2882:
standard one. In their publications they speak as if it were already in existence, but this is wishful thinking – acceptance of their system being restricted to their circle. The original proponents of this 'standard' were speakers of the
Northern dialect and so, without further ado and without discussing the matter or giving any reasons, they decided that their own pronunciation was the 'standard'. However, the man in the street knows nothing about it. If he happens to be a Southerner he does not exchange his rich phonemic system for the meagre one of the Northern dialect. He does not even know that this is 'supposed to be' the 'standard'. And if he is a Northerner, he goes on speaking as before, without realizing that he would need to change only one of his vowels in order to qualify as a speaker of the 'standard'. It is ironic that the partisans of the 'standard' – all convinced democrats – should ask the majority of Yiddish-speakers to switch over from their own pronunciation to that of a minority, comprising only a quarter of all Yiddish speakers.
2826:
2898:. Regardless of any nuance that can be applied to the consideration of these arguments, it may be noted that modern Standard Yiddish is used by very few mother-tongue speakers and is not evoked by the vast bulk of Yiddish literature. It has, however, become a norm in present-day instruction of Yiddish as a foreign language and is therefore firmly established in any discourse about the development of that language.
53:
1361:
2773:
2675:
1340:
language and are divided according to the region in Europe where each developed its distinctiveness. Linguistically, Yiddish is divided in distinct
Eastern and Western dialects. While the Western dialects mostly died out in the 19th-century due to Jewish language assimilation into mainstream culture,
2848:
The heart of the debate is the priority given to the dialect with the smallest number of speakers. One of the alternative proposals put forward in the early discussion of standardizing spoken
Yiddish was to base it on the pronunciation of the Southeastern dialect, which was the most widely used form
2881:
There is no standard pronunciation in
Yiddish. However, the members and friends of the Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, New York, have strong views on the subject. They are convinced that Y should not differ in this respect from the great Western languages, and so they are willing to introduce a
2735:
As with many other languages with strong literary traditions, there was a more or less constant tendency toward the development of a neutral written form acceptable to the speakers of all dialects. In the early 20th century, for both cultural and political reasons, particular energy was focused on
1388:
General references to the "Yiddish language" without qualification are normally taken to apply to
Eastern Yiddish, unless the subject under consideration is Yiddish literature prior to the 19th century, in which case the focus is more likely to be on Western Yiddish.
2837:, the Jewish Scientific Institute, is often seen as the initiating agent in giving phonetic preference to Litvish, but Harkavy's work predates YIVO's and he was not exclusively describing personal preference. A broad-based study provided in the
1779:
Some linguists have proposed the existence of transitional dialects of
Yiddish that have been created in areas between Western and Eastern dialects. Transitional Yiddish is spoken in two different regions, a Western part and an Eastern part.
1843:
Stressed vowels in the
Yiddish dialects may be understood by considering their common origins in the Proto-Yiddish sound system. Yiddish linguistic scholarship uses a system developed by M. Weinreich (1960) to indicate the descendent
2736:
developing a modern
Standard Yiddish. This contained elements from all three Eastern dialects but its phonetic attributes were predominantly based on Northeastern pronunciation. A separate article describes the resulting modern
1517:
opposed the use of
Yiddish, and preference for German grew. By the end of the 18th century, Western Yiddish was mostly out of use, though some speakers were discovered in these regions as late as the mid-20th century.
1823:) is a fusion of the west-Transcarpathian dialect with dialects brought by chasidic immigrants from Galicia. Transition Yiddish countries are sometimes considered jointly Eastern Yiddish countries.
2833:
Harkavy, like others of the early standardizers, regards
Litvish as the "leading branch". That assertion has, however, been questioned by many authors and remains the subject of keen controversy.
1680:
About three-quarters of contemporary Yiddish speakers speak Southern Yiddish varieties, the majority speaking Polish Yiddish. Most Hasidic communities use southern dialects, with the exception of
1381:
Yiddish dialects are generally grouped into either Western Yiddish and Eastern Yiddish. Western Yiddish developed from the 9th century in Western-Central Europe, in the region which was called
1348:
The Northeastern dialects of Eastern Yiddish were dominant in 20th-century Yiddish culture and academia, but in the 21st-century, the Southern dialects of Yiddish that are preserved by many
2922:, and mapping their geographic distribution. A more recent extensive phonetic description, also of both Eastern and Western Yiddish, was published by Neil G. Jacobs in 2005.
3074:
1385:
by Jews, while Eastern Yiddish developed its distinctive features in Eastern Europe after the movement of large numbers of Jews from western to central and eastern Europe.
1832:
The primary differences between the contemporary dialects are in the quality of stressed vowels, though there are also differences in morphology, lexicon, and grammar.
1501:
According to C. J. Hutterer (1969), "In western and central Europe the WY dialects must have died out within a short time during the period of reforms following the
2740:, without detailing the phonetic variation among the three contributing dialects or the further distinctions among the myriad local varieties that they subsume.
