638:
experiences an interruption. Instantly here should be defined as the speed of electricity within conductors which is somewhat near the speed of light. That definition is important because transmission of high speed data and communications service must have continuity/NO break of that service. Some manufacturers use a quasi standard of 4 milliseconds. However, with high speed data even 4 ms of time in transitioning from one source to another is not fast enough. The transition must be made in a break before make method. The UPS meeting that requirement is referred to as a True UPS or a Hybrid UPS. How much time the UPS will provide is most often based on batteries and in conjunction with generators. That time can range from a quasi minimum 5 to 15 minutes to hours or even days. In many computer installations, it is only enough time on batteries to give the operators time to shut down the system in an orderly way. Other UPS schemes may use an internal combustion engine or turbine to supply power during a utility power outage and the amount of battery time is then dependent upon how long it takes the generator to be on line and the criticality of the equipment served. Such a scheme is found in hospitals, data centers, call centers, cell sites and telephone central offices.
173:
1154:
the power supply can reach the peak value of the secondary voltage of the transformer of the power supply. This occurs because with a very small output current, the inductor in the L-C low-pass filter does not drop much voltage (if any at all). The capacitor in the L-C low-pass filter therefore charges up to the peak voltage of the secondary of the transformer. This peak voltage is generally considerably higher than the average voltage of the secondary of the transformer. The higher voltage which occurs across the capacitor, and therefore also at the output of the power supply, can damage components within the power supply. The higher voltage can also damage any remaining electrical loads connected to the power supply.
547:
564:. AC adapters are also known by various other names such as "plug pack" or "plug-in adapter", or by slang terms such as "wall wart". AC adapters typically have a single AC or DC output that is conveyed over a hardwired cable to a connector, but some adapters have multiple outputs that may be conveyed over one or more cables. "Universal" AC adapters have interchangeable input connectors to accommodate different AC mains voltages.
647:
46:
592:
217:
1036:
1022:
318:
342:. The electric load's tolerance of ripple dictates the minimum amount of filtering that must be provided by the power supply. In some applications, ripple can be entirely ignored. For example, in some battery charging applications, the power supply consists of just a transformer and a diode, with a simple resistor placed at the power supply output to limit the charging current.
716:
38:
571:; in case of DC-output, adapters consist of either transformer with few diodes and capacitors or they may employ switch-mode power supply circuitry. AC adapters consume power (and produce electric and magnetic fields) even when not connected to a load; for this reason they are sometimes known as "electricity vampires", and may be plugged into
287:
non-linear modes (e.g., transistors that spend most of their time in cutoff or saturation). Power is "lost" (converted to heat) when components operate in their linear regions and, consequently, switching converters are usually more efficient than linear converters because their components spend less time in linear operating regions.
1153:
A problem can occur when loads on the output of a switching power supply become disconnected from the supply. When this occurs, the output current from the power supply becomes reduced (or eliminated if all loads become disconnected). If the output current becomes small enough, the output voltage of
637:
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) takes its power from two or more sources simultaneously. It is usually powered directly from the AC mains, while simultaneously charging a storage battery. Should there be a dropout or failure of the mains, the battery instantly takes over so that the load never
466:
A constant output voltage is required in many power supply applications, but the voltage provided by many energy sources will vary with changes in load impedance. Furthermore, when an unregulated DC power supply is the energy source, its output voltage will also vary with changing input voltage. To
913:
A modern computer power supply is a switch-mode power supply that converts AC power from the mains supply, to several DC voltages. Switch-mode supplies replaced linear supplies due to cost, weight, efficiency and size improvements. The diverse collection of output voltages also have widely varying
397:
Some SMPSs have an absolute limit on their minimum current output. They are only able to output above a certain power level and cannot function below that point. In a no-load condition the frequency of the power slicing circuit increases to great speed, causing the isolated transformer to act as a
286:
types. Linear power converters process the input power directly, with all active power conversion components operating in their linear operating regions. In switching power converters, the input power is converted to AC or to DC pulses before processing, by components that operate predominantly in
