unsparing portrait. Some subjects voice strong preferences, others let the artist decide entirely.

510: 451:

A successful portrait, however, can gain the lifelong gratitude of a client. Count Balthazar was so pleased with the portrait

4852: 2799: 2181:, who trained and worked in France, is popular even today for her engaging paintings of mothers and children, as is Renoir. 1431: 495: 4367: 2012: 420: 266: 3317:, the second emperor of the Tang dynasty, used portraits to legitimize succession and reinforce power. He commissioned the 3161:, which regarded human as the center of the universe and society, led to a focus on psychological study. In the meantime, 2322: 2240: 2223: 2213: 2037: 1853: 5088:

Jing, Anning (1994). "The Portraits of Khubilai Khan and Chabi by Anige (1245–1306), a Nepali Artist at the Yuan Court".

3253:. Other than Rong Qiqi, the other seven people were famous Neo-Daoist scholars of the Jin dynasty and were known as the " 517: 3031: 2859: 2695: 2569:'s relied on highly simplified forms in his portraits, avoiding detail while emphasizing color juxtapositions. Austrian 2114:

chronicled some of the famous performers of the theater, including Jane Avril, capturing them in motion. French painter

776: 249: 145: 2598:

painters provided some of the most haunting and compelling psychological studies ever produced. German artists such as

1765: 366: 5286: 5215: 1973: 1601: 1524: 2272:

The development of photography in the 19th century had a significant effect on portraiture, supplanting the earlier

1592:

dominated in much the same way, as a remarkable chronicler of royalty, painting the portraits of five French kings.

4383: 2550: 2544: 2007: 1938: 821: 524: 274: 4095: 3183: 636:

Much the largest group of painted portraits are the funeral paintings that survived in the dry climate of Egypt's

369:

advised fellow artists to flatter women and compliment their appearance to gain their cooperation at the sitting.

4745: 4363: 2791: 2525: 2500: 2432: 2111: 2064:(1800–1855). Also noteworthy is Géricault's series of portraits of mental patients (1822–1824). Spanish painter 1044: 121: 2333: 669:

period the interest in an individual likeness declined considerably, and most portraits in late Roman coins and

5237: 4070: 2553:, New York City. When someone commented that Stein did not look like her portrait, Picasso replied, "She will". 1645:

With plenty of demand, Rembrandt was able to experiment with unconventional composition and technique, such as

1093: 1054: 379: 342: 5053:

Sensabaugh, David Ake (2009). "Fashioning Identities in Yuan-Dynasty Painting: Images of the Men of Culture".

2053: 1204:

which the air gives it. Through this increase in the shadows and the lights, the face is given greater relief.

1076: 964:

Many innovations in the various forms of portraiture evolved during this fertile period. The tradition of the

506: 3066: 2703:

in New York City for $ 33.6 million, setting a world record for sale value of a painting by a living artist.

117: 5296: 5226: 3861: 3472: 3355: 3314: 3250: 2853: 2358: 2123: 1403: 1085: 658: 599: 484: 4067:"Mona Lisa – Heidelberger Fund klärt Identität (English: Mona Lisa – Heidelberger find clarifies identity)" 3907: 4391: 2690: 2479: 1713: 1655: 1625: 1501: 1458: 1418: 1300: 1039: 864: 796: 730: 591: 410:

hand, unless the artist deliberately corrects the image or uses a second reversing mirror while painting.

1383: 5276: 4375: 3323: 2398: 2201: 2174: 1988: 1833: 1780: 1133: 1102: 983: 968:

began, which remained popular until the age of photography, developing out of the skills of painters of

883: 868: 788: 765: 706: 311: 3297:, there was an increase of humanization and personalization in portrait painting. Due to the influx of 3142: 3467: 2742:

Close's specialty was huge, hyper-realistic wall-sized "head" portraits based on photographic images.

4791: 3848: 2587: 2327: 2253: 2232: 2061: 1584: 1308: 1248: 1226: 1137: 1014: 946: 430: 259: 46: 1684:, excelling in the art of portraiture, particularly in extending the complexity of group portraits. 3567: 3334: 2473: 2348: 2196: 2075: 2049: 2033: 2021: 1934: 1898: 1739: 1735: 1723: 1699: 1689: 1481: 1319: 734: 674: 604: 425: 415: 383: 350: 338: 99: 72:

clubs, and individuals. In addition to painting, portraits can also be made in other media such as

61: 4856: 5291: 5168: 5105: 5070: 5035: 5000: 4965: 4897: 4125: 3840: 3537: 2921: 2627: 2428: 2382: 2261:'s portraits, while even more extreme color and brush stroke technique dominate the portraits by 2190: 1893: 1709: 1681: 1292: 965: 838: 678: 388: 171: 2557:

Other early 20th-century artists also expanded the repertoire of portraiture in new directions.