1698:
1077:
2870:
and reform. Such normative initiatives are, however, frequently based on legislative authority – something which, with the exception of regulation in the
4394:
2874:, has never applied to Yiddish. It might therefore be expected that the controversy about the development of Standard Yiddish would be particularly intense.
1190:
3598:
1135:
1866:(-1=short, -2=long, -3=short but lengthened early in the history of Yiddish, -4=diphthong, -5=special length occurring only in Proto-Yiddish vowel 25).
1401:, some continued to survive in the countryside of Switzerland, southern Germany and Alsace. They maintained Jewish customs and spoke Western Yiddish.
1486:
idioms and virtually indistinguishable from mainstream Yiddish. From the 12th century onwards, due among other things to the influence of the nearby
1316:
1180:
2743:
A useful early review of the differences between the three main Eastern dialects is provided by the Yiddish lexicographer Alexander Harkavy in a
3773:
3748:
3763:
3758:
1398:
2483:
4304:
3540:
3517:
3486:
3467:
3450:
3421:
3401:
3384:
3226:
3022:
2812:
2790:
2722:
2696:
1869:
Vowels 23, 33, 43 and 53 have the same reflexes as 22, 32, 42 and 52 in all Yiddish dialects, but they developed distinct values in
253:
1851:
Each Proto-Yiddish vowel is given a unique two-digit identifier, and its reflexes use it as a subscript, for example Southeastern
4387:
2644:
4158:
3818:
859:
1835:
Northern dialects are more conservative in vowel quality, while southern dialects have preserved vowel quantity distinctions.
4646:
4590:
4560:
4545:
3591:
2794:
2700:
2604:
4641:
4343:
1223:
1130:
1082:
908:
898:
4173:
4505:
3768:
3753:
2652:
2528:
1309:
1168:
4380:
4337:
3858:
2493:
2445:
1426:
1228:
956:
172:
2685:
4580:
3823:
3733:
839:
235:
197:
167:
2783:
2704:
2689:
4500:
3727:
3722:
3584:
2877:
The acrimony surrounding the extensive role played by YIVO is vividly illustrated by in remarks made by Birnbaum:
1460:
1264:
1218:
339:
192:
182:
4651:
4036:
4004:
3124:
2455:
1602:
1506:
562:
138:
3123:". jochnowitz.net. Retrieved 14 September 2017. Jochnowitz is a professor emeritus of linguistics at the
4150:
4051:
3899:
3709:
3341:"Research Guides: Language and Culture Archive of Ashkenazic Jewry Digital Archive User Guide: Introduction"
1804:) are characterized by a Yiddish dialect which was lexically east European but phonologically west European.
1302:
1289:
1087:
437:
145:
133:
3184:"Алтынцев, А.В., Понятие любви у ашкеназов Удмуртии и Татарстана", Наука Удмуртии. 2013. № 4 (66), с. 131.
2918:. This provides a detailed description of the phonetic elements of what is presented as an Eastern-Western
4520:
3196:"Burko, A., The New Yiddish Dialectology: A Review of Alexander Beider’s The Origins of Yiddish Dialects"
3000:
2996:
2986:
2982:
2620:
2227:
2208:
2200:
2183:
2168:
2160:
2114:
2095:
2087:
2072:
2064:
2049:
2037:
1995:
1976:
1964:
1945:
1937:
1922:
1910:
1269:
1163:
999:
903:
796:
622:
349:
211:
3159:
3131:. No. 5 (2010), published by the Centre de Recherche, d'Etudes et de Documentation du Yidich Occidental."
1873:; Katz (1978) argues that they should be collapsed with the -2 series, leaving only 13 in the -3 series.
4403:
4347:
4333:
3880:
3833:
3813:
3806:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3615:
1812:
1333:
607:
240:
230:
223:
3171:
3434:
2752:
4465:
4440:
4294:
4245:
4077:
2650:
2642:
2623:
2602:
2526:
2491:
2481:
2453:
2443:
1502:
994:
923:
918:
849:
517:
507:
3559:
2825:
4555:
4485:
4480:
4420:
4284:
3838:
3828:
3340:
874:
829:
632:
557:
245:
152:
4605:
4550:
4535:
4455:
4435:
4425:
4219:
4211:
4125:
4071:
3946:
3908:
3874:
3801:
1870:
1767:
1125:
1052:
854:
801:
537:
477:
447:
379:
334:
297:
287:
218:
4111:
162:
3296:
3218:
3014:
2894:
Recent criticism of modern Standard Yiddish is expressed by Michael Wex in several passages in
2756:
1341:
the Eastern dialects were very vital until most of Eastern European Jewry was wiped out by the
4570:
4525:
4510:
4490:
4430:
4415:
4314:
4300:
4266:
4132:
3536:
3513:
3482:
3463:
3446:
3417:
3397:
3380:
3222:
3018:
2919:
2867:
2737:
2625:
1233:
1062:
940:
913:
881:
834:
818:
696:
577:
374:
1858:
is the vowel /o/, descended from Proto-Yiddish */a/. The first digit indicates Proto-Yiddish
4636:
4610:
4600:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4530:
4460:
4450:
4274:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4194:
4183:
4139:
3884:
3740:
3717:
3670:
3607:
2931:
2855:
1694:
1483:
1467:
1444:
1412:
1259:
1173:
1120:
869:
686:
527:
396:
304:
202:
187:
128:
88:
65:
3571:
4565:
4540:
4515:
4495:
4470:
4445:
4290:
4280:
4270:
4057:
3975:
3936:
3695:
3690:
3675:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3624:
3495:
2936:
2860:
2850:
2658:
2178:
2059:
1932:
1721:
or "Udmurt" Yiddish). The Udmurt dialect has been traditionally split into two groupings.