509:
powered by a diesel or gasoline engine (for example, at a construction site, in an automobile or boat, or backup power generation for emergency services) whose current is passed to a regulator circuit to provide a constant voltage at the output. Some kinds of AC power conversion do not use a
417:
and transients). In simple switch-mode power supplies, the input stage may distort the line voltage waveform, which can adversely affect other loads (and result in poor power quality for other utility customers), and cause unnecessary heating in wires and distribution equipment. Furthermore,
666:) may be used at lower voltages. Some high-voltage power supplies provide an analog input or digital communication interface that can be used to control the output voltage. High-voltage power supplies are commonly used to accelerate and manipulate electron and ion beams in equipment such as
368:
and filter capacitors that are much smaller, lighter, and less expensive than those found in linear power supplies operating at mains frequency. After the inductor or transformer secondary, the high frequency AC is rectified and filtered to produce the DC output voltage. If the SMPS uses an
858:
A fuse contains a short piece of wire which melts if too much current flows. This effectively disconnects the power supply from its load, and the equipment stops working until the problem that caused the overload is identified and the fuse is replaced. Some power supplies use a very thin
706:
signal compatible with low-voltage circuitry. The metering signal is used by a closed-loop controller that regulates the high voltage by controlling inverter input power, and it may also be conveyed out of the power supply to allow external circuitry to monitor the high-voltage output.
537:
systems. AC power
Supplies can also be used to change the frequency as well as the voltage, they are often used by manufacturers to check the suitability of their products for use in other countries. 230 V 50 Hz or 115 60 Hz or even 400 Hz for avionics testing.
440:
The voltage reduction capacitor must withstand the full mains voltage, and it must also have enough capacitance to support maximum load current at the rated output voltage. Taken together, these constraints limit practical uses of this type of supply to low-power applications.
467:
circumvent this, some power supplies use a linear voltage regulator to maintain the output voltage at a steady value, independent of fluctuations in input voltage and load impedance. Linear regulators can also reduce the magnitude of ripple and noise on the output voltage.
418:
customers incur higher electric bills when operating lower power factor loads. To circumvent these problems, some computer switch-mode power supplies perform power factor correction, and may employ input filters or additional switching stages to reduce line interference.
618:
Programmable power supplies typically employ an integral microcomputer to control and monitor power supply operation. Power supplies equipped with a computer interface may use proprietary communication protocols or standard protocols and device control languages such as
883:
Some supplies use current limiting instead of cutting off power if overloaded. The two types of current limiting used are electronic limiting and impedance limiting. The former is common on lab bench PSUs, the latter is common on supplies of less than 3 watts output.
822:
The power supply of an electrical system tends to generate heat. The higher the efficiency, the less heat is generated by the power supply. There are many ways to manage the heat of a power supply unit. The types of cooling generally fall into two categories --
387:
to help protect the device and the user from harm. In the event that an abnormal high-current power draw is detected, the switched-mode supply can assume this is a direct short and will shut itself down before damage is done. PC power supplies often provide a
360:(SMPS), the AC mains input is directly rectified and then filtered to obtain a DC voltage. The resulting DC voltage is then switched on and off at a high frequency by electronic switching circuitry, thus producing an AC current that will pass through a
269:
is an external supply integrated with the outlet plug itself. These are popular in consumer electronics because of their safety; the hazardous 120 or 240 volt main current is transformed down to a safer voltage before it enters the appliance body.
697:
or a high turns ratio, high-voltage transformer, or both (usually a transformer followed by a multiplier) to produce high voltage. The high voltage is passed out of the power supply through the special connector and is also applied to a
300:
An AC-to-DC power supply operates on an AC input voltage and generates a DC output voltage. Depending on application requirements the output voltage may contain large or negligible amounts of AC frequency components known as
874:
buried in the transformer rather than a fuse. The advantage is it allows greater current to be drawn for limited time than the unit can supply continuously. Some such cutouts are self resetting, some are single use only.
