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77:) a designated subject at the highest level. To be granted the title Priv.-Doz. by a university, a recipient has to fulfill the criteria set by the university which usually require excellence in research, teaching, and further education. In its current usage, the title indicates that the holder has completed their
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Since the end of the 1960s, the requirement of a post-doctoral degree for a professorship in
Germany has been questioned and in some cases is not necessary. In 2002, junior professorships were introduced, providing a route to a professorship without habilitation; the habilitation is no longer the
109:, as such does not imply a salaried appointment; it merely denotes permission to teach and examine independently at the conferring faculty without a professorial appointment. At German universities, some title holders are appointed as
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it started around 1810, and became established around 1860. From 1900 until 1968, most university professors who were appointed were title holders, as they obtained a habilitation and already held a teaching position.
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ceases to hold the title if appointed at professorial level or if discontinuing lecturing at the faculty. In
Germany, the title can be revoked if the holder does not lecture for more than two consecutive semesters.
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Many title holders do not have remuneration agreements with their conferring institution, but depending on local regulations may be required to teach in order to maintain their status as a
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and is therefore granted permission to teach and examine students independently without having a full professorship (chair). With respect to the level of academic achievement, the title of
67:, is an academic title conferred at some European universities, especially in German-speaking countries, to someone who holds certain formal qualifications that denote an ability (
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The title has its origins in German-speaking countries in Europe before 1800. It referred to a lecturer who received fees from his students rather than a university salary.
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Alawi, Seyed Arash; Luketina, Rosalia; Krezdorn, Nicco; Busch, Lukas Fabian; Limbourg, Anne; Branski, Ludwik; Vogt, Peter M.; Jokuszies, Andreas (1 September 2019).
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gold standard against which other qualifications are measured during the appointment process. This has led to a decline in universities conferring the title
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119:(or on a permanent basis as academic employees), or as senior researchers through externally funded research projects.
306:"How to become a medical professor – a comparative analysis of academic requirements in Germany and the United States"
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is comparable to that of
Associate Professor (North America), Senior Lecturer (United Kingdom), or
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maître de conférences détenteur de l'habilitation à diriger des recherches (HDR)
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280:"dict.cc dictionary :: Privatdozent :: German-English translation"
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237:"Comparaison des carrières des enseignants-chercheurs de pays étrangers"
40:(1848): "A German Privatdozent who becomes a mummy wrapped in his hopes"
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French
Ministry of Higher Education and Research (10 February 2011).
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Caricature of a
Privatdozent from German satirical periodical
178:"Dental Academic Degrees in Germany Compared to the USA"
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Vargas, Nikoletta; Romanos, Georgios E. (June 2022).
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374:[Precarity of Privatdozenten].
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27:Academic title at European universities
370:Privatdozenten sind das Uni-Prekariat
126:. In 2012 more than 5,000 honorarium
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405:[University Slaves Unite!].
366:Laube, Stefan (29 February 2012).
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159:in certain academic disciplines.
429:"Junior Professors on the Rise"
397:Pape, Helmut (25 March 2010).
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401:Uni-Sklaven, vereinigt euch!
310:Innovative Surgical Sciences
461:Higher education in Germany
71:) and permission to teach (
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254:"Professorship in Austria"
55:(for women), abbreviated
476:German words and phrases
103:higher doctoral degree
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322:10.1515/iss-2019-0011
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466:Academic terminology
93:Conferment and roles
195:10.3390/dj10060098
139:History and future
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163:References
89:(France).
65:Priv.-Doz.
330:2364-7485
289:21 August
264:21 August
204:2304-6767
188:(6): 98.
117:fee basis
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291:2023
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200:ISSN
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