610:
organization. However, other countries may also have ministries of home affairs called "the
Ministry of Home Affairs", but each refers to a unique object, so each is a proper name. Similarly, "Beach Road" is a unique road, though other towns may have their own roads named "Beach Road" as well. This is simply a matter of the pragmatics of naming, and of whether a naming convention provides identifiers that are unique; and this depends on the scope given by context.
871:). For proper names, as for several other kinds of words and phrases, the details are complex, and vary sharply from language to language. For example, expressions for days of the week and months of the year are capitalized in English, but not in Spanish, French, Swedish, or Finnish, though they may be understood as proper names in all of these. Languages differ in whether most elements of multiword proper names are capitalized (American English has
1546:(8th edition, 2014) does not appeal to proper names in discussion of trademarks ("Aspirin", for applicable countries; 9.7.7) or biological taxa ("The Liliaceae are very diverse"; 22.3.1.4), except to mention that component proper nouns are capitalized normally ("Capitalize other parts of a virus name only if they are proper nouns: ...
1405:
There also appear to be differences in language acquisition. Although
Japanese does not distinguish overtly between common and proper nouns, two-year-old children learning Japanese distinguished between names for categories of object (equivalent to common names) and names of individuals (equivalent
812:
Maps will typically include definite articles in the title, but omit them from the map image itself (e.g., Maldives, Sahara, Arctic Ocean, Andes, Elbe); however, exceptions may be made (e.g., The Wash, The Gambia). It is also customary to drop the definite article in tables (e.g., a table of nations
905:
practices in
English varied widely. Capitalization was much less standardized than today. Documents from the 18th century show some writers capitalizing all nouns, and others capitalizing certain nouns based on varying ideas of their importance in the discussion. Historical documents from the early
897:
European alphabetic scripts only developed a distinction between upper case and lower case in medieval times so in the alphabetic scripts of ancient Greek and Latin proper names were not systematically marked. They are marked with modern capitalization, however, in many modern editions of ancient
609:
As with proper nouns, so with proper names more generally: they may only be unique within the appropriate context. For instance, India has a ministry of home affairs (a common-noun phrase) called the
Ministry of Home Affairs (its proper name). Within the context of India, this identifies a unique
1480:
headed "The distinction between proper names and proper nouns", Huddleston and Pullum write: "In their primary use proper names normally refer to the particular entities that they name: in this use they have the syntactic status of NPs. ...Proper nouns, by contrast, are word-level units
1406:
to proper names): When a previously unknown label was applied to an unfamiliar object, the children assumed that the label designated the class of object (i.e. they treated the label as the common name of that object), regardless of whether the object was inanimate or not. However,
1467:
n. ..."; "proper name n. ... a name, consisting of a proper noun or noun phrase including a proper noun, that designates an individual person, place, organization, tame animal, ship, etc., and is usually written with an initial capital letter. ...". See also the
626:) are used without an article or other determiner. However, some proper names are usually used with the definite article. Grammarians divide over whether the definite article becomes part of the proper name in these cases, or is preceding the proper name.
1421:
In
English, children employ different strategies depending on the type of referent but also rely on syntactic cues, such as the presence or absence of the determiner "the" to differentiate between common and proper nouns when first learned.
957:). It is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter of text styling, as at the start of a sentence or in titles and other headings. See
1540:. According to both of these, proper names are generally capitalized, but some apparent exceptions are made, and many nouns and noun phrases that are not presented as proper names include capitalization. For example,
808:
Headlines, which often simplify grammar for space or punchiness, frequently omit both definite and indefinite articles. Sports chants also often omit definite articles (e.g., "Go Bears!", "U-S-A! U-S-A!").
4199:
1034:
Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are definitive and regimented in their application (compare brand names, discussed below). For example,
1222:
and other commercial terms that are nouns or noun phrases are capitalized whether or not they count as proper names. Not all brand names are proper names, and not all proper names are brand names.
1368:
Chinese, capitalization is used to mark proper names, with some complexities because of different
Chinese classifications of nominal types, and even different notions of such broad categories as
964:
Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the
237:, as well as the company. In English, proper names in their primary application cannot normally be modified by articles or another determiner, although some may be taken to include the article
373:
but this distinction is not universally observed and sometimes it is observed but not rigorously. When the distinction is made, proper nouns are limited to single words only (possibly with
976:
give decisive recommendations on capitalization, but not all of them go into detail on how to decide in these gray areas if words are proper nouns or not and should be capitalized or not.
268:
In
English and many other languages, proper names and words derived from them are associated with capitalization, but the details are complex and vary from language to language (French
1563:"This list makes sure that each capitalized common name corresponds to one and only one scientific name and each scientific name corresponds to one and only capitalized common name."
261:
is not a flower). If it once had a descriptive meaning, it may no longer be descriptive. For example, a location previously referred to as "the new town" may now have the proper name
1490:
The author distinguishes the two terms (including in separate index entries), but elsewhere in the text he conflates them. This conflation runs counter to the accepted definition of
919:
1554:, but decide (against the majority) not to include expressions for days of the week or months of the year. They cite as evidence the fact that French does not capitalize these.