337:
and is then rectified and filtered to obtain a DC voltage. The filtering reduces the amplitude of AC mains frequency present in the rectifier output and can be as simple as a single capacitor or more complex such as a
402:, causing damage due to the resulting very high voltage power spikes. Switched-mode supplies with protection circuits may briefly turn on but then shut down when no load has been detected. A very small low-power
866:
A circuit breaker contains an element that heats, bends and triggers a spring which shuts the circuit down. Once the element cools, and the problem is identified the breaker can be reset and the power restored.
731:
plane, meaning that it will generate positive and negative voltages and currents as required to maintain regulation. When its output is controlled by a low-level analog signal, it is effectively a low-bandwidth
485:) and uses a transformer to step up or step down the voltage to the desired voltage. Some filtering may take place as well. In some cases, the source voltage is the same as the output voltage; this is called an
437:
The output voltage is not isolated from the mains. Consequently, to avoid exposing people and equipment from hazardous high voltage, anything connected to the power supply must be reliably insulated.
611:. Controlled properties may include voltage, current, and in the case of AC output power supplies, frequency. They are used in a wide variety of applications, including automated equipment testing,
899:
Power supplies are a fundamental component of many electronic devices and therefore used in a diverse range of applications. This list is a small sample of the many applications of power supplies.
376:
Switched-mode power supplies are usually regulated, and to keep the output voltage constant, the power supply employs a feedback controller that monitors current drawn by the load. The switching
208:
power supply has a power output that is electrically independent of its power input; this is in contrast to other power supplies that share a common connection between power input and output.
831:. Common convection methods for cooling electronic power supplies include natural air flow, forced air flow, or other liquid flow over the unit. Common conduction cooling methods include
85:. Some power supplies are separate standalone pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of the latter include power supplies found in
200:
power supplies allow the output voltage or current to be programmed by mechanical controls (e.g., knobs on the power supply front panel), or by means of a control input, or both. An
434:
to reduce the mains voltage to a smaller AC voltage. Typically, the resulting reduced AC voltage is then rectified, filtered and regulated to produce a constant DC output voltage.
41:
A simple general-purpose desktop power supply used in electronic labs, with power output connector seen at lower-left and power input connector (not shown) located at the rear
172:
164:
to power their loads without wired connections. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for functions such as external monitoring and control.
925:
are those which rely on energy created through electricity generation. A power supply unit is part of the necessary design to convert high voltage vehicle battery power.
744:
The suitability of a particular power supply for an application is determined by various attributes of the power supply, which are typically listed in the power supply's
662:, insulation breakdown and accidental human contact. Federal Standard connectors are typically used for applications above 20 kV, though other types of connectors (e.g.,
863:
soldered in place as a fuse. Fuses in power supply units may be replaceable by the end user, but fuses in consumer equipment may require tools to access and change.
239:
power supplies have only a partial mechanical enclosure, sometimes consisting of only a mounting base; these are typically built into machinery or other equipment.
93:
devices. Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an
620:
501:, and output voltage may vary depending on impedance of the load. In cases when the power source is direct current, (like an automobile storage battery), an
736:
with high output power and seamless zero-crossings. This type of power supply is commonly used to power magnetic devices in scientific applications.
1124:
The power supply can also include crowbar circuit protecting it against damage by clamping the output to ground if it exceeds a particular voltage.
990:
Both commercial and military avionic systems require either a DC-DC or AC/DC power supply to convert energy into usable voltage. These may often
510:
transformer. If the output voltage and input voltage are the same, and primary purpose of the device is to filter AC power, it may be called a
192:
is one that maintains constant output voltage or current despite variations in load current or input voltage. Conversely, the output of an
561:
406:
such as a ceramic power resistor or 10-watt light bulb can be attached to the supply to allow it to run with no primary load attached.