1858: 1671: 1615: 42: 2573:'s unique style applied Byzantine motifs and gold paint to his memorable portraits. His pupil 733:, an example being a self-portrait by the writer, mystic, scientist, illuminator, and musician 531: 5281: 5062: 4992: 4930: 4920: 4848: 4700: 4680: 4672: 4256: 4180: 3888: 3825: 3721: 3652: 3646: 3432: 3302: 3246: 3203: 3041: 2976: 2892: 2781: 2736: 2732: 2670: 2607: 2591: 2301: 2107: 2065: 1800: 1773: 1572: 1363: 1344: 1187: 1177: 1159: 1145: 1129: 1089: 1071: 614: 2721:

Warhol was one of the most prolific portrait painters of the 20th century. Warhol's painting

1742:, who also specialized in clothing their subjects in an eye-catching manner. Gainsborough's 5160: 5097: 5027: 4957: 4889: 3605: 3572: 3436: 3135: 3003: 2988: 2946: 2898: 2805: 2520: 2505: 2420: 2362: 2209: 2186: 2151: 2147: 2115: 2090: 1878: 1792: 1769: 1589: 1568: 1387: 1311:

from Cremona, who infused her individual and group portraits with new levels of complexity.

1267: 1152:

were among the first Italian artists to add allegorical symbols to their secular portraits.

1141: 1067: 1018: 993: 750: 682: 670: 579: 244: 140: 4252: 2219: 975: 337:

portfolio of drawings or photos from which a sitter would select a preferred pose, as did

4948:

Fong, Mary H. (1984). "Tang Tomb Murals Reviewed in the Light of Tang Texts on Painting".

4863: 4379: 4172: 3230: 3101: 3008: 2937: 2915: 2623: 2574: 2376: 2177:

created some of the most popular images of individual sitters and groups. American artist

2103: 2070: 1915: 1837: 1758: 1620: 1497: 1422: 1288: 1263: 1244: 645: 608: 398: 358: 178: 50: 2262: 1795:, which he attempted with his group portraits of famous military men. Equally famous was 2565:

produced powerful portraits using non-naturalistic, even garish, colors for skin tones.

253:. There are even a few portraits where the front of the subject is not visible at all. 5247:, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Distributed by Yale University Press, 2011. 5207: 4716: 3285:. He also stressed the capture of the sitter's spirit through vivid depiction of eyes. 3187: 2987:

never put their images on their coins, and their appearance did not form part of their

2965: 2728: 2663: 2659: 2639: 2273: 2099: 1796: 1280: 1256: 1023: 792: 761: 746: 742: 722: 702: 622: 445: 319: 112: 5270: 5128:"Emperor's Masquerade – 'Costume Portraits' of Yongzheng and Qianlong | Orientations" 4074: 3384: 3343: 3117: 3053: 2984: 2942: 2847: 2810: 2786: 2758: 2723: 2700: 2686: 2655: 2595: 2578: 2562: 2436: 2404: 2282: 2266: 2244: 2205: 2165: 2156: 2140: 2119: 2085: 2028: 2017: 1954: 1821: 1817: 1734:

The first major native portrait painters of the British school were English painters

1232: 1121: 1113: 905: 825:(paired with her husband), 1430–1435. Van der Weyden's style was founded on Campin's. 816: 784: 738: 630: 626: 435: 373: 354: 212: 93: 4823: 2681:

By the 1960s and 1970s, there was a revival of portraiture. English artists such as

737:(1152). As with contemporary coins, there was little attempt at a likeness. Stone 3534: 3514: 3428: 3380: 3367: 3351: 3294: 3217:

is a thread-relief painting on tile found in a Jin dynasty brick-chambered tomb in

3158: 2826: 2764: 2682: 2674: 2635: 2603: 2577:

was an important portraitist of the Viennese upper class. Prolific Spanish artist

2570: 2495: 2456: 2182: 2178: 2170: 2068:

painted some of the most searching and provocative images of the period, including

1874: 1809: 1805: 1784: 1744: 1704: 1605: 1252: 1224:

Renaissance art. He was particularly expert in the group portrait. His masterpiece

1034: 1010: 1002: 909: 843: 780: 666: 662: 618: 283: 254: 107: 3121: 2122:. He was a portraitist of outstanding insight and technique, with his painting of 745:

period. Between 1350 and 1400, secular figures began to reappear in frescos and

653:, and inserted into the mummy wrapping, to remain with the body through eternity. 2136:

is an insightful rendering of an unhappy family and one of his finest portraits.

5197:), an insightful frame of reference for viewing any portrait, ancient or modern. 5189: 3487:) with virtues prompted by Confucianism such as chastity, three-fold obedience ( 3403: 3263: 3166: 3154: 2743: 2739:

is later example, both exhibiting Warhol's unique graphic style of portraiture.