1706:
1674:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1349:
1185:
1115:
1057:
1009:
888:
791:
654:
442:
369:
314:
309:
177:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
93:
76:
3185:
1397:
While most Jews in the Rhineland who escaped persecution in the 14th century fled to the
3197:
4475:
4363:
4094:
4084:
4045:
3980:
3685:
3680:
3530:
3510:
College Yiddish: an Introduction to the Yiddish language and to Jewish Life and Culture
3409:
3211:
3120:
3060:
3048:
3007:
2195:
2082:
1959:
1820:
1710:
1567:
1452:
1284:
1207:
1104:
844:
741:
472:
432:
275:
265:
98:
44:
36:
2954:
Some authors use the term "Southeastern Yiddish" as a collective designation for both
4630:
4325:
4241:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4064:
3994:
3967:
3869:
3864:
3654:
3105:
2907:
2661:, it has been stigmatized and deliberately avoided by recent generations of Litvaks.
1510:
1004:
864:
761:
691:
487:
482:
462:
457:
359:
344:
83:
1677:, while Lithuanian Yiddish was the basis of standard literary and academic Yiddish.
4118:
2871:
1816:
1072:
1067:
983:
497:
422:
364:
157:
52:
1360:
3075:"Oldest Jewish Community in Switzerland Is Disappearing, but Not Without a Fight"
4310:
4104:
3986:
3525:
2772:
2674:
2155:
2143:
2032:
2020:
1905:
1893:
1494:
linguistic elements aggregated as well, and from the 18th century onwards, some
1440:
1416:
966:
721:
522:
502:
4237:
2222:
2148:
2109:
2025:
1990:
1898:
1845:
1654:
1430:
1041:
961:
756:
731:
532:
512:
412:
4163:
4012:
3961:
3941:
1547:
1342:
676:
417:
329:
4372:
4017:
3854:
3554:
1797:
1755:
1741:
1702:
1634:
1514:
1459:
These have a number of clearly distinguished regional varieties, such as
1382:
951:
786:
746:
716:
671:
602:
292:
4089:
4022:
3951:
3917:
3512:, 6th revised ed., YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York, 1999,
2797: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1801:
1793:
1789:
1759:
1737:
1733:
1664:
1644:
1612:
1563:
1551:
1337:
1024:
1014:
766:
751:
701:
637:
582:
552:
452:
354:
324:
282:
270:
260:
17:
2747:
first published in 1898 together with his Yiddish-English Dictionary (
3433:, Hebrew Publishing Company, New York, 1898. Expanded 6th ed., 1910,
3414:
Never Say Die: A Thousand Years of Yiddish in Jewish Life and Letters
1681:
1570:. Hiberno-Yiddish spoken by Jews in Ireland is based on this dialect.
1559:
1555:
1448:
1019:
893:
781:
776:
711:
706:
681:
661:
642:
627:
592:
587:
567:
547:
542:
467:
427:
319:
3576:
3091:
3926:
3301:
Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations
2845:) provides a clearer picture of the more recent YIVO perspective.
2824:
2745:
Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations
2506:
1763:
1487:
1352:
communities have become the most commonly spoken form of Yiddish.
1152:
771:
726:
666:
612:
597:
492:
3565:
2834:
2657:
was common in Litvish Yiddish in previous generations. Known as
647:
617:
572:
407:
4376:
3580:
1526:
Eastern Yiddish is split into Northern and Southern dialects.
2766:
2668:
736:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2755:. The relevant material is presented there under the heading
1715:
1685:
1658:
1648:
1627:
1606:
1595:
1540:
1498:
elements due to immigrants blended into Yédisch-Daïtsch too.
3394:
Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development
1690:; many Haredim in Jerusalem also preserve Litvish Yiddish.
3127:, City University of New York. "This article appeared in
1862:(1-=*, 2-=*, 3-=*, 4-=*, 5-=*), and the second refers to
3321:
2859:, the stage pronunciation, as a common designation for
3431:
Harkavy's English-Jewish and Jewish-English Dictionary
3186:
https://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf
2966:
while still applying the term Northeastern Yiddish to
3445:, 3 vols., Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1992–2000,
3198:
https://ingeveb.org/articles/new-yiddish-dialectology
2990:
1638:
1470:
traditionally spoken by the Jews of Alsace is called
4324:
4259:
4204:
4149:
4035:
4003:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3847:
3782:
3708:
3663:
3632:
3623:
3614:
2981:The two varieties differ slightly. Many words with
1601:or "Polish" Yiddish) was spoken in Poland, western
3443:The Language and Culture Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry
3210:
3006:
2866:There is nothing unusual about heated debate over
1546:or "Lithuanian" Yiddish) was spoken in modern-day
1505:." In the 18th century, Yiddish was declining in
3121:Western Yiddish in Orange County, New York State
1364:Yiddish dialects (late 19th-early 20th century):
3533:: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods
2912:Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry
2879:
2839:Language and Cultural Atlas of Ashkenazic Jewry
2829:YIVO on 16th Street in Manhattan, New York City
3497:Genetic Notes on Netherlandic Yiddish Vocalism
3379:, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1979,
3172:"Hiberno-Yiddish – The language of Irish Jews"
2638:Some dialects have final consonant devoicing.