1494:
as denoting a class of single words, as opposed to phrases as higher-level elements of clauses and sentencesâa definition that he himself gives (on p. 627, for example).
337:
Occasionally, what would otherwise be regarded as a proper noun is used as a common noun, in which case a plural form and a determiner are possible. Examples are in cases of
3239:
3060:
791:
In grammatical constructs where a definite article would be used even with a proper noun that normally does not use it, only a single article is used (e.g., "
2470:
Robsona, Jo; Marshalla, Jane; Pringa, Tim; Montagua, Ann; Chiatb, Shula (2004). "Processing proper nouns in aphasia: Evidence from assessment and therapy".
1550:"; 22.3.5.2). The guides vary in their recommendations. Valentine et al. (1996) cite dictionaries and grammars in an effort to settle the scope of the term
889:, multiword settlement names are capitalized throughout, but non-settlement names are only capitalized in the initial element, though with many exceptions.
3779:
3244:
907:
2591:
417:. Especially as titles of works, but also as nicknames and the like, some proper names contain no noun and are not formed as noun phrases (the film
257:. A proper name may appear to have a descriptive meaning, even though it does not (the Rolling Stones are not stones and do not roll; a woman named
598:. Proper names based on noun phrases differ grammatically from common noun phrases. They are fixed expressions, and cannot be modified internally:
1463:
a noun that designates an individual person, place, organization, animal, ship, etc., and is usually written with an initial capital letter; cf.
2551:
2527:
2510:
2460:
2428:
2405:
2377:
2330:
2274:
2190:
2171:
2152:
2133:
2097:
2078:
2060:
2041:
2020:
1634:
4065:
3912:
1013:
206:, and so on), but not in mainstream linguistic theory. Not every noun or a noun phrase that refers to a unique entity is a proper name.
3584:
3486:
2349:
2216:
1053:
Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example,
481:. In such cases the common noun may determine the kind of entity, and a modifier determines the unique entity itself. For example:
704:
Yangtze"). When such proper nouns are grouped together, sometimes only a single definite article will be used at the head (e.g., "
4194:
4070:
3917:
1481:
belonging to the category noun. ... Proper nouns are nouns which are specialised to the function of heading proper names."
3986:
2284:
Katz, Nancy; Baker, Erica; Macnamara, John (1974). "What's in a name? A study of how children learn common and proper names".
1025:, it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in
979:
Words or phrases that are neither proper nouns nor derived from proper nouns are often capitalized in present-day
English:
4204:
3633:
3620:
3201:
708:
Nile, Congo, and Niger"). And in certain contexts, it is grammatically permissible or even mandatory to drop the article.
3337:
2964:
2916:
2584:
915:
861:
are capitalized, but other words are also capitalized in proper names (not including composition titles), for instance:
3442:
2642:
1279:(referring to a car produced by the company Chevrolet) is not a proper name: it can be pluralized (French and English
618:
Because they are used to refer to an individual entity, proper names are, by their nature, definite; so many regard a
801:
Matterhorn"). In a grouping, a single definite article at the head may be understood to cover for the others (e.g., "
547:
Proper nouns, and all proper names, differ from common nouns grammatically in
English. They may take titles, such as
485:
The 16th robotic probe to land on the planet was assigned to study the north pole, and the 17th probe the south pole.
999:
in reference to the
Abrahamic deity (God). For some such words, capitalization is optional or dependent on context:
3731:
2992:
2713:
1542:
1164:") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the
911:
227:
215:
121:
4174:
4043:
1456:
1206:
1109:(and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional.
528:(as a proper name, Beach Road may have nothing to do with the beach; it may be any distance from the waterfront)
495:
When Probe 17 overflew the South Pole, it passed directly over the place where Captain Scott's expedition ended.
4145:
4001:
3538:
2827:
2420:
1436:
1284:
221:
31:
1235:
is given a non-standard secondary application, in the role of a common noun, these usages are accepted: "The
4314:
3884:
3216:
2577:
1530:
1027:
233:
231:, as well as a racehorse, several songs, several films, and other objects; there are towns and people named
225:
may refer to a planet, a god, a ship, a city in Florida, or a symphony; at least one person has been named
4335:
3902:
3811:
3578:
3449:
2935:
1585:
The authors distinguish proper nouns, common nouns, abstract nouns, material nouns, and collective nouns.
805:
Germany of Hitler, British Empire of Churchill, United States of Roosevelt, and Soviet Union of Stalin").
689:). Plural proper names take the definite article. Such plural proper names include mountain ranges (e.g.,
338:
331:
2226:
Imai, Mutsumi; Haryu, Etsuko (2001). "Learning Proper Nouns and Common Nouns without Clues from Syntax".