2715: 2707: 2618:, who painted some notable portraits in the early part of the 20th century. The 2450: 2286: 2127: 2044: 1993: 1829: 1825: 1788: 1727: 1676: 1646: 1576: 1315: 1098: 801: 772: 714: 710: 686: 473: 330: 307: 291: 85: 81: 73: 17: 2642:

were fine portraitists of the 1920s and 1930s of the American realist school.

5194: 4766: 3207: 3199: 3046: 3027: 2615: 2566: 2277: 2258: 1813: 1754: 1650: 1634: 1465:, prior to c.1532, considered the first family portrait, in Dutch portraiture. 1276: 1209: 1112:

led the way in modernizing the fresco by adopting more realistic perspective.

402: 287: 167: 103: 5066: 4996: 4934: 2118:, was an important transitional artist whose work hovers between realism and 1116:

paved the way in developing sharper contours and sinuous lines and his pupil

779:

was key to the development of the individualized portrait. Masters included

3492: 3278: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3186:

was one of the most turbulent periods in ancient Chinese history. After the

3057: 2996: 2873: 2711: 2643: 1719: 1692:'s famous portraits of Madame de Pompadour attired in billowing silk gowns. 1638: 1596: 1545: 1340: 1324: 1284: 1240: 1182: 1164: 1149: 697: 583: 329:

Sometimes, the overall size of the portrait is an important consideration.

162: 2634:

era with her streamlined curves, rich colors and sharp angles. In America,

2539: 444:, was rejected by the committee that commissioned it. The famously prickly 2646:

produced an example of a modern collegial portrait with his 1922 painting

1695: 1649:. He demonstrated these innovations, pioneered by Italian masters such as 149:, 1635–1636, shows profile, full face and three-quarter views, to send to 5151:

Fong, Mary H. (1996). "Images of Women in Traditional Chinese Painting".

3298: 3089: 3073: 3023: 3012: 2980: 2968: 2631: 2599: 1528: 1304: 1191: 1109: 957:) is one of the first known three-quarter-view portraits in Italian art. 595: 299: 158: 65: 31: 27:

Genre in painting, where the intent is to depict a specific human subject

5074: 5004: 4816:"The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts – Andy Warhol Biography" 2169:

portraits are often disarmingly intimate and appealing. French painters

860:

Jean Wauquelin presenting his 'Chroniques de Hainaut' to Philip the Good

128:

traditions to acquire the distinct skills for painting a good likeness.

5172: 5123: 5109: 5039: 4969: 4901: 3553: 3499:

which was created shortly after the Han dynasty represents this genre.

3415: 3242: 3238: 3218: 3195: 3191: 3097: 3016: 2558: 1633:

commissions came from civic and businesses associations. Dutch painter

1559: 1390:

style and format were enormously influential for later grand portraits.

1379: 1195: 1117: 1006: 650: 498: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 452: 150: 77: 2971:

often had himself depicted with a halo of unprecedented size. ca. 1620

3451: 3162: 3093: 2993: 2582: 2057: 1930: 1563: 1443: 1296: 1272: 1236: 1027: 726: 641: 303: 295: 5164: 5101: 5031: 4961: 4893: 768:, the earliest English king for whom we have contemporary examples. 570: 424:, wildly popular in exhibitions, was rejected by the sitter, as was 372:

Central to the successful execution of the portrait is a mastery of

4880:

Seckel, Dietrich (1993). "The Rise of Portraiture in Chinese Art".

1283:

became leading Venetian artists, helping the transition to Italian

353:

knew that they would receive a flattering result, while sitters of

3466: 3410: 3333: 3170: 3035: 2959: 2626:

executed numerous portraits in his unique fashion. Additionally,

2538: 2218: 2146: 2126:

being a good example of his transitional style. His contemporary

2080: 2006: 1718: 1694: 1610: 1540: 1154: 1066: 1049: 974: 696: 637: 569: 378: 265: 198: 135: 98: 89: 36: 3015:, and could barely read or write himself. He had a large album ( 2619: 318:, 1878 or restrict themselves to mostly white or black, as with 310:. Artists may employ a wide-ranging palette of colors, as with 3463:

Portrait painting of women from the Han dynasty to Qing dynasty

2247:

and also painted some exceptional portraits, most famously his

598:

survive in some quantity, and like the individualized busts of

4099: 3339: 3136:

Chinese painting § Sui,_Tang_and_Five_dynasties_(581–979)

467: 202: 5257: 4239: 4237: 1726:

and his family portrayed as Roman gods in a 1670 painting by

4843:

Smart, Ellen S., "Akbar, Illiterate Geniu", pp. 103–104, in

4034: 4032: 4030: 3049:; they were probably seen only by a very restricted circle. 1009:. Among the earliest painters to develop oil technique was 673:

are hardly individualized at all, although at the same time

2731:

is an iconic early example of his work from the 1960s, and

4671:

Saint Petersburg, Russia: NP-Print Edition, 2007. 448 pp.