160:
converters, or another power supply. The input and output are usually hardwired circuit connections, though some power supplies employ
305:, related to AC input voltage frequency and the power supply's operation. A DC power supply operating on DC input voltage is called a
364:
transformer or inductor. Switching occurs at a very high frequency (typically 10 kHz — 1 MHz), thereby enabling the use of
1211:
1206:
Malmstadt, Enke and Crouch, Electronics and
Instrumentation for Scientists, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 1981,
1157:
1127:
888:
772:
How long it can supply energy without refueling or recharging (applies to power supplies that employ portable energy sources)
1002:
This refers to conveyors, assembly lines, bar code readers, cameras, motors, pumps, semi-fabricated manufacturing and more.
31:
1232:
1069:
908:
632:
515:
110:
109:, and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the event of a temporary interruption in the source power (
728:
530:
455:
is to convert a varying DC voltage to a constant, often specific, lower DC voltage. In addition, they often provide a
321:
An AC adapter disassembled to reveal a simple, unregulated linear DC supply circuit: a transformer, four diodes in a
394:
signal to the motherboard; the absence of this signal prevents operation when abnormal supply voltages are present.
967:
357:
351:
1182:
82:
603:(PPS) is one that allows remote control of its operation through an analog input or digital interface such as
1247:
1054:
427:
106:
1227:
962:
employ currents as high as 60,000 amperes for an extremely short time. Welding power supplies consisted of
1059:
414:
326:
220:
186:
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486:
250:
149:
141:
505:
and step-up transformer may be used to convert it to AC power. Portable AC power may be provided by an
235:
power supply is a stand-alone desktop unit used in applications such as circuit test and development.
971:
934:
658:
is one that outputs hundreds or thousands of volts. A special output connector is used that prevents
90:
1074:
1094:
947:
671:
129:
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519:
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306:
185:
Power supplies are categorized in various ways, including by functional features. For example, a
120:
connection, which receives energy in the form of electric current from a source, and one or more
650:
A 30 kV high-voltage power supply with
Federal Standard connector, used in electron microscopes
1207:
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1010:
These include ventilators, infusion pumps, surgical and dental instruments, imaging and beds.
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1128:"High efficiency direct coupled switched mode power supply - US Patent 4937722 Description"
852:
699:
679:
667:
490:
476:
62:
265:, is a power supply located in the load's AC power cord that plugs into a wall outlet; a
1158:"Switching power supply operating at little or no load - US Patent 5402059 Description"
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951:
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646:
612:
523:
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topology to directly step-up AC power; formerly, such an application was a vacuum tube
502:
498:
361:
302:
245:
power supplies are designed to be secured into standard electronic equipment racks. An
161:
137:
58:
45:
489:. Other AC power supply transformers do not provide mains isolation; these are called
196:
power supply can change significantly when its input voltage or load current changes.
27:
Electronic device that converts or regulates electric energy and supplies it to a load
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uses electricity to join metals by melting them. The electricity is provided by a
769:
How stable its output voltage or current is under varying line and load conditions
216:
958:. Some types of welding can use as few as 10 amperes, while some applications of
128:
connections that deliver current to the load. The source power may come from the
17:
963:
939:
720:
689:
High-voltage power supplies typically apply the bulk of their input energy to a
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A bipolar power supply operates in all four quadrants of the voltage/current
1089:
1035:
891:
reduces the output current to much less than the maximum non-fault current.
431:
413:
and have also been significant sources of line interference (due to induced
339:
231:
Power supplies are packaged in different ways and classified accordingly. A
145:
81:
to power the load. As a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as
78:
409:
The switch-mode power supplies used in computers have historically had low
1233:
Load Power
Sources for Peak Efficiency, James Colotti, EDN 1979 October 5
514:. If the device is designed to provide backup power, it may be called an
49:
Interior of high-end linear power supply with toroidal mains transformer.
