22:
565:
Like (2 & 3), adjunct can have unexpressed predicands. In (7), the underlined adjunct VP has no expressed predicand. The predicand in this case is the protagonist, Orlando. This kind of construction has traditionally been seen as a
355:
When (3) is spoken, it can be interpreted as "it's hot" where the predicand is the ambient temperature, or it can mean that an object is hot to the touch, in which case, the predicand would be the object in question.
206:
Predicands are usually expressed in the utterance, and they are typically the subject. In the
English example (1), the predicand is the person being spoken to, which corresponds to the subject
557:
In both cases, the predicand is the speaker, which corresponds to the subject. Note that the predicand has two predicates in each case: the modifier and the head VP.
959:
930:
280:, but this doesn't drop a predicand. For instance, in the Spanish example (2), there is no subject, but the predicand is still the person being spoken to.
836:
178:, where the predicand is not a subject or where the predicate is not the head of the clause. Also, not every utterance has a predicand.
988:
105:
43:
86:
58:
359:
Predicands are usually unexpressed in imperative clauses, but they are usually the person or people being addressed.
39:
32:
143:
65:
661:
135:
72:
127:
885:
175:
324:
If the subject is not included, the predicand can be ambiguous, as shown in the
Japanese example (3).
54:
598:
508:
367:
There are cases in which the predicand has a syntactic function other than subject. This happens in
681:
187:
163:
983:
953:
924:
195:
171:
711:
Here, the predicand is the hands of the speaker, denoted by the subject of the verbless clause
919:. School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences (Doctoral dissertation). Edinburgh.
832:
785:
755:
567:
277:
151:
826:
978:
512:
368:
725:
898:
759:
733:
677:
162:
In the most typical cases, the predicand corresponds to the subject of a clause, and the
79:
972:
877:
742:
437:
191:
167:
21:
944:
Perlmutter, David; Postal, Paul (1984). "The 1-advancement exclusiveness law".
614:
Similar to (4), adjuncts can take non-subject predicands. In (8), even though
440:, the head of the main clause. But it's also the predicand of the subordinate
789:
131:
119:
660:, but the predicand is the person being addressed, which corresponds to a
852:
511:
can be a predicate. Often this is a VP as in (6a), but it can also be an
292:
186:
The typical case involves a predicand corresponding to the subject and a
664:
in the VP. The predicate here is the VP in the relative clause modifier
273:
779:
723:
Utterances need not have a predicand. For example, an exclamation of
147:
139:
754:
A predicand is typically a subject, and subjects typically have the
762:. Nevertheless, the predicand is by no means limited to this role.
515:, as in (6b). In both cases the relevant modifier is underlined.
15:
684:. An example is shown in (9), with the predicate underlined.
474:
398:
917:
Control in free adjuncts: The "dangling modifier" in
English
746:"snow" in Hungarian also seem to have no predicand at all.
228:
626:, the underlined adjunct VP has John as its predicand.
447:
Another example is in object predicands such as (5).
182:
When predicates correspond to the head of the clause
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
878:"Word-order variation of some object complements"
730:in French after a painful bump has no predicand.
810:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2005).
587:, there was not a trace of that vast erection.
8:
812:A student's introduction to English grammar
680:, a predicate may be a constituent such as
958:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
929:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
134:, specifically that of which something is
585:Driving past Buckingham Palace last night
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
831:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 96.
814:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
781:The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar
498:Predicates other than head of the clause
770:
951:
922:
894:
883:
570:, though Donaldson argues otherwise.
7:
910:
908:
805:
803:
801:
799:
610:Adjuncts with non-subject predicands
561:Adjuncts with unexpressed predicands
44:adding citations to reliable sources
656:, the subject is the dummy pronoun
643:, several things stood out to John.
174:of the clause. But there are also
14:
622:is the object of the preposition
618:is the subject of the clause and
503:Adjuncts with subject predicands
20:
946:Studies in Relational Grammar 2
444:clause, which has no subject.
31:needs additional citations for
876:Buliekova, Anna (2020-01-29).
719:Utterances without a predicand
641:Approaching the front of class
1:
750:Predicands and thematic roles
150:typically functioning as the
825:Watson, Janet C. E. (1993).
371:constructions, such as (4).
948:. Chicago. pp. 81–125.
784:. Oxford University Press.
652:In cleft sentences such as
1007:
828:A Syntax of Ṣanʻānī Arabic
420:What makes you think that?
915:Donaldson, James (2020).
989:Transitivity and valency
320:"Do you want a coffee?"
176:form-meaning mismatches
893:Cite journal requires
713:my hands in my pockets
654:It's you who was right
546:happy just to be there
363:Non-subject predicands
268:Unexpressed predicands
433:is the object of the
258:Do you want a coffee?
682:prepositional phrase
599:Orlando: A Biography
40:improve this article
778:Aarts, Bas (2014).
530:Sitting next to her
272:In many languages,
190:corresponding to a
138:. By extension, in
853:"あつい - Wiktionary"
202:Subject predicands
857:en.wiktionary.org
838:978-3-447-03392-3
707:
706:
648:
647:
605:
604:
568:dangling modifier
553:
552:
488:He made Kim happy
317:want-2SG a coffee
314:¿Quieres un café?