4388:
3592:
2841:(discussed in detail below under the heading
2619: = shtetl = shteytl (Note: Unstressed
1673:Ukrainian Yiddish was the basis for standard
1310:
8:
3092:Yédisch-Daïtsch, le dialecte judéo-alsacien
2703:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4395:
4381:
4373:
3913:
3904:
3629:
3620:
3599:
3585:
3577:
3217:. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p.
3013:. Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. p.
1404:Western Yiddish included three dialects:
1317:
1303:
31:
2813:Learn how and when to remove this message
2723:Learn how and when to remove this message
1878:Genetic sources of Yiddish dialect vowels
2416:
2245:
2134:
2011:
1884:
1359:
3119:Quoted in: Jochnowitz, George (2010). "
3040:
2947:
43:
3535:, St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005,
3416:, Mouton Publishers, The Hague, 1981,
3363:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
2564: = kleyn, tzvey = klayn, tzvay
2426:Southern Yiddish (Poylish, Galitzish)
1848:of the Proto-Yiddish stressed vowels.
1633:or "Ukrainian" Yiddish) was spoken in
1754:dialects, which were centered around
1732:dialects, which were centered around
1705:would develop dialects incorporating
7:
3282:
3270:
3258:
2991:
2795:adding citations to reliable sources
2701:adding citations to reliable sources
3572:Map of Lithuanian Yiddish territory
2429:Comparison (Heb. script = NY = SY)
3460:Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction
3106:Structure du parler judéo-alsacien
2842:
25:
3396:, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1999,
2887:
27:Varieties of the Yiddish language
3555:Jewish Language Research Website
2910:et al. published a three-volume
2771:
2748:
2673:
2467: = dos, zogn = dus, zugn
1463:, plus many local subvarieties.
51:
3479:Grammar of the Yiddish Language
3377:Yiddish: A Survey and a Grammar
3213:Grammar of the Yiddish Language
3009:Grammar of the Yiddish Language
2782:needs additional citations for
1579:dialects are again subdivided:
1558:, and portions of northeastern
1078:List of Jews in the visual arts
3462:. Cambridge University Press.
2914:, commonly referred to as the
1399:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1191:Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur
1:
4344:Algerian Jewish Sign Language
2665:Development of "neutral" form
1775:Transitional Yiddish dialects
1083:List of Jewish film directors
3441:Herzog, Marvin, et al. ed.,
2989:in Lithuanian Yiddish, e.g.
2968:
2962:
2956:
2895:
2406:
2393:
2386:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2207:
2199:
2190:
2182:
2167:
2159:
2094:
2086:
2071:
2063:
2048:
2036:
1975:
1963:
1944:
1936:
1921:
1909:
1864:quantity or diphthongization
1828:Differences between dialects
1716:
1686:
1659:
1649:
1628:
1607:
1596:
1541:
3481:, Duckworth, London, 1987,
3345:guides.library.columbia.edu
2763:Standardization controversy
2423:Northern Yiddish (Litvish)
1639:
4668:
3734:Jewish Palestinian Aramaic
3073:Ariel David (2018-10-14).
2751:). A scanned facsimile is
2738:Standard Yiddish phonology
1474:, originally a mixture of
1181:Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
4411:
4357:
2614:
2593:
2583:
2569:
2559:
2545:
2535:
2514:
2500:
2472:
2462:
2434:
2226:
2113:
1994:
254:Jewish diaspora languages
4174:Judeo-Hamedani–Borujerdi
3458:Jacobs, Neil G. (2005).
3125:College of Staten Island
2588: = breyt = broyt
4305:Portuguese-based Creole
2906:Between 1992 and 2000,
1562:, northern and eastern
1507:German-speaking regions
1290:Category:Jewish culture
1088:Jews in American cinema
3375:Birnbaum, Solomon A.,
2892:
2888:Solomon Birnbaum, 1979
2830:
2540: = zayn = zahn
2420:Vowel (Hebrew script)
1378:
1376: Eastern dialects
1370: Western dialects
1164:List of Jews in sports
4647:High German languages
4348:village sign language
4334:Israeli Sign Language
3429:Harkavy, Alexander,
3129:Les Cahiers du CREDYO
2985:in the standard have
2828:
1363:
4642:Dialects by language
3824:Judaeo-Tripolitanian
3494:Katz, Dovid (1978).
3339:Margolis, Michelle.