759:
70:
37:
955:
659:
604:
494:
497:. Other kinds of AC power supplies are designed to provide a nearly
369:
adequately insulated high-frequency transformer, the output will be
954:. Arc welding requires high currents typically between 100 and 350
481:
An AC power supply typically takes the voltage from a wall outlet (
714:
645:
590:
545:
383:
SMPSs often include safety features such as current limiting or a
316:
215:
171:
44:
36:
782:
Commonly-used abbreviations used in power supply specifications:
608:
333:
In a linear power supply the AC input voltage passes through a
204:
power supply is one that is both adjustable and regulated. An
615:
monitoring, semiconductor fabrication, and x-ray generators.
748:. Commonly specified attributes for a power supply include:
373:
from the mains; this feature is often essential for safety.
678:
columns, and in a variety of other applications, including
855:
are two commonly used mechanisms for overload protection.
847:
or overload that could damage the supply or cause a fire.
1120:
High efficiency direct coupled switched mode power supply
778:
Output is constant voltage type or constant current type
567:
Adapters with AC outputs may consist only of a passive
430:(transformerless power supply) uses the reactance of a
309:. This section focuses mostly on the AC-to-DC variant.
529:
In modern use, AC power supplies can be divided into
575:
to allow them to be conveniently turned on and off.
459:function to protect the power supply and load from
65:. The main purpose of a power supply is to convert
493:; a variable output autotransformer is known as a
380:increases as power output requirements increase.
176:A rackmount, adjustable regulated DC power supply
1183:"Bipolar Power Supplies Run The Voltage Gamut"
560:An AC adapter is a power supply built into an
463:(excessive, potentially destructive current).
8:
1228:Understanding Linear Power Supply Operation
278:Power supplies can be broadly divided into
843:Power supplies often have protection from
422:Capacitive (transformerless) power supply
249:power supply is one that shares a common
775:Operating and storage temperature ranges
1111:
752:Input voltage type (AC or DC) and range
584:For the extended USB Standard PPS see:
835:, cold plates, and thermal compounds.
57:is an electrical device that supplies
789:OPP - Overpower (overload) protection
105:on the input from reaching the load,
7:
994:in the interest of weight savings.
518:. A circuit may be designed with a
702:that converts it to a low-voltage
25:
1034:
1020:
974:; modern welding equipment uses
795:OTP - Overtemperature protection
550:Switch-mode mobile phone charger
97:, power conditioning to prevent
813:THD - Total harmonic distortion
786:SCP - Short circuit protection
755:Efficiency of power conversion
1:
810:PFC - Power factor correction
801:UVP - Undervoltage protection
221:Electronic bench power supply
69:from a source to the correct
32:Power supply (disambiguation)
1151:Quoting US Patent #5402059:
1118:Quoting US patent #4937722,
1070:Mains electricity by country
909:Power supply unit (computer)
798:OVP - Overvoltage protection
792:OCP - Overcurrent protection
633:Uninterruptible power supply
627:Uninterruptible power supply
516:uninterruptible power supply
111:uninterruptible power supply
914:current draw requirements.