170:(VP) that is the
166:corresponds to a
116:
115:
108:
90:
996:
964:
963:
957:
949:
941:
935:
934:
928:
920:
912:
903:
902:
896:
891:
889:
881:
873:
867:
866:
864:
863:
849:
843:
842:
822:
816:
815:
807:
794:
793:
775:
734:Impersonal verbs
689:
688:
678:verbless clauses
672:Verbless clauses
631:
630:
575:
574:
520:
519:
513:adjective phrase
476:
400:
294:
276:subjects can be
261:{} SUBJ {} {} {}
230:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
997:
995:
994:
993:
969:
968:
967:
950:
943:
942:
938:
921:
914:
913:
906:
892:
882:
875:
874:
870:
861:
859:
851:
850:
846:
839:
824:
823:
819:
809:
808:
797:
777:
776:
772:
768:
752:
721:
674:
612:
563:
505:
500:
495:
486:
478:
468:
460:
452:
427:
423:{} {} OBJ {} {}
418:
410:
402:
392:
384:
376:
365:
353:
340:
329:
322:
312:
304:
296:
285:
270:
265:
256:
248:
240:
232:
222:
214:
204:
198:of the clause.
184:
160:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1004:
1003:
1000:
992:
991:
986:
981:
971:
970:
966:
965:
936:
904:
895:|journal=
868:
844:
837:
817:
795:
769:
767:
764:
751:
748:
740:in English or
720:
717:
709:
708:
705:
704:
695:
692:
673:
670:
650:
649:
646:
645:
637:
634:
616:several things
611:
608:
607:
606:
603:
602:
595:
593:
590:
589:
581:
578:
562:
559:
555:
554:
551:
550:
544:I kept quiet,
541:
538:
535:
534:
532:, I was happy.
526:
523:
504:
501:
499:
496:
479:
469:
461:
453:
450:
449:
411:
403:
393:
385:
377:
374:
373:
364:
361:
330:
327:
326:
305:
297:
286:
283:
282:
269:
266:
249:
241:
233:
223:
215:
212:
211:
203:
200:
183:
180:
159:
156:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1002:
1001:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
961:
955:
947:
940:
937:
932:
926:
918:
911:
909:
905:
900:
887:
879:
872:
869:
858:
854:
848:
845:
840:
834:
830:
829:
821:
818:
813:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
782:
774:
771:
765:
763:
761:
757:
756:thematic role
749:
747:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
729:
727:
718:
716:
714:
703:
701:
700:in my pockets
696:
693:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:
683:
679:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
644:
642:
638:
635:
633:
632:
629:
628:
627:
625:
621:
617:
609:
600:
596:
594:
592:
591:
588:
586:
582:
579:
577:
576:
573:
572:
571:
569:
560:
558:
549:
547:
542:
539:
537:
536:
533:
531:
527:
524:
522:
521:
518:
517:
516:
514:
510:
502:
497:
494:
492:
489:
485:
482:
477:
472:
467:
464:
459:
456:
448:
445:
443:
439:
436:
432:
426:
424:
421:
417:
414:
409:
406:
401:
396:
391:
388:
383:
380:
372:
370:
362:
360:
357:
352:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
308:
303:
300:
295:
289:
281:
279:
275:
267:
264:
262:
259:
255:
252:
247:
244:
239:
236:
231:
226:
221:
218:
210:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
189:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
945:
939:
916:
886:cite journal
871:
860:. Retrieved
856:
847:
827:
820:
811:
780:
773:
753:
741:
737:
732:
724:
722:
712:
710:
699:
697:
675:
665:
657:
653:
651:
640:
639:
623:
619:
615:
613:
584:
583:
564:
556:
545:
543:
529:
528:
506:
493:
491:{} {} OBJ {}
490:
487:
483:
480:
473:
470:
465:
462:
457:
454:
446:
441:
434:
430:
428:
425:
422:
419:
415:
412:
407:
404:
397:
394:
389:
386:
381:
378:
366:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
337:
334:
331:
323:
319:
316:
313:
309:
306:
301:
298:
290:
287:
271:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
245:
242:
237:
234:
227:
224:
219:
216:
207:
205:
194:that is the
185:
161:
142:, it is the
123:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
702:, I waited.
438:verb phrase
351:"It's hot."
192:verb phrase
168:verb phrase
144:constituent
55:"Predicand"
973:Categories
862:2021-04-24
766:References
736:, such as
662:complement
274:pronominal
136:predicated
66:newspapers
984:Semantics
954:cite book
925:cite book
790:961478264
698:My hands
666:was right
188:predicate
164:predicate
132:utterance
124:predicand
120:semantics
509:modifier
288:¿Quieres
158:Examples
128:argument
96:May 2021
979:Grammar
743:havazik
369:raising
278:dropped
251:coffee?
152:subject
80:scholar
835:
788:
726:Putain
484:
466:
458:
429:Here,
416:
408:
390:
382:
310:coffee
254:
246:
238:
220:
148:clause
140:syntax
130:in an
126:is an
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
760:agent
481:happy
442:think
413:that?
405:think
387:makes
345:atsui
335:atsui
307:café?
291:want-
146:in a
87:JSTOR
73:books
960:link
931:link
899:help
833:ISBN
786:OCLC
738:rain
620:John
463:made
435:make
379:What
342:あつい。
332:あつい。
235:want
229:SUBJ
208:you.
196:head
172:head
122:, a
59:news
758:of
676:In
525:6a
475:OBJ
471:Kim
451:(5)
431:you
399:OBJ
395:you
375:(4)
348:hot
338:hot
328:(3)
293:2SG
284:(2)
225:you
213:(1)
118:In
42:by
975::
956:}}
952:{{
927:}}
923:{{
907:^
890::
888:}}
884:{{
855:.
798:^
715:.
694:9
668:.
658:it
636:8
624:to
601:)
580:7
540:b
507:A
455:He
299:un
217:Do
154:.
962:)
933:)
901:)
897:(
880:.
865:.
841:.
792:.
728:!
597:(
548:.
302:a
243:a
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