3295:Harkavy, Alexander.
3209:Katz, Dovid (1987).
3005:Katz, Dovid (1987).
2791:improve this article
2697:improve this section
1439:(spoken in northern
1169:Association football
508:Crossing the Red Sea
4184:Judeo-Yazdi–Kermani
3562:Columbia University
3392:Estraikh, Gennady,
2248:
2137:
2014:
1887:
1880:
558:Gathering of Israel
236:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4212:Jewish Koine Greek
4072:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3819:Judaeo-Palestinian
3664:Reading traditions
3508:Weinreich, Uriel,
3435:scanned facsimile.
3410:Fishman, Joshua A.
3174:. 15 January 2023.
2831:
2246:
2135:
2012:
1885:
1876:
1871:Middle High German
1813:Hungarian lowlands
1768:Naberezhnye Chelny
1753:
1731:
1720:
1632:
1624:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1545:
1537:
1379:
1126:Biblical cosmology
1053:Ancient Jewish art
802:Valley of the ants
538:Conquest of Canaan
478:Sodom and Gomorrah
4624:
4623:
4370:
4369:
4364:extinct languages
4301:Judaeo-Papiamento
4255:
4254:
4133:Judaeo-Portuguese
4031:
4030:
3894:
3893:
3704:
3703:
2920:dialect continuum
2868:language planning
2823:
2822:
2815:
2733:
2732:
2725:
2634:
2633:
2630:does not change)
2415:
2414:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2131:
2130:
2008:
2007:
1747:
1725:
1714:
1626:
1618:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1539:
1531:
1451:, extending into
1327:
1326:
1219:Ancient Israelite
1063:Judeo-Tat theatre
578:David and Goliath
16:(Redirected from
4659:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4281:Judaeo-Malayalam
4195:Judeo-Golpaygani
4140:Judaeo-Aragonese
4058:Judaeo-Livornese
3914:
3905:
3630:
3621:
3608:Jewish languages
3601:
3594:
3587:
3578:
3504:
3502:
3473:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3262:
3256:
3250:
3244:
3233:
3232:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3160:Yiddish Dialects
3157:
3132:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3028:
3012:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2952:
2932:Jewish languages
2890:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2775:
2767:
2753:available online
2728:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2677:
2669:
2656:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2573:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2518:
2517:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2476:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2449:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2249:
2233:
2217:
2205:
2185:
2170:
2165:
2138:
2127:
2101:
2092:
2077:
2066:
2051:
2046:
2015:
2001:
1982:
1970:
1951:
1939:
1924:
1919:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1752:
1751:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1699:Jews who settled
1689:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1599:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1445:southern Germany
1413:Northern Germany
1377:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1330:Yiddish dialects
1319:
1312:
1305:
528:Ten Commandments
55:
32:
21:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4652:German dialects
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4407:
4401:
4371:
4366:
4353:
4320:
4291:Judaeo-Georgian
4251:
4200:
4145:
4112:Judeo-Provençal
4027:
3999:
3890:
3843:
3834:Judaeo-Tunisian
3814:Judaeo-Moroccan
3807:Judaeo-Baghdadi
3797:Judaeo-Egyptian
3792:Judaeo-Algerian
3778:
3769:Lishanid Noshan
3700:
3659:
3610:
3605:
3551:
3544:
3521:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3470:
3457:
3454:
3437:
3425:
3405:
3388:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3229:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3135:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3061:Eastern Yiddish
3058:
3054:
3049:Western Yiddish
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3004:
2980:
2976:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2937:Mordkhe Veynger
2928:
2904:
2891:
2886:
2861:Standard German
2851:Yiddish theatre
2819:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2788:
2776:
2765:
2729:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2694:
2678:
2667:
2659:Sabesdiker losn
2615:
2594:
2584:
2570:
2560:
2546:
2536:
2515:
2501:
2473:
2463:
2435:
2399:
2383:
2356:
2326:
2296:
2269:
2236:
2231:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2188:
2173:
2164:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2076:
2069:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2004:
1999:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1856:
1841:
1830:
1777:
1749:
1748:
1727:
1726:
1693:In addition to
1675:theatre Yiddish
1620:
1619:
1611:), and much of
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:Eastern Yiddish
1509:, as Jews were
1472:Yédisch-Daïtsch
1427:central Germany
1395:
1393:Western Yiddish
1373:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1323:
1294:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1213:
1212:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1186:Maccabiah Games
1158:
1157:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1110:
1109:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1058:Yiddish theatre
1047:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1029:
989:
988:
973:
972:
971:
946:
945:
930:
929:
928:
914:Medieval Hebrew
824:
823:
808:
807:
806:
655:Jewish folklore
443:Forbidden Fruit
402:
401:
386:
385:
384:
370:Judeo-Malayalam
178:Lishanid Noshan
71:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4581:Serbo-Croatian
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4368:
4367:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4330:
4328:
4326:Sign languages
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4242:Judaeo-Marathi
4235:
4223:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4151:Judaeo-Iranian
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4085:Judaeo-Spanish
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4065:Judaeo-Mantuan
4061:
4052:Judaeo-Italian
4049:
4046:Judaeo-Catalan
4041:
4039:
4037:Judaeo-Romance
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4005:Jewish English
4001:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3981:Judeo-Alsatian
3973:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3933:
3931:
3911:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3862:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3710:Judaeo-Aramaic
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3550:
3549:External links
3547:
3546:
3545:
3531:Born to Kvetch
3524:
3522:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3476:
3474:
3468:
3455:
3440:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3408:
3406:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3356:
3331:
3313:
3287:
3275:
3263:
3251:
3234:
3227:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3163:
3133:
3112:
3098:
3084:
3065:
3052:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
2974:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2903:
2900:
2884:
2821:
2820:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2731:
2730:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2632:
2631:
2612:
2609:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2533:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2392:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1854:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:Carpathian Rus
1805:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1745:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1616:
1571:
1568:western Russia
1523:
1520:
1461:Judeo-Alsatian
1457:
1456:
1453:Northern Italy
1434:
1420:
1394:
1391:
1357:
1354:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1285:Portal:Judaism
1281:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1131:Mathematicians
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
987:
986:
980:
979:
978:
975:
974:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
947:
944:
943:
937:
936:
935:
932:
931:
927:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
826:
825:
822:
821:
815:
814:
813:
810:
809:
805:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
473:Tower of Babel
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
433:Garden of Eden
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
404:
403:
400:
399:
393:
392:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
301:
300:
290:
285:
280:
279:
278:
273:
263:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
231:Judeo-Moroccan
228:
227:
226:
224:Judeo-Baghdadi
208:
207:
206:
205:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
73:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
45:Jewish culture
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4664:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4190:
4189:Judeo-Kashani
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Judeo-Shirazi
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Judeo-Persian
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:Judaeo-French
4123:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3995:Scots-Yiddish
3993:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3968:Klezmer-loshn
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Indo-European
3897:
3886:
3882:
3881:Judaeo-Berber
3879:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3839:Judaeo-Yemeni
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Judaeo-Syrian
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3784:Judaeo-Arabic
3781:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3597:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3541:0-312-30741-1
3538:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:0-914512-26-9
3515:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3488:
3487:0-7156-2161-0
3484:
3480:
3477:Katz, Dovid,
3475:
3471:
3469:0-521-77215-X
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3451:3-484-73013-7
3448:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3422:90-279-7978-2
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:0-19-818479-4
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3385:0-8020-5382-3
3382:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3228:0-7156-2161-0
3224:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3024:0-7156-2161-0
