36:
201:, lies in their behaviour; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter. Only three languages (
567:
the orthographic sequences μπ, ντ γκ and γγ are often pronounced as prenasalized voiced stops , , and , respectively, especially in formal speech and among older speakers. Among younger
Athenian speakers the prenasalization often disappears and in fast speech the voiced stop may be replaced by a
268:, rather than actually having an oral release.) No language is believed to contrast the two types of consonant, which are distinguished primarily by a difference in timing (a brief nasal followed by longer stop, as opposed to a longer nasal followed by brief stop).
263:
and similar sounds (including voiceless ) in many dialects of
Chinese. (At least in the Chinese case, nasalization, in some dialects, continues in a reduced degree to the vowel, indicating that the consonant is partially
802:
with a sequence of nasal+voiced stop, yet not prenasalized. The difference in the length of the part is clearly visible. The nasal in the prenasalized word is much shorter than the nasal in the other word.
838:
stops, . In addition, Fijian allows prenasalized stops at the beginning of a word, but it does not allow other consonant sequences. Thus the prenasalized stops behave like ordinary consonants. In some
1205:
1254:
580:
has a set of prenasalized stops which are alternate allophonically with simple nasal continuants; they appear only within a word, to the left of a stressed vowel that is oral.
806:
This phonetic information is complemented by phonological evidence: The first vowel in gaambar is lengthened, which only happens in open syllables in Sri Lanka Malay. The
220:
In most languages, when a prenasalized consonant is described as "voiceless", it is only the oral portion that is voiceless, and the nasal portion is modally
780:
1236:
768:
1287:
53:
325:, prenasalized stops are also found. The prenasalized stops in the vernacular readings of Southern Min languages evolved not from the different
929:⟩. An old convention of the IPA was to mark the nasal as 'short' until the short and the nonsyllabic signs diverged, as in ⟨
285:
are famous for their prenasalized stops (the "nt" in "Bantu" is an example), but similar sounds occur across Africa and around the world.
100:
1086:
794:
has been in contact with
Sinhala a long time and has also developed prenasalized stops. The spectrograms on the right show the word
119:
72:
612:
663:
376:
158:
140:
79:
57:
86:
68:
873:
who have similar phonologies in their languages, voiced consonants are prenasalized. For example, the preposition
46:
1342:
791:
551:"strawberry" is in most of the south, but in much of the north. Prenasalized stops are also reconstructed for
1127:
618:
779:
634:
1269:
947:
930:
926:
922:
918:
827:
640:
564:
548:
245:
214:
154:
150:
136:
626:
767:
193:. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English
921:⟩. In the IPA, a tie bar may be used to specify that these are single segments, as in ⟨
632:
624:
616:
606:
604:
589:
1274:
93:
831:
577:
1228:
997:
306:
229:
885:. The prenasalization behaves as a phonetic detail of voicing, rather than a separate segment.
1320:
Silverman, Daniel (1995), "Optional, conditional, and obligatory prenasalization in
Bafanji",
1082:
906:
902:
894:
839:
544:
341:
260:
345:
1279:
1220:
870:
835:
596:
592:
202:
942:
925:⟩. Another common transcription practice is to make the nasal superscript: ⟨
855:
819:
807:
322:
282:
241:
174:
537:
600:
547:, standard voiced stops are prenasalized, and voiceless stops are voiced. For example,
349:
326:
309:
nasals instead). The sound can also be found in approximately 90 languages in Africa.
1336:
1232:
898:
843:
644:
353:
334:
290:
233:
206:
1025:
842:, prenasalisation of voiced consonants depends on the environment. For example, in
552:
318:
225:
298:
917:
When unambiguous, prenasalized consonants may simply be transcribed e.g. ⟨
329:
initials and thus are historically different from the voiced obstruents found in
882:
35:
17:
1224:
648:
356:. The following table illustrates the prenasalized consonants in northern Yi.
330:
302:
210:
810:
of gaambar must be gaa.mbar then, and the syllabification of sambal sam.bal.
643:
between prenasalized consonants and their corresponding clusters, along with
866:
823:
668:
453:
365:
190:
186:
178:
170:
232:) dialects, voiced consonants are preceded by voiceless prenasalization: .
217:
between prenasalized consonants (C) and their corresponding clusters (NC).
752:
730:
708:
686:
237:
224:. Thus, a language may have "voiced" and "voiceless" . However, in some
182:
146:
1283:
818:
An example of the unitary behavior of prenasalized stops is provided by
1001:
834:
stops, , and a series of prenasalized stops, , but there are no simple
265:
985:
504:
371:
221:
305:
in Latin script transcription although this may sometimes indicate
846:, b and d are prenasalized when the preceding consonant is nasal (
778:
766:
286:
1024:
Riehl, Anastasia (January 2008). "NC type combination patterns".