3653:
2698:
1417:
for animals they tended to interpret the label as a name for the individual animal (i.e. a proper name).
1046:). Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species (
1259:, it is also used in the role of a common noun to refer to products of the named company: "He drove a
3941:
3673:
3408:
1338:
969:
965:
432:
180:, while they are proper names, are not proper nouns (though they could be said to function as proper
3648:
780:
Phrases that take the form of addressing a proper noun also cause the article to be dropped (e.g., "
4301:
4038:
4028:
3951:
3926:
3316:
2983:
2959:
1536:
938:
192:, but some linguists have used the term for that purpose. Sometimes proper names are called simply
3528:
1204:(although only rarely: this term is scarcely used in linguistic theory and does not appear in the
941:, it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized. The few clear exceptions include
4164:
4107:
3551:
3344:
3226:
3138:
2906:
2880:
2756:
2647:
2487:
2309:
1275:
926:
398:
196:, but that term is often used more broadly. Words derived from proper names are sometimes called
141:). The detailed definition of the term is problematic and, to an extent, governed by convention.
75:
59:
761:
water ..."). If a definite article is present, it is for the noun, not the attributive (e.g., "
4250:
4016:
3505:
3385:
2779:
2745:
2740:
2547:
2523:
2506:
2456:
2424:
2401:
2373:
2345:
2326:
2301:
2270:
2251:
2243:
2212:
2200:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2129:
2093:
2074:
2056:
2037:
2016:
1390:
scripts, do not distinguish upper and lower case and do not mark proper names systematically.
641:
Entities with proper names that use the definite article include geographical features (e.g.,
619:
588:
98:). Some proper nouns occur in plural form (optionally or exclusively), and then they refer to
1085:
is a proper name. Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized (
4135:
4011:
4006:
3907:
3828:
3725:
3393:
3362:
3269:
3128:
2849:
2479:
2442:
2293:
2235:
1365:
1353:
731:
Mediterranean: Rome's or Carthage's"), or words like "no" or "another" (e.g., "that dump is
198:
929:, from the 17th century until the orthographic reform of 1948, all nouns were capitalized.
125:). Proper nouns can also occur in secondary applications, for example modifying nouns (the
4140:
4060:
4055:
4050:
3981:
3946:
3897:
3855:
3749:
3626:
3533:
3375:
3352:
3311:
3065:
3025:
2837:
2564:
2204:
1576:(manufactured by the company Ford) as an example of a "tradename but not a proper name".
575:
in the manner of common nouns in order to establish the context in which they are unique:
377:), while proper names include all proper nouns (in their primary applications) as well as
247:
3821:
1459:
entry "proper, adj., n., and adv." The relevant lemmas within the entry: "proper noun n.
1414:
for inanimate objects, the children tended to interpret the new label as a sub-class, but
906:
United States show some examples of this process: the end (but not the beginning) of the
210:
for instance, is a common noun, even if chastity is considered a unique abstract entity.
972:") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its function in discourse. Most
700:
However, if adjectives are used, they are placed after the definite article (e.g., "the
4033:
3996:
3875:
3867:
3806:
3798:
3774:
3764:
3696:
3640:
3605:
3481:
3463:
3413:
3306:
3153:
3088:
3032:
2708:
2633:
2500:
2446:
2438:
2031:
1349:
886:
854:
253:
17:
753:
The definite article is omitted when such a proper noun is used attributively (e.g., "
4329:
4023:
3931:
3850:
3739:
3720:
3705:
3610:
3573:
3456:
3423:
3403:
3326:
3301:
3296:
3283:
3254:
3211:
3148:
3055:
3040:
3011:
2924:
2718:
2600:
2491:
2450:
2121:
2009:
543:
The John A. Burns School of Medicine is located at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
813:
or territories with population, area, and economy, or a table of rivers by length).
4289:
4277:
4227:
4221:
4216:
4075:
3769:
3715:
3710:
3663:
3597:
3523:
3513:
3492:
3436:
3370:
3321:
3249:
3183:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3133:
3108:
3098:
3005:
2786:
2604:
1038:
does not identify a unique individual, and it is not a proper name but a so-called
876:
858:
428:
2569:
1826:
Kjeld Kristensen: Dansk for svenskere, page 133, Gleerups 1986, ISBN 91-38-61407-3
711:
The definite article is not used in the presence of preceding possessives (e.g., "
555:. Otherwise, they normally only take modifiers that add emotive coloring, such as
461:
Common nouns are frequently used as components of proper names. Some examples are
2264:
1042:(somewhat misleadingly, because this is not intended as a contrast with the term
4262:
4184:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3754:
3668:
3658:
3518:
3476:
3471:
3288:
3264:
3206:
3173:
3143:
3123:
3118:
3093:
3083:
3050:
3045:
2861:
2842:
2796:
2791:
2672:
2107:
Burridge, Kate (November 2002). "New Standards in a Glorious Grammar: Review of
1543:
Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
1219:
1197:
1039:
973:
958:
902:
850:
419:
378:
181:
4255:
4238:
4179:
4159:
3816:
3744:
3691:
3687:
3615:
3431:
3398:
3331:
3234:
3178:
3000:
2954:
2911:
2866:
2817:
2750:
2730:
2693:
2667:
2623:
2618:
2483:
1383:
868:
846:
318:
213:
Few proper names have only one possible referent: there are many places named
108:
2305:
2247:
1334:
In non-alphabetic scripts, proper names are sometimes marked by other means.