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:
2999:, Lithuanian
2978:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:Documentation
2901:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2856:Bühnendeutsch
2852:
2846:
2844:
2843:Documentation
2840:
2836:
2827:
2817:
2814:
2806:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:This section
2778:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2727:
2724:
2716:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2682:This section
2680:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2390:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2010:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1886:Netherlandic
1883:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:acculturating
1508:
1504:
1503:Enlightenment
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1250:Other aspects
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
985:
982:
981:
977:
976:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
942:
939:
938:
934:
933:
925:
922:
920:
919:Modern Hebrew
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
883:
882:Jewish poetry
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
820:
817:
816:
812:
811:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
656:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:Cain and Abel
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Gog and Magog
461:
459:
458:Promised Land
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
360:Judeo-Marathi
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
216:
215:
214:
213:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:Judeo-Aramaic
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
67:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4615:
4406:of languages
4359:
4311:Judaeo-Malay
4225:
4193:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4119:Judeo-Gascon
4117:
4110:
4103:
4078:Judaeo-Roman
4070:
4063:
4056:
4044:
3985:
3966:
3956:
3925:
3921:
3868:
3859:Ethiosemitic
3802:Judaeo-Iraqi
3764:Lishán Didán
3759:Lishana Deni
3739:
3732:
3529:
3526:Wex, Michael
3509:
3496:
3478:
3459:
3442:
3430:
3413:
3393:
3376:
3359:
3348:. Retrieved
3344:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3300:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3247:Jacobs (2005
3212:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3166:
3128:
3115:
3101:
3087:
3078:
3068:
3055:
3043:
3008:
2977:
2950:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2893:
2880:
2876:
2872:Soviet Union
2865:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2832:
2809:
2800:
2789:Please help
2784:verification
2781:
2749:Harkavy 1898
2744:
2742:
2734:
2719:
2710:
2695:Please help
2683:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2408:
2401:
2395:
2388:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2255:Netherlandic
1877:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1817:Transylvania
1809:Eastern part
1808:
1786:Western part
1785:
1778:
1713:vocabulary (
1692:
1679:
1672:
1621:Southeastern
1534:Northeastern
1525:
1500:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1437:Southwestern
1436:
1422:
1409:Northwestern
1408:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1380:
1347:
1329:
1328:
1270:Architecture
1068:Jewish dance
957:Philosophers
880:
879:
653:
652:
498:Burning bush
438:Tree of Life
423:Adam and Eve
365:Judeo-Berber
251:
250:
212:Judeo-Arabic
210:
209:
163:Lishán Didán
158:Lishana Deni
144:
143:
75:
74:
29:
4441:Azerbaijani
4338:German Sign
4105:Judeo-Latin
3987:Lachoudisch
3616:Afroasiatic
3364:Jacobs 2005
3109:(in French)
3095:(in French)
2995:= Standard
2464:דאָס, זאָגן
2261:Lithuanian
2187:22/24/42/44
2136:Lithuanian
1846:diaphonemes
1800:, and west
1684:which uses
1608:Galitsianer
1530:Northern /
1441:Switzerland
1425:(spoken in
1417:Netherlands
1411:(spoken in
722:Baal Berith
523:Golden calf
518:Mount Sinai
503:Ten Plagues
380:Koiné Greek
298:Piedmontese
198:Palestinian
139:Palestinian
4631:Categories
4556:Portuguese
4521:Macedonian
4295:Kartvelian
4246:Indo-Aryan
4238:Judeo-Urdu
3350:2024-01-17
3297:"Dialects"
3283:Katz (1978
3271:Katz (1978
3259:Katz (1978
3035:References
2641:Merger of
2505: =
1839:Comparison
1655:Bessarabia
1585:Mideastern
1466:The Judeo-
1431:Luxembourg
1423:Midwestern
1136:Scientists
962:Maimonides
941:Philosophy
899:Al-Andalus
819:Literature
732:Bar Juchne
533:Tabernacle
513:The Exodus
483:Noah's Ark
448:Patriarchs
340:Golpaygani
134:Babylonian
4606:Ukrainian
4536:Norwegian
4456:Bulgarian
4436:Aromanian
4426:Aragonese
4404:Varieties
4362:indicate
4285:Dravidian
4164:Judeo-Tat
4013:Yeshivish
3962:Udmurtish
3957:Ukrainish
3942:Galitzish
3671:Ashkenazi
2963:Ukrainish
2803:June 2022
2713:June 2022
2684:does not
2561:קלײן, צװײ
2247:Examples
2179:Close-mid
2060:Close-mid
1933:Close-mid
1717:Udmurtish
1660:Besaraber
1629:Ukrainish
1625:Yiddish (
1589:Yiddish (
1548:Lithuania
1538:Yiddish (
1356:Varieties
1334:varieties
1260:Symbolism
1234:Ashkenazi
1121:Astronomy
1010:Sephardic
1000:Religious
924:Holocaust
850:Judeo-Tat
677:Leviathan
397:Mythology
335:Zarphatic
288:Catalanic
129:Samaritan
89:Ashkenazi