651:, although the nature of this contrast is debated. For example,
294:
1113:
Cohn (1990) "Phonetic and
Phonological Rules of Nasalization",
1050:
Chan (1987) "Post-stopped nasals in
Chinese: an areal study",
29:
536:
The prenasalized stops also occur in several branches of the
639:. Sinhala is one of only three languages reported to have a
293:
had a prenasalized stop in his name, as does the capital of
1151:
Norman, Jerry (January 1974). "The
Initials of Proto-Min".
858:
has prenasalization word-medially, but not word-initially (
1178:(2). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 222—238.
1027:
The
Phonology and Phonetics of Nasal Obstruent Sequences
775:
has a shorter nasal segment and a longer preceding vowel
1170:
1159:(1). The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press: 27—36.
1065:
A Grammar of Yeyi: A Bantu
Language of Southern Africa
540:
language family of Southern China and Southeast Asia.
979:
977:
975:
893:
Prenasalized stops are also found in Australia. The
145:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
340:Prenasalized consonants are widely utilized in the
301:(African prenasalized stops are often written with
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1213:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
787:has a longer nasal and a shorter preceding vowel
518:
491:
467:
441:
417:
393:
159:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1103:Post-stopped nasals in Chinese: an areal study
1019:
1017:
771:A prenasalized consonant in Sri Lanka Malay
744:
722:
700:
678:
251:Prenasalized stops may be distinguished from
8:
901:, but does not have any other word-initial
259:(orally released nasals), such as the of
1273:
1079:The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea
966:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1206:"Illustrations of the IPA: Modern Greek"
986:"Prenasalization and Syllable Structure"
653:
511:
484:
460:
434:
410:
386:
358:
1255:"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"
959:
360:Prenasalized consonants in Northern Yi
798:with a prenasalized stop and the word
751:
729:
707:
685:
7:
149:. For the distinction between ,
58:adding citations to reliable sources
822:. In this language, as in many in
25:
1322:Journal of West African Languages
1115:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics
1033:(PhD thesis). Cornell University
897:has both prenasalized stops and
34:
783:An cluster in Sri Lanka Malay
213:) have been reported to have a
141:International Phonetic Alphabet
45:needs additional citations for
1193:. China Social Sciences Press.
1172:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1153:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1128:"PHOIBLE 2.0 - Consonant ŋmɡb"
905:. Compare "good", "make", "
1:
655:Four-way contrast in Sinhala
603:has prenasalized versions of
181:(or occasionally a non-nasal
1262:Journal of Greek Linguistics
1077:Holzknecht, Susanne (1989).
850:"ours"), but not elsewhere (
826:and also reconstructed for
519:
492:
468:
442:
418:
394:
1359:
1189:Dai, Ligang (April 2005).
1253:Arvaniti, Amalia (2007).
1225:10.1017/s0025100300006538
1204:Arvaniti, Amalia (1999).
895:Eastern Arrernte language
881:) is pronounced by many
745:
723:
701:
679:
599:have prenasalized stops.
512:
485:
461:
435:
411:
387:
380:
375:
369:
364:
984:Feinstein, Mark (1979).
948:List of Latin digraphs#M
543:In dialects of northern
69:"Prenasalized consonant"
1081:. Pacific Linguistics.
1063:*Seidel, Frank (2008),
869:is spoken by people in
830:, there is a series of
272:Geographic distribution
167:Prenasalized consonants
137:phonetic transcriptions
788:
776:
134:This article contains
1304:Principles of the IPA
782:
770:
590:Indo-Aryan languages
54:improve this article
27:Type of articulation
1306:(1947: 17–18)
1284:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
656:
361:
321:languages, such as
257:post-stopped nasals
990:Linguistic Inquiry
903:consonant clusters
789:
777:
753:[kan̪.d̪ə]
654:
359:
899:prestopped nasals
840:Oceanic languages
765:
764:
731:[ka.ⁿd̪ə]
534:
533:
342:Loloish languages
236:has prenasalized
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1350:
1343:Nasal consonants
1329:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1286:. Archived from
1277:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1235:. Archived from
1210:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1186:
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1021:
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1011:
1009:
1008:
981:
970:
964:
932:
928:
924:
920:
871:Papua New Guinea
792:Sri Lankan Malay
755:
748:
747:
733:
726:
725:
711:
704:
703:
689:
687:[ka.d̪ə]
682:
681:
657:
638:
630:
622:
610:
578:Guaraní language
550:
525:
515:
514:
498:
488:
487:
474:
464:
463:
448:
438:
437:
424:
414:
413:
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362:
348:family, such as
247:
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125:
118:
114:
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105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1358:
1357:
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1347:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1316:
1311:
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1275:10.1.1.692.1365
1257:
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1208:
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1202:
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1188:
1187:
1183:
1169:
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1136:
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1049:
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1036:
1034:
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1023:
1022:
1015:
1006:
1004:
983:
982:
973:
967:Silverman (1995
965:
961:
956:
943:Preploded nasal
939:
915:
891:
816:
808:syllabification
709:[ka.nə]
586:
574:
561:
315:
283:Bantu languages
279:
274:
173:sequences of a
164:
163:
162:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Prenasalization
15:
12:
11:
5:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1293:on 2013-12-11.