821:
Proper names often have a number of variants, for instance a formal variant (
4267:
4154:
4130:
3892:
3784:
3544:
3259:
2942:
2876:
2822:
2769:
2764:
2637:
2239:
1387:
1357:
1342:
1251:
1227:
1201:
450:
is the name for something we sit on"); the latter type of name is called a
327:
2502:
The Cognitive Psychology of Proper Names: On the Importance of Being Ernest
2255:
1402:
that proper names and common names are processed differently by the brain.
742:
An indefinite article phrase voids the use of the definite article (e.g., "
4284:
4272:
4233:
4211:
4102:
3991:
3936:
3759:
3558:
3018:
2971:
2930:
2901:
2889:
2832:
2812:
2774:
2735:
1379:
1321:
1157:
350:
30:"Proper name" redirects here. For more abstract semantic treatments, see
4125:
4097:
3565:
3193:
2948:
2895:
2854:
2703:
2677:
2628:
2361:
Webster's new world dictionary of American English. 3rd college edition
2313:
1399:
1255:
is similarly a proper name referring to a specific company. But unlike
65:
53:
1810:
1808:
4294:
4169:
3279:
2725:
1361:
1360:) has sometimes been used to indicate a proper name. In the standard
115:
82:) and may be used when referring to instances of a specific class (a
47:
45:
that identifies a single entity and is used to refer to that entity (
2297:
1050:), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains.
918:(1789) capitalizes a few common nouns but not most of them; and the
538:(no indication of the name of the university or its medical school)
4244:
3973:
3959:
3955:
3871:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1410:, there was a difference between inanimate objects and animals:
265:
though it is no longer new and is now a city rather than a town.
1431:
1161:
397:. Proper names can have a common noun or a proper noun as their
42:
2573:
2522:(1993; 10th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster.
2370:
The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach
1967:
879:
are capitalized) or only the initial element (as in Slovenian
144:
A distinction is normally made in current linguistics between
2164:
National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America
1386:
script, along with many other languages using alphabetic or
1799:
853:, there is usually an association between proper names and
2400:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Taylor & Francis (Routledge).
2073:(42nd ed.). The Associated Press, Basic Books. 2007.
1231:
is a proper name, referring to a specific company. But if
583:; or as proper nouns to define an aspect of the referent:
1061:, but it is not itself a proper name (it can be limited:
2546:(2000; 4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.
2544:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1671:
1196:
who came to see me). Such words that vary according to
1176:'s apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third
1057:
is capitalized because it derives from the proper name
2537:
2499:
Valentine, Tim; Brennen, Tim; BrĂŠdart, Serge (2002) .
1771:
1769:
1188:'s apprentice). Sometimes neither is a proper noun (a
2342:
The McGraw-Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage
405:, for example, is a proper name with the common noun
2111:
by Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds)".
1267:
of the 1960s" (classes of vehicles). In these uses,
438:
Proper names are also referred to (by linguists) as
133:
adventure), or in the role of common nouns (he's no
4118:
4090:
3972:
3883:
3864:
3797:
3686:
3596:
3504:
3422:
3384:
3361:
3278:
3225:
3192:
3107:
3074:
2991:
2980:
2875:
2805:
2686:
2660:
2611:
2211:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2090:
Chinese Romanization: Pronunciation and Orthography
757:residents are concerned ...", "... eight pints of
594:may similarly be used to establish a new referent:
164:), only single-word proper names are proper nouns:
2008:
1991:
1943:
1081:are not proper names, but are capitalized because
446:; but that term is also used more broadly (as in "
719:United Kingdom"), demonstratives (e.g., "life in
508:is a proper name referring to Earth's south pole)
316:). The study of proper names is sometimes called
1907:
1895:
1859:
1835:
1814:
1736:
1719:
1695:
365:Current linguistics makes a distinction between
2452:A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
2162:Dunn, Jon Lloyd; Alderfer, Jonathan K. (2006).
1503:The authors give as an example the proper name
1398:There is evidence from brain disorders such as
1283:); and it can take a definite article or other
727:spectacular Alhambra"), interrogatives (e.g., "
152:. By this strict distinction, because the term
914:(1787) show nearly all nouns capitalized; the
638:, which are normally used without an article.