595:Programmable power supplies
1264:
932:
906:
630:
553:
474:
358:switched-mode power supply
352:Switched-mode power supply
349:
346:Switched-mode power supply
116:All power supplies have a
29:
766:it can supply to its load
693:, which in turn drives a
656:high-voltage power supply
642:High-voltage power supply
601:programmable power supply
579:Programmable power supply
83:electric power converters
889:foldback current limiter
719:A bipolar power supply (
452:linear voltage regulator
162:wireless energy transfer
1055:Capacitive power supply
428:capacitive power supply
274:Power conversion method
107:power-factor correction
1060:Electricity generation
992:operate at 400 Hz
724:
651:
596:
551:
330:
329:to smooth the waveform
327:electrolytic capacitor
228:
177:
168:General classification
50:
42:
807:CC - Constant current
804:CV - Constant voltage
734:operational amplifier
718:
649:
594:
549:
487:isolation transformer
371:electrically isolated
320:
251:printed circuit board
219:
175:
48:
40:
946:, and can either be
944:welding power supply
935:Welding power supply
711:Bipolar power supply
672:electron microscopes
415:power line harmonics
325:arrangement, and an
202:adjustable regulated
91:consumer electronics
30:For other uses, see
1095:Sense (electronics)
839:Overload protection
562:AC mains power plug
313:Linear power supply
130:electric power grid
1028:Electronics portal
818:Thermal management
725:
695:voltage multiplier
652:
597:
586:USB Power Delivery
552:
520:voltage multiplier
449:The function of a
331:
307:DC-to-DC converter
253:with its load. An
229:
178:
51:
43:
1187:Electronic Design
1100:Voltage regulator
923:Electric vehicles
918:Electric Vehicles
471:AC power supplies
335:power transformer
296:DC power supplies
134:electrical outlet
87:desktop computers
18:Power supply unit
16:(Redirected from
1255:
1215:
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1179:
1173:
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1160:. Archived from
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1130:. Archived from
1116:
1085:Power sequencing
1044:
1039:
1038:
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978:and may include
879:Current limiting
870:Some PSUs use a
853:circuit breakers
676:focused ion beam
668:x-ray generators
512:line conditioner
499:constant current
491:autotransformers
457:current limiting
445:Linear regulator
323:bridge rectifier
225:banana connector
140:devices such as
99:electronic noise
95:electrical fault
67:electric current
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1164:on 2012-09-07
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1042:Energy portal
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845:short circuit
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747:
746:specification
740:Specification
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710:
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664:SHV connector
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411:power factors
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47:
39:
33:
19:
1214:, Chapter 3.
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1189:. 2012-10-19
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:the original
1152:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1123:
1119:
1114:
1065:High voltage
1009:
1001:
989:
964:transformers
960:spot welding
943:
938:
921:
912:
898:
895:Applications
886:
882:
869:
865:
857:
842:
821:
781:
745:
743:
726:
723:BOP 6-125MG)
703:
688:
655:
653:
636:
617:
600:
598:
573:power strips
566:
559:
531:single phase
528:
483:mains supply
480:
465:
460:
450:
448:
439:
436:
425:
408:
396:
389:
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366:transformers
355:
332:
299:
283:
279:
277:
266:
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232:
230:
205:
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197:
193:
190:power supply
187:
184:
125:
122:power output
121:
117:
115:
55:power supply
54:
52:
940:Arc welding
569:transformer
535:three phase
461:overcurrent
263:power brick
223:unit with "
194:unregulated
158:solar power
154:alternators
118:power input
1193:2018-07-26
1168:2008-05-08
1138:2008-05-08
1106:References
1080:Power cord
1050:AC adapter
998:Automation
972:generators
833:heat sinks
829:conduction
825:convection
556:AC adapter
542:AC adapter
507:alternator
404:dummy load
400:Tesla coil
391:power good
378:duty cycle
259:AC adapter
247:integrated
242:Rack mount
237:Open frame
198:Adjustable
181:Functional
150:generators
146:fuel cells
1090:Rectifier
982:control.
903:Computers
861:wire link
729:Cartesian
432:capacitor
340:pi filter
284:switching
267:wall wart
212:Packaging
188:regulated
142:batteries
79:frequency
1242:Category
1014:See also
986:Aircraft
970:driving
704:metering
503:inverter
255:external
227:" output
206:isolated
1006:Medical
968:engines
956:amperes
929:Welding
764:current
760:voltage
75:current
71:voltage
1210:
674:, and
660:arcing
605:RS-232
495:variac
280:linear
77:, and
61:to an
849:Fuses
721:Kepco
356:In a
291:Types
233:bench
1208:ISBN
851:and
827:and
762:and
682:and
621:SCPI
609:GPIB
533:and
282:and
126:rail
89:and
966:or
950:or
607:or
261:or
152:or
144:or
124:or
113:).
101:or
1244::
1185:.
1122::
952:DC
948:AC
887:A
686:.
670:,
654:A
623:.
599:A
526:.
426:A
156:,
148:,
136:,
73:,
53:A
1196:.
1171:.
1141:.
34:.
20:)
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