57:, researchers argued that fast-paced hospital environments make it difficult to get each patient through all 20 items, especially when other assessments must also be done. Shorter versions of the STAI have been developed. For example, Marteau and Bekker's six-item version of the State scale was found in 2009 to have "favorable internal consistency reliability and validity when correlated with the parent 20-item State scale".
137:: This is seen among people who are highly responsive to external stimulation. Usually, people in this group are greatly influenced by the information that is given to them. Information seems to have a positive influence on these people: potential dangers, how dangers are overcome, and protective factors help the patients grasp reality and overcome worry.
290:: The defenses of denial and other reassurances that were created to ward off the worry and apprehension preoperatively are not effective long-term. When all the pain and stress is experienced post-operatively, the emotional tension is unrelieved because there aren't any real reassurances available from the pre-operational stage.
264:
adequately prepare the patient for pain. Also, higher levels of anxiety can over-sensitize the patient to unpleasant stimuli, which would heighten their senses of touch, smell or hearing. This results in intense pain, dizziness, and nausea. It can also increase the patient's feelings of uneasiness in the unfamiliar surroundings.
234:, but they also usually respond well to mild sedatives. Their outward manner may seem relatively calm and well controlled, except for small moments where it is apparent to others that the patient is suffering from an inner conflict. They can usually perform daily tasks, only becoming restless from time to time.
211:
Patients in this category tend to adopt a joking attitude or to say things like "there's nothing to it!" Because most pain is not preconceived by the patient, the patients tends to blame their pain on the hospital staff. In this case, the patient feels as if they have been mistreated. This is because
263:
On the positive side, if a patient experiences moderate amounts of anxiety, the anxiety can aid in the preparation for surgery. On the negative side, the anxiety can cause harm if the patient experiences an excessive or diminutive amount. One reason for this is that small amounts of anxiety will not
249:
It is common for patients in this level of anxiety to engage in mentally distracting activities in an attempt to get their mind off of anticipated danger. They have a hard time idealizing their situation or maintaining any sort of conception that things could turn out well in the end. This because
215:
Other trends include displaying a calm and relaxed attitude during preoperative care. They don't usually experience any sleeping disturbances. They also tend to make little effort to seek more information about medical procedures. This may be due to the fact that they are unaware of the potential
130:
characters, and patients with other avoidance disorders. Some of the patients that experience low levels of anxiety are emotional and responsive to their environment, but if unpleasant information is given, there is an immediate shift to a moderate degree of
817:
245:
Patients in this category will usually try to reassure themselves by seeking information, but these attempts, in the long-run, are unsuccessful at helping the patient reach a comfortable point because the fear is so dominant.
126:: This is seen among people with personality predispositions that incline a person to deny signs of impending dangers and ignore harsh warnings of medical personnel. This group also includes severe obsessives, withdrawn
46:
of anxiety, and the Trait scale is designed to measure longstanding personality characteristics related to anxiety. The items on each scale are based on a two-factor model: "anxiety present" or "anxiety absent".
302:: Because the reassurances given by hospital personnel were not effective pre-operatively, there aren't any real reassurances available to aid with the stress stimuli that are subsequently encountered.
296:: Reality-oriented reassurances that were used to prepare a patient with moderate anxiety for an operation are stored in the patient's memory, so they are available to aid in post-operational stress.
195:
Some patients may become so apprehensive that they cannot understand or follow simple instructions. Some may be so aggressive and demanding that they require constant attention of the nursing staff.
147:
symptoms, and among those who have an extremely hard time with the threat of body damage. This includes those with repressed inner struggles that are brought out through the external threat.
444:
Brown Roger L., Tluczek Audrey, Henriques
Jeffrey B. (2009). "Support for the Reliability and Validity of a Six-Item State Anxiety Scale Derived From the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory".
227:
Patients in this category may only experience minor emotional tension. The occasional worry or fear that is experienced by a patient with moderate anxiety can usually be suppressed.
39:(STAI) is a widespread method of measuring preoperative anxiety for research purposes. It consists of two 20-item scales on which patients are asked to rate particular symptoms.
779:
459:
793:
42:
The STAI is based on the theory that there are two distinct aspects of anxiety. The State scale is designed to measure the circumstantial or temporary
237:
These patients are usually very motivated to develop reliable information from medical authority in order to reach a point of comfortable relief.
203:
In research conducted by Irving Janis, common reactions and strategies were separated into three different levels of preoperative anxiety:
27:. It can be described as an unpleasant state of tension or uneasiness that results from a patient's doubts or fears before an operation.
219:
The main concern that low anxiety patients tend to express is finances, and they usually deny apprehension about operational dangers.
216:
threats, or it may just be because they have succeeded in shutting themselves out and eliminating all thought of doubt and fear.
192:
Anxiety may cause behavioral and cognitive changes that result in increased tension, apprehension, nervousness, and aggression.
833:"Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale"
36:
901:
326:
342:. An advantage of melatonin is that it has no known serious side effects, such as a hangover effect post-surgery.
553:
Dirik G., Karanci A.N. (2003). "Predictors of Pre- and
Postoperational Anxiety in Emergency Surgery Patients".
119:
Irving Janis separates the factor trends that are commonly seen affecting anxiety into three different levels:
685:
Lepczyk, Marybeth; Raleigh Edith, Hunt; Rowley, Constance (1990). "Timing of preoperative patient teaching".