2585:
2372:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2209:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
2126:'The Oxford Companion to the English Language
2109:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1931:
1919:
1478:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1474:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1408:if the object already had an established name
1243:I know!"; "The company aspired to be another
933:Modern English capitalization of proper nouns
880:
849:scripts and that distinguish lower and upper
628:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
8:
1871:
1633:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPeiGaynor1954 (
1604:
862:
172:are both proper names and proper nouns; but
2417:A Nature Guide to the Southwest Tahoe Basin
1341:, parts of a royal name were enclosed in a
1160:(depending on how a body of study defines "
1021:comes at the start of a proper name, as in
3880:
3358:
2988:
2592:
2578:
2570:
2036:(10th ed.). Oxford University Press.
750:Philippines free from colonial masters").
2534:Online Dictionary of Language Terminology
1979:
1787:
1760:
1628:
2391:. OxfordNew York: Philosophical Library.
1659:
1647:
1616:
1319:." It contrasts with the uncapitalized
357:, likening a person to Mahatma Gandhi).
2520:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
2396:Po-Ching, Yip; Rimmington, Don (2006).
1955:
1748:
1597:
1448:
622:as redundant, and personal names (like
596:the column was written by a Mary Price
533:My university has a school of medicine.
347:the three members of the Kennedy family
2387:Pei, Mario A.; Gaynor., Frank (1954).
2363:. New York: Prentice Hall. 013949314X.
1315:is not a proper name: "We owned three
922:(1865) capitalizes only proper nouns.
693:), and collections of islands (e.g.,
563:; in a formal style, this may include
102:of entities considered as unique (the
80:continent, planet, person, corporation
2478:(10). Taylor & Francis: 917â935.
1883:
1775:
1707:
1683:
1672:Valentine, Brennen & BrĂŠdart 2002
1455:The distinction is recognized in the
614:Proper names and the definite article
156:is used for a class of single words (
7:
2340:Lester, Mark; Beason, Larry (2005).
2143:Collier, Mark; Manley, Bill (2003).
634:, in contrast with the more typical
518:(the road that runs along the beach)
504:is the proper name of a vessel, and
2128:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2088:Binyong, Yin; Felley, Mary (1990).
2015:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1847:
1382:and other languages written in the
1330:Alternative marking of proper names
1271:does not function as a proper name.
1014:Aboriginal land rights in Australia
920:Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment
669:), newspapers and magazines (e.g.,
442:. Sometimes they are called simply
326:, while a rigorous analysis of the
74:, which is a noun that refers to a
2147:. University of California Press.
1345:: an oval with a line at one end.
587:(Einstein when he was young). The
188:is not much used to contrast with
25:
2051:Anderson, John Mathieson (2007).
1507:, which includes the proper noun
3240:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2505:. Oxford: Taylor & Francis.
2145:How to Read Egyptian Hieroglyphs
1992:Katz, Baker & Macnamara 1974
1239:of this world"; "That's not the
795:Matterhorn at Disneyland is not
788:Pacific, be so on our voyage").
330:of proper names is a matter for
1263:" (a particular vehicle); "The
1105:) are sometimes loosely called
657:), cities and districts (e.g.,
513:Sanjay lives on the beach road.
490:(common-noun senses throughout)
2325:. Edinburgh University Press.
1944:Po-Ching & Rimmington 2006
1218:In most alphabetic languages,
665:), works of literature (e.g.,
557:old Mrs Fletcher, poor Charles
1:
2398:Chinese: An Essential Grammar
2323:A Glossary of English Grammar
2166:. National Geographic Books.
2030:Iverson, Cheryl, ed. (2007).
2011:Oxford Modern English Grammar
1470:Oxford Modern English Grammar
413:is headed by the proper noun
1908:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1896:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1836:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1815:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1737:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1720:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1696:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
827:the United States of America
735:Taj Mahal", "neo-Nazis want
569:the inimitable Henry Higgins
2389:A dictionary of linguistics
2368:Packard, Jerome L. (2000).
2359:Neufeldt, Virginia (1991).
2185:. Oxford University Press.
2055:. Oxford University Press.
1534:; the major British one is
1364:system of romanization for
1153:may be capitalized or not.
908:Declaration of Independence
885:, "National Assembly"). In
829:) and an informal variant (
746:restored Sistine Chapel", "
523:Sanjay lives on Beach Road.
4352:
3903:Imperial, royal, and noble
2183:The Oxford English Grammar
2181:Greenbaum, Sidney (1996).
2124:. In McArthur, Tom (ed.).
2071:Associated Press Stylebook
1548:Sandfly fever Naples virus
1526:Associated Press Stylebook
29:
4310:
3987:Imperial, royal and noble
2484:10.1080/02687030444000462
2344:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2266:The Philosophy of Grammar
2263:Jespersen, Otto (2013) .
1932:Binyong & Felley 1990
1920:Collier & Manley 2003
1910:, pp. 521â522, 1758.
1457:Oxford English Dictionary
1394:Acquisition and cognition
1207:Oxford English Dictionary
968:" is often capitalized ("
893:History of capitalization
454:to distinguish it from a
2828:Maiden and married names
2565:Wikiversity: Proper name
2449:; Svartvik, Jan (1985).