3392:) at that period reflects this dilemma. For instance, the 1005:, while the Italian and Spanish painters were still using 2718:, have made the human face a focal point of their work. 3471:

Court portrait of Empress Renhuai (1016–1079) (wife of

764:

of ca. 1400 is one of two surviving panel portraits of

611:

figure) to their coins, and were soon using their own.

215:), or just the head. The subject's head may turn from " 4738:"Andy Warhol Portraits That Changed The World Forever" 4177:

Portraits of the Artist: The Self-Portrait in Painting

2110:

who produced many caricatures of his contemporaries.

1314:

Court portraiture in France began when Flemish artist

980:

Diptych of Bassista Sforza and Federico de Montefeltro

681:

and the other major figures in Christian art, such as

3865:

XXXV:2 trans H. Rackham 1952. Loeb Classical Library

3383:

was a watershed moment in Chinese history. After the

2074:(c. 1797–1800), as well as famous court portraits of 4699:, Boston, 1987. Little Brown & Company, p. 123, 3908:"Leonardo da Vinci, Ginevra de' Benci, c. 1474/1478" 2673:

and nonfigurative art. One exception, however, was

1255:, who instead undertook the huge commissions of the 1176:

One of best-known portraits in the Western world is

986:(1465) - early Renaissance Italian profile portraits 757:, and portraits once again became clear likenesses. 5245:

The Renaissance Portrait: From Donatello to Bellini

3824:, Ashgate Publishing, Hants (England), 2000, p. 7, 1667:painting that Rembrandt signed with his full name. 925:

If the poet says that he can inflame men with love…

4697:An American Vision: Three Generations of Wyeth Art 4002: 4000: 3540:, late 16th century to early 17th century, Chinese 2354:The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries 2249:Arrangement in Grey and Black, The Artist's Mother 2228:Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist's Mother 153:in Rome, who was to sculpt a bust from this model. 4845:Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India 2027:In the late 18th century and early 19th century, 4669:Unknown Socialist Realism: The Leningrad School. 4542: 4540: 3753: 3751: 3360:Portraits of Confucius and Seventy-two Disciples 2041:force of regal portraiture. (see Gallery below) 677:was evolving fairly standardized images for the 617:adopted traditions of portraiture from both the 4919:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. 4847:, Joanna Gottfried Williams (ed), 1981, BRILL, 922: 657:like. (Compare the portraits of Roman Emperors 3720:, G. K. Hall & Co., Boston, 1987, p. 131, 2431:in the opening of the General Assembly, 1872, 34:for more about the general topic of portraits. 5260:Trading Identities, the image of the merchant 3502:In the Tang dynasty (618–906), palace women ( 3215:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and Rong Qiqi 8: 4096:"German experts crack the ID of 'Mona Lisa'" 3902: 3900: 3002:When the Persian tradition developed as the 2706:Many contemporary American artists, such as 1608:in the late 16th century in Bologna, Italy. 1575:excelled at this type of portraiture, while 1366:, c. 1483. An early Italian full-face pose. 1328:stayed in France after Leonardo died there. 607:began the practice of adding his head (as a 5243:Christiansen, K. and Weppelmann, S., eds. 4875: 4873: 4871: 4767:"Andy Warhol. Marilyn Monroe. 1967 | MoMA" 4121:"Researchers Identify Model for Mona Lisa" 3887:, Portland House, New York, 1986, p. 297, 2581:painted many portraits, including several 2060:, who practised a horserider portrait was 1084:Leading German portrait artists including 929:in that he can place in front of the lover 644:, though it is known from the writings of 574:Roman-Egyptian funeral portrait of a woman 185:Portrait painting can depict the subject " 2130:was primarily a realist and his painting 970:the miniatures in illuminated manuscripts 927:the painter has the power to do the same… 558:Learn how and when to remove this message 4179:, Skira/Rizzoli, New York, 1985, p. 31, 1295:. Bronzino made his fame portraying the 931:the true likeness of one who is beloved, 5234:Portraiture (Essays in Art and Culture) 3593: 3523: 3306:"animation through spirit consonance" ( 3062: 2748: 2630:'s portraits successfully captured the 2291: 1842: 1330: 1235:had painted a group portrait including 1190:, a member of the Gherardini family of 933:often making him kiss and speak to it. 806: 3648:Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain 3442:The Qianlong Emperor commissioned the 116:. 1637. Oil on canvas, 209 × 429 cm. 3552:Three Beauties of the Present Day by 2102:artists of the 19th century, such as 1506:portraiture of Elizabeth I of England 725:, initially mostly of popes in Roman 7: 2164:The Realists mostly gave way to the 590:From literary evidence we know that 496:adding citations to reliable sources 441:General George Washington at Trenton 5223:Portraiture (Oxford History of Art) 3718:The Portrait in Britain and America 3400:In terms of imperial portrait, the 3313:In terms of the imperial portrait, 2614:British art was represented by the 2239:The American-born internationalist 721:Most early medieval portraits were 4717:"Freud work sets new world record" 3578:Royal Society of Portrait Painters 2307:Charles IV of Spain and His Family 25: 316:Mme. Charpentier and her children 271:Mme. Charpentier and her children 3822:Self-Portraits by Women Painters 3545: 3533:Portrait of Ho Bun (何斌), a late 3526: 3517:(1368–1644), literati painting ( 3319:Portrait of Succession Emperors, 3109: 3081: 3065: 2930: 2908: 2885: 2866: 2840: 2819: 2798: 2774: 2751: 2513: 2488: 2466: 2443: 2413: 2391: 2369: 2341: 2315: 2294: 1981: 1961: 1946: 1923: 1907: 1886: 1866: 1845: 1513: 1489: 1470: 1451: 1430: 1411: 1395: 1371: 1352: 1333: 1318:painted his opulent likeness of 904:One of the earliest stand-alone 897: 876: 851: 830: 809: 472: 401:Some artists in past times used 5212:Portraiture: Facing the Subject 4015:John Pope-Hennessy, pp. 124–126 3874:Cheney, Faxon, and Russo, p. 20 3845:The Portrait in the Renaissance 3275:plays a flute in the portrait. 3255:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 3092:, a court painter in the small 2832:Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I 2133:Portrait of the Bellelli Family 1953:Thomas Kerrich (1748-1828), by 1439:Pope Paul III and His Grandsons 1299:family. His daring portrait of 483:needs additional citations for 4719:. BBC News Online. 14 May 2008 3885:The Illustrated Library of Art 3165:scholars started the study of 2992:miniature tradition under the 1662:The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp 791:, among others. Rather small 1: 4145:John Pope-Hennessy, pp. 103–4 3958:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 54, 63 2323:Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres 2241:James Abbott McNeill Whistler 2224:James Abbott McNeill Whistler 2038:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 1854:Philip IV in Brown and Silver 1653:, most notably in his famous 1551:Syndics of the Drapers' Guild 951: 324:Portrait of George Washington 5258:Joanna Woodall lecturing on 4602:"Portrait of Gertrude Stein" 3608:, Philadelphia, 1967, p. 119 3602:The Art of Portrait Painting 3190:between the three states of 2956:Islamic world and South Asia 2860:The Art Institute of Chicago 2767:, Portrait of Madame Matisse 2696:Benefits Supervisor Sleeping 2204:. American society painter 2144:of sorrow and melancholy. 