66:Languages
4571:Romanian
4511:Japanese
4491:Georgian
4431:Armenian
4416:Albanian
4267:Krymchak
4220:Hellenic
4018:Yinglish
3922:dialects
3909:Germanic
3875:Cushitic
3774:Betanure
3741:Galilean
3728:Talmudic
3718:Biblical
3696:Tiberian
3691:Yemenite
3676:Sephardi
3650:Medieval
3645:Mishnaic
3640:Biblical
3326:yivo.org
2926:See also
2896:Wex 2005
2885:—
2757:Dialects
2598:
2574:
2550:
2519:
2509:= kigel
2477:
2439:
2211:12/13/41
2196:Open-mid
2083:Open-mid
1960:Open-mid
1798:Slovakia
1756:Kambarka
1750:Southern
1742:Votkinsk
1703:Udmurtia
1650:Podolyer
1640:Volinyer
1635:Volhynia
1576:Southern
1515:Haskalah
1490:school,
1468:Alsatian
1415:and the
1383:Ashkenaz
1265:Clothing
1224:Sephardi
1174:Baseball
1116:Medicine
952:Haskalah
904:Yemenite
894:Piyyutim
889:Biblical
875:Rabbinic
865:Yemenite
840:American
830:Biblical
787:Rephaite
747:Mazzikin
672:Behemoth
603:Mordecai
375:Krymchak
350:Hamedani
310:Gruzinic
293:Italkian
246:Yemenite
241:Djerbian
203:Galilean
193:Talmudic
188:Biblical
173:Betanure
124:Biblical
119:Mishnaic
114:Medieval
109:Tiberian
104:Yemenite
94:Sephardi
37:a series
35:Part of
4637:Yiddish
4616:Yiddish
4601:Turkish
4596:Swedish
4591:Spanish
4586:Slovene
4576:Russian
4561:Punjabi
4546:Persian
4531:Maltese
4481:English
4466:Chinese
4461:Catalan
4451:Bengali
4360:Italics
4315:Malayic
4227:Knaanic
4216:Yevanic
4159:Bukhori
4095:Tetuani
4090:Haketia
4023:Heblish
3976:Western
3952:Poylish
3947:Litvish
3937:Eastern
3918:Yiddish
3754:Hulaulá
3749:Barzani
3686:Italian
3681:Mizrahi
3412:(ed.),
3285::18–23)
3079:Haaretz
2969:Litvish
2957:Poylish
2849:in the
2705:removed
2690:sources
2013:Polish
1860:quality
1802:Hungary
1796:, west
1794:Moravia
1790:Bohemia
1760:Alnashi
1738:Sarapul
1734:Izhevsk
1728:Central
1695:Russian
1687:Litvish
1665:Romania
1653:), and
1645:Podolia
1613:Hungary
1603:Galicia
1597:Poylish
1591:Central
1564:Ukraine
1552:Belarus
1542:Litvish
1484:Aramaic
1350:Hasidic
1338:Yiddish
1336:of the
1229:Mizrahi
1208:Cuisine
1105:Science
1025:Zemirot
1015:Klezmer
1005:Mizrahi
995:Secular
967:Strauss
860:English
855:Yiddish
797:Yossele
767:Armilus
757:Se'irim
752:Arariel
702:Estries
697:Bagdana
638:Gabriel
633:Michael
583:Solomon
553:Gehenna
453:Abraham
418:Genesis
355:Shuadit
345:Shirazi
325:Bukhori
305:Knaanic
283:Yevanic
276:Tetuani
271:Haketia
261:Yiddish
219:Yahudic
168:Barzani
153:Hulaulá
99:Mizrahi
18:Poylish
4566:Romani
4551:Polish
4541:Pashto
4516:Korean
4496:German
4486:French
4471:Danish
4446:Basque
4421:Arabic
4275:Turkic
4271:Karaim
4260:Others
4232:Slavic
4205:Others
3927:argots
3885:Berber
3848:Others
3723:Targum
3655:Modern
3625:Hebrew
3539:
3516:
3485:
3466:
3449:
3420:
3400:
3383:
3322:"Home"
3306:11 May
3225:
3021:
3003:. See
3001:/vejn/
2997:/vojn/
2992:וואוין
2908:Herzog
2853:(c.f.
2474:אֻ, וּ
2258:Polish
1819:, and
1740:, and
1707:Udmurt
1682:Chabad
1566:, and
1560:Poland
1556:Latvia
1513:, the
1496:Polish
1492:French
1480:Hebrew
1476:German
1449:Alsace
1374:
1368:
1073:Humour
1020:Niggun
845:Ladino
835:Hebrew
792:Pardes
782:Alukah
777:Elioud
742:Naamah
712:Samael
707:Belial
687:Tannin
682:Shedim
662:Dybbuk
643:Dobiel
628:Azrael
593:Esther
588:Samson
568:Gideon
563:Daniel
548:Moloch
543:Yahweh
468:Nimrod
428:Lilith
330:Juhuri
320:Dzhidi
315:Karaim
266:Ladino
252:Other
183:Targum
84:Modern
77:Hebrew
4526:Malay
4506:Hindi
4501:Greek
4476:Dutch
3870:Qwara
3865:Kayla
3855:Geʽez
3568:EYDES
3566:LCAAJ
3560:LCAAJ
3501:(PDF)
2943:Notes
2916:LCAAJ
2649:into
2628:]
2624:[
2616:שטעטל
2607:]
2603:[
2571:ױ, וֹ
2547:אֵ, ײ
2531:]
2527:[
2507:kugel
2496:]
2492:[
2486:]
2482:[
2458:]
2454:[
2448:]
2444:[
2380:54 (U
2353:24 (E
2323:13 (A
2293:42 (O
2266:11 (A
2203:21/25
2172:51/52
2163:31/32
2156:Close
2144:Front
2125:22/24
2103:42/44
2073:oː~ou
2065:eː~ej
2053:12/13
2044:32/52
2040:31/51
2033:Close
2021:Front
2003:24/44
1998:11/13
1984:42/54
1972:22/34
1906:Close
1894:Front
1811:(the
1764:Agryz
1711:Tatar
1663:, in
1488:Rashi
1343:Shoah
1153:Sport
984:Music
870:Musar
772:Broxa
762:Dumah
727:Lilin
717:Re'em
692:Rahab
667:Golem
613:Satan
598:Haman
493:Moses
4611:Urdu
3633:Eras
3537:ISBN
3514:ISBN
3483:ISBN
3464:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3418:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3308:2011
3273::25)
3261::17)
3249::28)
3223:ISBN
3059:See
3047:See
3019:ISBN
2987:/ej/
2983:/oj/
2960:and
2835:YIVO
2688:any
2686:cite
2611:ey
2585:ברױט
2580:oy
2577:ey
2556:ay
2553:ey
2537:זײַן
2522:ai
2502:קוגל
2223:Open
2149:Back
2110:Open
2026:Back
1991:Open
1899:Back
1807:The
1784:The
1766:and
1709:and
1573:The
1482:and
1447:and
1429:and
1332:are
909:Epic
648:Ouza
623:Ruth
618:Ezra
573:Saul
408:Baal
2863:).
2793:by
2699:by
2621:/e/
2525:ah
2288:lt
1701:in
1643:),
1042:Art
737:Ziz
608:Job
4633::
4240:,
4214:,
3528:,
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3324:.
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2100:ɔj
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2068:25
2042:iː
2000:aː
1981:ɔu
1979:41
1969:ɛj
1967:21
1953:12
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1948:51
1941:25
1938:eː
1926:52
1917:32
1915:iː
1913:31
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