2321:Leech, Geoffrey (2006).
2120:Chalker, Sylvia (1992).
1872:Dunn & Alderfer 2006
1605:Lester & Beason 2005
1528:. The major US guide is
1437:Proper name (philosophy)
959:Letter case § Title case
873:House of Representatives
653:), institutions (e.g.,
600:beautiful King's College
70:as distinguished from a
32:Proper name (philosophy)
4315:Category:Lists of names
2415:Quinn, Charles (2005).
2240:10.1111/1467-8624.00315
2092:. Beijing: Sinolingua.
1531:Chicago Manual of Style
1307:", "une autre nouvelle
1028:The Keys to the Kingdom
602:is acceptable, but not
18:Proper and common nouns
3245:Eritrean and Ethiopian
2536:. Steeves, Jon (ed.).
2113:Australian Book Review
910:(1776) and all of the
881:
863:
845:In languages that use
332:philosophy of language
4175:GaltonâWatson process
3780:Ancient Tamil country
3202:Australian Aboriginal
2292:(2). Wiley: 469â473.
2234:(3). Wiley: 787â802.
1980:Imai & Haryu 2001
1860:Associated Press 2007
1838:, pp. 1758â1759.
1629:Pei & Gaynor 1954
1200:are sometimes called
784:that shark, Fonz!", "
681:), and events (e.g.,
604:King's famous College
577:the young Mr Hamilton
571:. They may also take
3942:Post-nominal letters
3061:Indigenous Taiwanese
2115:(246). Wiley: 62â63.
2053:The Grammar of Names
1520:Such guides include
1339:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1325:, a kind of warship.
970:Cuban Missile Crisis
966:Cuban missile crisis
655:the House of Commons
649:), buildings (e.g.,
431:and as the title of
4302:Surnames by country
3927:Pre-nominal letters
2984:Surnames by country
2538:http://www.odlt.org
2455:. Harlow: Longman.
2033:AMA Manual of Style
2007:Aarts, Bas (2011).
1968:Robsona et al. 2004
1958:, pp. 106â109.
1934:, pp. 138â190.
1898:, pp. 521â522.
1817:, pp. 517â518.
1722:, pp. 515â522.
1698:, pp. 515â516.
1522:AMA Manual of Style
1317:Chevrolet Corvettes
1180:of Saturn; a Greek
1156:Some words or some
939:English orthography
901:In past centuries,
636:strong proper names
581:the Dr Brown I know
579:(not the old one),
500:(in this sentence,
248:the Roaring Forties
27:Grammatical concept
4165:Endonym and exonym
4108:Calendar of saints
4091:Related traditions
3865:Manners of address
3227:Sub-Saharan Africa
2648:Nobiliary particle
2201:Huddleston, Rodney
1710:, pp. 42, 57.
1476:. In a section of
1313:Chevrolet Corvette
1287:or modifier: "the
1048:Sialia currucoides
589:indefinite article
585:the young Einstein
440:naming expressions
427:as a nickname for
403:the United Kingdom
383:the United Kingdom
343:the three Kennedys
254:the Rolling Stones
4323:
4322:
4251:Personal identity
4086:
4085:
3793:
3792:
3734:
3682:
3681:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3587:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3495:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3347:
3340:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
2806:By life situation
2759:
2552:978-0-395-82517-4
2528:978-0-87779-707-4
2512:978-1-134-77956-7
2462:978-0-582-51734-9
2443:Greenbaum, Sidney
2430:978-0-9708895-4-6
2407:978-0-203-96979-3
2379:978-1-139-43166-8
2332:978-0-7486-1729-6
2286:Child Development
2276:978-1-135-66575-3
2228:Child Development
2192:978-0-19-861250-6
2173:978-0-7922-5314-3
2154:978-0-520-23949-4
2135:978-0-19-214183-5
2099:978-7-80052-148-5
2080:978-0-465-00489-8
2062:978-0-19-929741-2
2043:978-0-19-517633-9
2022:978-0-19-165047-5
1946:, pp. 10â13.
1802:, pp. 288ff.
1800:Quirk et al. 1985
1790:, pp. 64â71.