1463:Family of Pieter Jan Foppesz 777:Early Netherlandish painting 250:Charles I in Three Positions 146:Charles I in Three Positions 5216:Manchester University Press 4263:Retrieved December 25, 2010 3851:, New York, 1966, pp. 71–72 3497:Exemplary Women (lie nü tu) 3491:) to father, husband, son. 3414:by Mongol imperial painter 3149:Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) 3022:Later emperors, especially 1974:New-York Historical Society 1602:Accademia degli Incamminati 1060:Portrait of Sir Thomas More 1037:was a leading portraitist. 755:Charles IV receiving fealty 421:Portrait of Madame Récamier 5313: 4667:Sergei Vasil'evic Ivanov. 4243:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 187 4231:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 154 4222:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 182 4213:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 279 4056:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 212 4047:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 227 3940:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 209 3820:Cheney, Faxon, and Russo, 3133: 2999:, but long outlived them. 2551:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2545:Portrait of Gertrude Stein 2230:(1871) popularly known as 1939:Maurice Quentin de La Tour 1402:Christiane von Eulenau by 1208:Leonardo was a student of 275:Metropolitan Museum of Art 29: 4386:; Louis XIV; the Dauphin 4195:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 52 4038:John Pope-Hennessy, p. 20 3444:Spring's Peaceful Message 3130:Chinese portrait painting 3011:, who seems to have been 2878:Portrait of Pablo Picasso 2792:National Museum in Warsaw 2526:Portrait of Doctor Gachet 2501:The Painter of Sunflowers 2433:Imperial Museum of Brazil 2112:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 2016:(1800), in the height of 1604:, run by painters of the 822:Portrait of a Young Woman 438:'s full-length portrait, 392:on their estate, c. 1750. 122:Dutch Golden Age painting 5238:Harvard University Press 4771:The Museum of Modern Art 4071:University of Heidelberg 3651:. Penguin. p. 292. 3423:Qing dynasty (1636–1912) 3375:Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) 3178:Jin dynasty (265–410 AD) 2459:, Seated, Holding Cards 2243:was well-connected with 2212:, a friend of Degas and 1768:, Italian pastel artist 1525:Fernando Niño de Guevara 1504:, c. 1588. The stylised 1094:Hans Holbein the Younger 1055:Hans Holbein the Younger 709:, c. 1400, with stamped 343:Hans Holbein the Younger 5227:Oxford University Press 5132:www.orientations.com.hk 4915:West, Shearer. (2004). 4370:; the Duke's daughter, 4368:Philippe, duc d'Orléans 3912:National Gallery of Art 3784:Aymar, p. 268, 271, 278 3645:Edwards, Betty (2012). 3330:Song dynasty (960–1279) 3145:, as a special honour. 2854:Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler 2699:was sold by auction by 2529:, (first version), 1890 2359:National Gallery of Art 1404:Lucas Cranach the Elder 1262:In Venice around 1500, 819:(c. 1375 – 1444), 797:illuminated manuscripts 731:illuminated manuscripts 45:painting a portrait of 4790:AnOther (2011-06-15). 4397:la Grande Mademoiselle 4372:Marie Louise d'Orléans 3476: 3347: 3289:Tang dynasty (618–907) 2972: 2554: 2480:Robert Louis Stevenson 2330:on his Imperial Throne 2251:(1871), also known as 2236: 2161: 2095: 2024: 1914:Gerrit Sichterman, by 1779:In the United States, 1766:Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun 1731: 1716: 1714:San Marino, California 1629: 1626:Doria Pamphilj Gallery 1555: 1548:group portrait of the 1521:Portrait of a cardinal 1502:Elizabeth I of England 1459:Maarten van Heemskerck 1206: 1173: 1081: 1064: 1040:The Arnolfini Marriage 987: 936: 865:presentation miniature 718: 592:ancient Greek painting 575: 393: 367:Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun 278: 247:'s triple portrait of 154: 132:Technique and practice 124: 54: 4792:"Warhol and the Diva" 4604:. Metropolitan Museum 4382:; three daughters of 4376:Henriette-Anne Stuart 4362:L to R: Louis' aunt, 3470: 3394:Portrait of Yang Qian 3337: 3134:Further information: 3058:large royal portraits 3056:, from 1781, took to 2963: 2542: 2399:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 2222: 2202:William Merritt Chase 2175:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 2150: 2084: 2010: 1989:John Singleton Copley 1834:Charles Willson Peale 1781:John Singleton Copley 1722: 1698: 1614: 1544: 1508:was unique in Europe. 1201: 1180:'s painting entitled 1158: 1134:Piero della Francesca 1070: 1053: 984:Piero della Francesca 978: 884:Rogier van der Weyden 869:Rogier van der Weyden 789:Rogier van der Weyden 775:in the 15th century, 766:Richard II of England 707:Richard II of England 700: 573: 382: 312:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 269: 191:" (the whole body), " 139: 102: 40: 4820:warholfoundation.org 4378:; the Queen-mother, 3849:Bollingen Foundation 3584:References and notes 3456:Giuseppe Castiglione 3202:from 184 to 280 AD, 2733:Orange Prince (1984) 2648:All Friends Together 2588:French impressionism 1970:The Rapalje Children 1585:Charles I of England 1419:Lucrezia Panciatichi 1309:Sofonisba Anguissola 1227:the School of Athens 1138:Domenico Ghirlandaio 1015:Antonello da Messina 492:improve this article 431:Portrait of Madame X 106:, later finished by 47:Vincenzo Giustiniani 5262:at Gresham College. 5218:, Manchester, 1997. 