283:
Irving L. Janis separates the effects of preoperative anxiety on postoperative reactions into three levels:
503:
638:"Acupressure for prevention of pre-operative anxiety: a prospective, randomised, placebo controlled study"
773:
453:
886:
809:
667:
321:
831:
Hong JS, Atkinson LZ, Al-Juffali N, Awad A, Geddes JR, Tunbridge EM, et al. (March 2022).
212:
the patient doesn't have the usual mindset that pain is an unavoidable result of an operation.
862:
761:
712:
659:
570:
526:
419:
402:
Pritchard
Michael John (2009). "Identifying and assessing anxiety in pre-operative patients".
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411:
181:
794:"Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia"
857:
832:
756:
731:
698:
335:
800:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2022-10-17.
566:
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Psychological characteristics (such as coping strategies and perceived social support)
880:
813:
654:
637:
522:
415:
671:
747:
170:
166:
23:, is a common reaction experienced by patients who are admitted to a hospital for
624:
Psychological Stress: Psychoanalytic and
Behavioral Studies of Surgical Patients
277:
162:
848:
805:
115:
Gender (females tend to have higher levels of preoperative anxiety than males).
504:"Patterns and frequency of anxiety in women undergoing gynaecological surgery"
355:
351:
75:
109:
Sociodemographic characteristics (such as age, marital status, and education)
339:
273:
866:
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574:
530:
423:
716:
707:
231:
144:
127:
65:
A variety of fears can cause preoperative anxiety. They include fear of:
43:
24:
174:
626:. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1958. Web. Dec. 2009.
184:, which makes it difficult for the hospital staff to obtain blood.
732:"Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults"
730:
Madsen BK, Zetner D, Møller AM, Rosenberg J (December 8, 2020).
280:
requirement, postoperative pain, and prolonged hospital stay.
331:
Permitting family members to be present before the operation
102:
Other factors in the intensity of preoperative anxiety are:
143:: This is seen among patients with predispositions to have
177:, and a heightened sense of touch, smell, or hearing.
318:
Accurate and thorough information about the operation
161:Anxiety can cause physiological responses such as
481:. 51 (1996):344-346. EBSCO. Web. September 2009.
348:A preoperative visit from the anaesthesiologist
311:Treatment of preoperative anxiety may include:
272:Anxiety has also been proven to cause higher
8:
778:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
458:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
250:they tend to dwell on improbable dangers.
856:
755:
706:
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477:Bajaj, A. et al. "Pre-operative Anxiety"
180:A patient may also experience peripheral
736:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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315:Preoperative patient teaching or tours
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699:10.1111/j.1365-2648.1990.tb01817.x
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555:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
502:Carr Eloise; et al. (2006).
820:from the original on 2024-06-04.
655:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04332.x
523:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01285.x
416:10.7748/ns2009.08.23.51.35.c7222
334:Anti-anxiety medication such as
199:Behavioral strategies and trends
636:Agarwal A; et al. (2005).
152:Effects of preoperative anxiety
748:10.1002/14651858.CD009861.pub3
446:Journal of Nursing Measurement
55:Journal of Nursing Measurement
31:Measuring preoperative anxiety
1:
567:10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00631-1
327:Cognitive behavioural therapy
106:Previous hospital experiences
83:Recuperation around strangers
37:State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
687:Journal of Advanced Nursing
511:Journal of Clinical Nursing
345:Nurse-patient relationships
918:
849:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6
806:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173
80:Loss of personal identity
169:, elevated temperature,
259:Preparation for surgery
17:Preoperational anxiety
188:Psychological effects
157:Physiological effects
95:Unsuccessful recovery
837:Molecular Psychiatry
21:preoperative anxiety
902:Health care quality
98:Strange environment
50:In a 2009 paper in
322:Relaxation therapy
622:Janis, Irving L.
230:Some may develop
61:Causes of anxiety
909:
871:
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843:(3): 1339–1349.
828:
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759:
742:(12): CD009861.
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404:Nursing Standard
399:
294:Moderate anxiety
223:Moderate anxiety
182:vasoconstriction
135:Moderate anxiety
72:Surgical failure
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648:(10): 978–981.
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336:benzodiazepines
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89:Loss of control
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12:
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693:(3): 300–306.
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561:(4): 363–369.
536:
517:(3): 341–352.
483:
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798:NIHR Evidence
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708:2027.42/73141
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455:
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410:(51): 35–40.
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131:apprehension.
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69:"The unknown"
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774:cite journal
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300:High anxiety
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241:High anxiety
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167:hypertension
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141:High anxiety
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34:
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642:Anaesthesia
288:Low anxiety
278:anaesthetic
207:Low anxiety
163:tachycardia
124:Low anxiety
887:Physiology
881:Categories
479:Anaethesia
362:References
356:gabapentin
352:Pregabalin
128:schizoidal
76:Anesthesia
814:252983016
340:melatonin
307:Treatment
274:analgesic
867:34819636
818:Archived
766:33319916
672:21158736
664:16179042
575:14507548
531:16466484
424:19753776
232:insomnia
171:sweating
145:neurotic
897:Surgery
892:Anxiety
858:9095464
757:8092422
717:2332553
254:Effects
44:arousal
25:surgery
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175:nausea
810:S2CID
668:S2CID
507:(PDF)
92:Death
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863:PMID
780:link
762:PMID
740:2020
713:PMID
660:PMID
571:PMID
527:PMID
460:link
420:PMID
276:and
86:Pain
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