1129:are capitalized;
1107:proper adjectives
1036:Mountain Bluebird
989:Congregationalism
867:(the Great Bear,
835:the United States
723:United States", "
679:the New Statesman
643:the Mediterranean
632:weak proper names
409:as its head, and
278:un homme canadien
199:proper adjectives
137:; a few would-be
16:(Redirected from
4343:
4136:Anthropomorphism
3881:
3829:Buddhist surname
3730:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3585:Hispanic America
3583:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3491:
3462:
3455:
3450:African-American
3448:
3441:
3359:
3343:
3336:
3307:Ashkenazi Jewish
3112:and Western Asia
3077:and Central Asia
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
2989:
2850:Placeholder name
2755:
2699:Double-barrelled
2594:
2587:
2580:
2571:
2516:
2495:
2466:
2434:
2411:
2392:
2383:
2364:
2355:
2336:
2317:
2280:
2259:
2222:
2205:Pullum, Geoffrey
2196:
2177:
2158:
2139:
2116:
2103:
2084:
2066:
2047:
2026:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1572:The authors use
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1537:New Hart's Rules
1518:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1453:
1354:proper name mark
1303:"; "another new
1009:aboriginal trees
884:
866:
620:definite article
310:un uomo canadese
129:experience; his
21:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4306:
4141:Personification
4114:
4082:
3968:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:Theophoric name
3789:
3694:
3678:
3592:
3500:
3418:
3380:
3357:
3286:
3274:
3221:
3188:
3111:
3103:
3076:
3070:
2982:
2976:
2871:
2838:Posthumous name
2801:
2682:
2656:
2607:
2598:
2561:
2513:
2498:
2469:
2463:
2447:Leech, Geoffrey
2439:Quirk, Randolph
2437:
2431:
2414:
2408:
2395:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2298:10.2307/1127970
2283:
2277:
2262:
2225:
2219:
2199:
2193:
2180:
2174:
2161:
2155:
2142:
2136:
2119:
2106:
2100:
2087:
2081:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2044:
2029:
2023:
2006:
2003:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1674:, pp. 2â5.
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1650:, p. 1078.
1646:
1642:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:, pp. 3â5.
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1519:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1428:
1396:
1332:
1216:
1192:in the soup; a
1168:; dedicated to
1099:Calvinistically
1023:the White House
935:
895:
843:
819:
616:
395:the White House
391:Royal Air Force
363:
353:(for instance,
341:(for instance,
243:the Netherlands
174:Peter the Great
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4338:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4265:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4248:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4071:Ecclesiastical
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3949:
3939:
3929:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:Ecclesiastical
3910:
3905:
3900:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3807:Christian name
3803:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3697:Southeast Asia
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3621:Eastern Slavic
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2601:Personal names
2599:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2559:External links
2557:
2556:
2555:
2541:
2531:
2517:
2511:
2496:
2467:
2461:
2435:
2429:
2412:
2406:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2318:
2281:
2275:
2260:
2223:
2217:
2197:
2191:
2178:
2172:
2159:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2117:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2079:
2067:
2061:
2048:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1886:, p. 106.
1876:
1874:, p. 354.
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1819:
1804:
1792:
1788:Jespersen 2013
1780:
1765:
1761:Greenbaum 1996
1753:
1751:, p. 813.
1741:
1739:, p. 516.
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1631:, p. 177.
1621:
1609:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1565:
1556:
1513:
1496:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1395:
1392:
1350:Chinese script
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1311:". Similarly,
1272:
1248:
1215:
1212:
1143:pasteurization
1069:). Similarly,
1067:some Londoners
934:
931:
916:Bill of Rights
894:
891:
855:capitalization
842:
841:Capitalization
839:
818:
815:
615:
612:
553:Senator Harris
545:
544:
540:
539:
535:
534:
530:
529:
525:
524:
520:
519:
515:
514:
510:
509:
497:
496:
492:
491:
487:
486:
411:North Carolina
387:North Carolina
362:
359:
355:the new Gandhi
294:a Canadian man
204:proper adverbs
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4348:
4337:
4336:Nouns by type
4334:
4333:
4331:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Mandaean name
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Biblical name
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3338:Ancient Greek
3335:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:North America
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:Northern Asia
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:Nom de guerre
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:Personal name
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2421:Charles Quinn
2418:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2351:0-07-144133-6
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2269:. Routledge.
2268:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2218:0-521-43146-8
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:"Proper noun"
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1922:, p. 20.
1921:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:, p. 66.
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1763:, p. 97.
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:, p. 96.
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:Anderson 2007
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:Neufeldt 1991
1644:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:Anderson 2007
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
930:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
899:
892:
890:
888:
883:
878:
877:lexical words
874:
870:
865:
864:der GroĂe Bär
860:
857:. In German,
856:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
810:
806:
804:
800:
799:
794:
789:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
739:Holocaust").
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:Mona Lisa", "
714:
709:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
691:the Himalayas
688:
687:the Holocaust
684:
680:
676:
675:The Economist
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:the Parthenon
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
611:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:historic York
558:
554:
550:
542:
541:
537:
536:
532:
531:
527:
526:
522:
521:
517:
516:
512:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
494:
493:
489:
488:
484:
483:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
217:
211:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:
111:
110:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:of entities (
77:
73:
69:
67:
62:
61:
56:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4290:Signum manus
4278:Royal cypher
4243:
4228:Nomen nescio
4226:
4222:Nomenclature
4217:Naming taboo
4029:Professional
3872:of authority
3822:Saint's name
3487:Scandinavian
3109:Muslim world
2947:
2923:
2894:
2746:Occupational
2605:anthroponymy
2543:
2533:
2519:
2501:
2475:
2471:
2451:
2416:
2397:
2388:
2369:
2360:
2341:
2322:
2289:
2285:
2265:
2231:
2227:
2208:
2182:
2163:
2144:
2125:
2112:
2108:
2089:
2070:
2052:
2032:
2010:
2001:Bibliography
1987:
1975:
1963:
1956:Packard 2000
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1822:
1795:
1783:
1756:
1749:Chalker 1992
1744:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1662:, p. 3.