5153:Woman's Art Journal 3568:Hierarchy of genres 2724:Orange Shot Marilyn 2474:John Singer Sargent 2349:Jacques-Louis David 2197:John Singer Sargent 2191:Post-Impressionists 2034:Jacques-Louis David 2022:Jacques-Louis David 1935:Madame de Pompadour 1899:Portrait of Jan Six 1772:, and Swiss artist 1740:Sir Joshua Reynolds 1736:Thomas Gainsborough 1724:Louis XIV of France 1700:Thomas Gainsborough 1482:equestrian portrait 1478:Charles V by Titian 1384:Isabel de Requesens 1320:Francis I of France 1301:Cosimo I de' Medici 735:Hildegard of Bingen 675:Early Christian art 605:Alexander the Great 507:"Portrait painting" 426:John Singer Sargent 416:Jacques-Louis David 384:Thomas Gainsborough 351:Sir Joshua Reynolds 339:Sir Joshua Reynolds 113:De Magere Compagnie 5287:Visual arts genres 4862:2022-11-19 at the 4281:Piper, pp. 408–410 4126:The New York Times 3841:John Pope-Hennessy 3538:Scholar-bureaucrat 3477: 3348: 3143:ancestor portraits 3042:Ottoman miniatures 2973: 2922:Vsevolod Meyerhold 2735:of the pop singer 2628:Tamara de Lempicka 2555: 2429:Pedro II of Brazil 2383:Charles Baudelaire 2237: 2162: 2096: 2054:Théodore Géricault 2025: 1941:, mid-18th century 1894:Rembrandt van Rijn 1732: 1717: 1710:Huntington Library 1630: 1556: 1537:Baroque and Rococo 1480:, 1548, a seminal 1293:Jacopo da Pontormo 1174: 1082: 1065: 988: 966:portrait miniature 939:–Leonardo da Vinci 889:Portrait of a Lady 839:Arnolfini Portrait 771:At the end of the 719: 701:The small private 679:depiction of Jesus 576: 394: 389:Mr and Mrs Andrews 279: 230:three-quarter view 221:" (front view) to 208:head and shoulders 172:Edward Burne-Jones 155: 125: 120:were important in 55: 4855:, 9789004064980, 4685:978-5-901724-21-7 4261:978-90-6550-186-8 4253:Families in beeld 3658:978-1-101-56180-5 3600:Gordon C. Aymar, 3435:and his son, the 3433:Yongzheng Emperor 3303:Mahayana Buddhism 2983:. Rulers in the 2977:Persian miniature 2893:Amedeo Modigliani 2608:Amedeo Modigliani 2425:The Throne Speech 2302:Francisco de Goya 2254:Whistler's Mother 2233:Whistler's Mother 2124:Stéphane Mallarmé 2066:Francisco de Goya 2062:Piotr Michałowski 1801:George Washington 1774:Angelica Kauffman 1573:Peter Paul Rubens 1364:Sandro Botticelli 1218:Cecilia Gallerani 1214:Ginevra de’ Benci 1188:Lisa del Giocondo 1178:Leonardo da Vinci 1160:Leonardo da Vinci 1146:Leonardo da Vinci 1130:Sandro Botticelli 947:Ginevra de' Benci 671:consular diptychs 615:Roman portraiture 568: 567: 560: 542: 260:Christina's World 58:Portrait painting 41:Self-portrait of 16:(Redirected from 5304: 5177: 5176: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5020:The Art Bulletin 5015: 5009: 5008: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4877: 4866: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4822:. 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Some, such as 245:Anthony van Dyck 242: 241: 237: 232: 231: 227:(side view); a " 226: 225: 220: 219: 210: 209: 197:" (from head to 196: 195: 190: 189: 157:A well-executed 141:Anthony van Dyck 21: 18:Portrait-painter 5312: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5267: 5266: 5254: 5208:Woodall, Joanna 5204: 5202:Further reading 5180: 5165:10.2307/1358525 5150: 5149: 5145: 5136: 5134: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5102:10.2307/3250079 5087: 5086: 5082: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5032:10.2307/3045847 5017: 5016: 5012: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4962:10.2307/3249745 4947: 4946: 4942: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4894:10.2307/3250505 4879: 4878: 4869: 4864:Wayback Machine 4842: 4838: 4829: 4827: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4695: 4691: 4666: 4662: 4658:Bonafoux, p. 45 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4489:Bonafoux, p. 99 4488: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4380:Anne of Austria 4366:; his brother, 4364:Henriette-Marie 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344:Bonafoux, p. 62 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272:Bonafoux, p. 40 4271: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4173:Pascal Bonafoux 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006:Bonafoux, p. 35 4005: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3906: 3905: 3898: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3862:Natural History 3859: 3855: 3839: 3835: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3731: 3715: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3599: 3595: 3586: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3541: 3531: 3475:), Song dynasty 3473:Emperor Qinzong 3465: 3425: 3377: 3356:Emperor Gaozong 3332: 3315:Emperor Taizong 3291: 3188:decades of wars 3180: 3151: 3138: 3132: 3125: 3114: 3105: 3102:Pahari painting 3086: 3077: 3072:Ottoman Sultan 3070: 3009:Akbar the Great 2958: 2951: 2938:Boris Kustodiev 2935: 2926: 2916:Boris Grigoriev 2913: 2904: 2890: 2881: 2871: 2862: 2845: 2836: 2824: 2815: 2803: 2794: 2779: 2770: 2756: 2624:Francis Picabia 2575:Oskar Kokoschka 2537: 2530: 2518: 2509: 2493: 2484: 2471: 2462: 2448: 2439: 2418: 2409: 2396: 2387: 2377:Gustave Courbet 2374: 2365: 2346: 2337: 2320: 2311: 2299: 2104:Gustave Courbet 2071:La maja desnuda 2013:Madame Récamier 2005: 1998: 1986: 1977: 1976:, New York City 1966: 1957: 1951: 1942: 1928: 1919: 1916:Cornelis Troost 1912: 1903: 1891: 1882: 1871: 1862: 1859:Diego Velázquez 1850: 1838:Rembrandt Peale 1759:William Hogarth 1672:Diego Velázquez 1621:Pope Innocent X 1606:Carracci family 1539: 1532: 1518: 1509: 1498:Armada Portrait 1494: 1485: 1475: 1466: 1456: 1447: 1435: 1426: 1423:Agnolo Bronzino 1416: 1407: 1400: 1391: 1376: 1367: 1357: 1348: 1338: 1289:Agnolo Bronzino 1264:Gentile Bellini 1245:Antonio Manetti 954: 942: 938: 935: 932: 930: 928: 926: 920: 913: 902: 893: 892:, c. 1460 881: 872: 856: 847: 835: 826: 814: 747:panel paintings 723:donor portraits 695: 646:Pliny the Elder 623:Fayum portraits 564: 553: 547: 544: 501: 499: 489: 477: 466: 461: 399:Joseph van Aken 359:Oliver Cromwell 239: 235: 234: 229: 228: 223: 222: 217: 216: 207: 206: 193: 192: 187: 186: 179:Charles Dickens 134: 118:Group portraits 51:Fogg Art Museum 43:Nicolas Régnier 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5297:Self-portraits 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5253: 5252:External links 5250: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5232:Brilliant, R. 5230: 5219: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5178: 5143: 5115: 5096:(1/2): 40–86. 