1245:
1242:on 2016-03-03.
1219:(2): 167–172.
1196:
1181:
1162:
1143:
1119:
1106:
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1043:
1013:
996:(2): 245–278.
971:
958:
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952:
951:
950:
945:
938:
935:
914:
911:
890:
887:
877:(from English
815:
812:
763:
762:
759:
756:
749:
741:
740:
737:
734:
727:
719:
718:
715:
712:
705:
697:
696:
695:shoulder pole
693:
690:
683:
675:
674:
671:
666:
661:
660:Sinhala script
601:Sinhala script
585:
582:
573:
570:
560:
557:
532:
531:
528:
526:
516:
508:
507:
501:
499:
489:
481:
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477:
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465:
457:
456:
451:
449:
439:
431:
430:
427:
425:
415:
407:
406:
403:
401:
391:
383:
382:
379:
374:
368:
327:Middle Chinese
314:
311:
289:'s politician
278:
275:
273:
270:
187:phonologically
185:) that behave
157:⟩, see
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1355:
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1327:
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1313:
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1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1185:
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1177:
1173:
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1163:
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1147:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
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1088:0-85883-394-8
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934:
913:Transcription
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872:
868:
863:
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857:
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837:
833:
829:
828:Proto-Oceanic
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
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797:
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774:
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572:South America
571:
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546:
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291:Kwame Nkrumah
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253:post-oralized
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81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1325:
1321:
1303:
1299:
1288:the original
1265:
1261:
1248:
1237:the original
1216:
1212:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1131:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1101:Chan (1987)
1097:
1078:
1072:
1067:. R. Köppe.
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1035:. Retrieved
1026:
1005:. Retrieved
993:
989:
962:
916:
892:
878:
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864:
859:
851:
847:
817:
805:
799:
795:
790:
784:
772:
673:Translation
587:
575:
562:
553:Old Japanese
542:
535:
530:quick, fast
520:
493:
469:
443:
419:
395:
366:Yi Character
346:Lolo–Burmese
339:
319:Southern Min
316:
280:
256:
252:
250:
226:Southern Min
219:
198:
194:
189:like single
166:
165:
153:and ⟨
135:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1191:閩語的歷史層次及其演變
1132:phoible.org
883:Melanesians
568:fricative.
337:languages.
303:apostrophes
266:denasalized
228:(including
1268:: 97–208.
1137:2022-05-28
1037:2024-01-31
1007:2024-01-31
954:References
933:⟩.
649:Selayarese
584:South Asia
538:Hmong–Mien
211:Selayarese
191:consonants
110:April 2008
80:newspapers
1270:CiteSeerX
1233:145606058
1117:76, p. 7.
889:Australia
867:Tok Pisin
832:voiceless
824:Melanesia
669:ISO 15919
454:buckwheat
370:Official
313:East Asia
299:N'Djamena
238:ejectives
230:Taiwanese
179:obstruent
1337:Category
1052:UCLA WPP
937:See also
907:coolamon
862:"yam").
641:contrast
479:control
381:Meaning
307:syllabic
261:Acehnese
215:contrast
183:sonorant
171:phonetic
151:/ /
147:Help:IPA
1328:: 57–62
1314:Sources
1002:4178108
854:"us").
814:Oceania
796:gaambar
785:sam.bal
773:ga.mbar
597:Dhivehi
593:Sinhala
549:/itiɡo/
344:of the
323:Teochew
203:Sinhala
177:and an
139:in the
94:scholar
1272:
1231:
1085:
1000:
879:belong
875:bilong
856:Uneapa
836:voiced
820:Fijian
800:sambal
739:trunk
736:kan̆da
559:Europe
505:liquor
503:wine,
429:drink
405:skirt
372:Pinyin
277:Africa
244:has a
242:Adzera
222:voiced
199:member
195:finger
155:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1291:(PDF)
1258:(PDF)
1240:(PDF)
1229:S2CID
1209:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
998:JSTOR
865:When
860:goᵐbu
848:noⁿda
761:hill
758:kanda
565:Greek
545:Japan
335:Xiang
287:Ghana
175:nasal
143:(IPA)
101:JSTOR
87:books
1083:ISBN
969::65)
852:gida
844:Raga
746:කන්ද
717:ear
714:kana
692:kada
647:and
645:Fula
631:and
595:and
588:The
576:The
354:Naxi
352:and
333:and
295:Chad
281:The
246:/ⁿʔ/
234:Yeyi
207:Fula
169:are
73:news
1280:doi
1221:doi
1054:#68
931:m̆b
923:m͜b
909:".
664:IPA
615:/,
611:, /
563:In
377:IPA
317:In
255:or
197:or
56:by
1339::
1326:25
1324:,
1278:.
1264:.
1260:.
1227:.
1217:29
1215:.
1211:.
1174:.
1155:.
1130:.
1016:^
994:10
992:.
988:.
974:^
927:ᵐb
919:mb
724:කඳ
702:කන
680:කද
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