5080: 5055:Ars Orientalis 5045: 5010: 4985:Ars Orientalis 4975: 4940: 4925: 4907: 4867: 4836: 4807: 4782: 4758: 4729: 4708: 4689: 4660: 4651: 4642: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4245: 4233: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4112: 4087: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4026: 4017: 4008: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3896: 3876: 3867: 3853: 3833: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3747: 3738: 3729: 3709: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3637: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3592: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3525: 3495:’s handscroll 3464: 3461: 3424: 3421: 3376: 3373: 3331: 3328: 3290: 3287: 3179: 3176: 3157:, the rise of 3150: 3147: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3087: 3080: 3078: 3071: 3064: 2966:Mughal emperor 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2914: 2907: 2905: 2891: 2884: 2882: 2872: 2865: 2863: 2846: 2839: 2837: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2782:Olga Boznańska 2780: 2773: 2771: 2757: 2750: 2729:Marilyn Monroe 2664:Abram Arkhipov 2660:Nikolai Fechin 2640:George Bellows 2592:Olga Boznańska 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2504:, Portrait of 2494: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2449: 2442: 2440: 2427:. 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4705:0-8212-1652-X 4702: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677:5-901724-21-6 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4649:Piper, p. 646 4646: 4643: 4640:Aymar, p. 188 4637: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4622:Piper, p. 582 4619: 4616: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4582:Piper, p. 552 4579: 4576: 4573:Piper, p. 576 4570: 4567: 4564:Aymar, p. 299 4561: 4558: 4555:Piper, p. 561 4552: 4549: 4546:Piper, p. 589 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4525:Piper, p. 568 4522: 4519: 4516:Piper, p. 585 4513: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4498:Piper, p. 542 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4480:Aymar, p. 149 4477: 4474: 4471:Aymar, p. 263 4468: 4465: 4462:Aymar, p. 204 4459: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4408:Piper, p. 460 4405: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4392:Marie-Thérèse 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4353:Piper, p. 418 4350: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4335:Piper, p. 424 4332: 4329: 4326:Aymar, p. 218 4323: 4320: 4317:Piper, p. 421 4314: 4311: 4308:Aymar, p. 161 4305: 4302: 4299:Aymar, p. 162 4296: 4293: 4290:Simon, p. 109 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4204:Piper, p. 330 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4185:0-8478-0586-7 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4163:Piper, p. 345 4160: 4157: 4154:Piper, p. 338 4151: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4077:on 2008-12-06 4076: 4072: 4069:(in German). 4068: 4062: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4024:Piper, p. 318 4021: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3994:Piper, p. 365 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3976:Piper, p. 363 3973: 3970: 3967:Piper, p. 301 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3931:Piper, p. 337 3928: 3925: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3893:0-517-62336-6 3890: 3886: 3883:David Piper, 3880: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3830:1-85928-424-8 3827: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3802:Aymar, p. 265 3799: 3796: 3793:Aymar, p. 264 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3775:Simon, p. 107 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3757:Aymar, p. 262 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745:Simon, p. 131 3742: 3739: 3736:Simon, p. 129 3733: 3730: 3727: 3726:0-8161-8795-9 3723: 3719: 3716:Robin Simon, 3713: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3689:Aymar, p. 280 3686: 3683: 3680:Aymar, p. 235 3677: 3674: 3671:Aymar, p. 283 3668: 3665: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3626:Aymar, p. 129 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3385:Mongol Empire 3382: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364:sheng xian tu 3361: 3358:commissioned 3357: 3353: 3345: 3344:Wuzhun Shifan 3341: 3336: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3324:Emperor Gaozu 3320: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3300: 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2704: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2691:Francis Bacon 2688: 2687:Sigmund Freud 2685:(grandson of 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2656:Isaak Brodsky 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2596:Expressionist 2594:(1865–1940). 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2579:Pablo Picasso 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2563:Henri Matisse 2560: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2522: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:Pedro Américo 2416: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2405:Alfred Sisley 2400: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2283:Thomas Eakins 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2267:Henri Matisse 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2206:Cecilia Beaux 2203: 2198: 2194: 2192: 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