1655:
1643:
1624:
1612:
1607:, p. 4.
1600:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:as its head.
1508:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1420:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1347:
1336:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:Hollywoodize
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:Swiss cheese
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:the Londoner
1062:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:style guides
963:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
924:
912:Constitution
903:orthographic
900:
896:
882:DrĹžavni zbor
872:
844:
834:
830:
826:
822:
820:
811:
807:
802:
797:
796:
792:
790:
785:
781:
779:
774:
773:Bay of Pigs
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
752:
747:
743:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:the Hebrides
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
640:
635:
631:
630:terms these
627:
623:
617:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
546:
505:
501:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:
435:about him).
429:Cab Calloway
424:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:noun phrases
374:
371:proper names
370:
367:proper nouns
366:
364:
361:Proper names
354:
346:
342:
336:
323:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
267:
262:
258:
252:
246:
242:
238:
232:
226:
220:
214:
212:
207:
203:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:). The term
182:noun phrases
178:South Africa
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:proper names
149:
146:proper nouns
145:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
113:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
71:
64:
58:
52:
46:
38:
36:
4263:Proper name
4185:Name change
4039:Educational
4017:Substantive
3956:decorations
3839:Jewish name
3834:Dharma name
3799:By religion
3464:Hongkongese
3289:Australasia
3129:Azerbaijani
2862:Regnal name
2843:Temple name
2673:Middle name
2661:By sequence
2638:Matrilineal
2634:Patrilineal
2472:Aphasiology
1552:proper name
1505:New Zealand
1465:proper name
1356:(a kind of
1220:brand names
1214:Brand names
1127:Reagonomics
1123:Freudianism
1103:Petrarchism
1044:proper name
1040:common name
875:, in which
456:proper name
452:common name
420:Being There
324:onomatology
314:un canadese
282:un Canadien
190:proper name
186:common name
96:corporation
72:common noun
39:proper noun
4256:Identifier
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4056:Diplomatic
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3726:Indonesian
3692:South Asia
3688:Indosphere
3654:Macedonian
3627:Belarusian
3534:Portuguese
3376:Lithuanian
3270:Zimbabwean
3066:Vietnamese
3026:Generation
2993:East Asian
2981:By culture
2955:Stage name
2912:Hypocorism
2877:Pseudonyms
2867:Slave name
2818:Birth name
2770:Teknonymic
2751:Patronymic
2731:Matronymic
2694:Diminutive
2668:First name
2624:Given name
2619:Birth name
1884:Quinn 2005
1776:Leech 2006
1708:Aarts 2011
1684:Leech 2006
1593:References
1384:Devanagari
1285:determiner
1265:Chevrolets
1237:Microsofts
1202:capitonyms
1135:bowdlerize
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1075:Africanize
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1001:northerner
949:(contrast
937:In modern
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713:Da Vinci's
647:the Thames
506:South Pole
319:onomastics
300:; Italian
298:a Canadian
284:; English
109:Everglades
104:Hendersons
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4066:Religious
3992:Chivalric
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3750:Malaysian
3745:Cambodian
3649:Kashubian
3641:Ukrainian
3606:Bulgarian
3545:Praenomen
3482:Icelandic
3353:Hungarian
3154:Pakistani
3089:Mongolian
2943:Ring name
2936:Heteronym
2902:Nicknames
2823:Code name
2775:Toponymic
2765:Sobriquet
2741:Mononymic
2736:Metonymic
2678:Last name
2492:144541071
2306:0009-3920
2248:0009-3920
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1228:Microsoft
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667:the Bible
663:the Bronx
659:The Hague
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467:boulevard
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139:Napoleons
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4212:Namesake
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4024:Military
3997:Courtesy
3982:Academic
3947:Academic
3937:Emeritus
3740:Javanese
3721:Filipino
3706:Balinese
3674:Suffixes
3611:Croatian
3574:Romanian
3559:Cognomen
3457:Canadian
3443:American
3424:Germanic
3409:Scottish
3327:Georgian
3317:Estonian
3302:Armenian
3297:Albanian
3255:Ghanaian
3212:Hawaiian
3149:Mandaean
3056:Okinawan
3041:Japanese
3012:Courtesy
2972:Username
2965:Mononyms
2931:Pen name
2917:Monarchs
2890:Art name
2833:Necronym
2813:Aptronym
2726:Eponymic
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2207:(2002).
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1309:Corvette
1305:Corvette
1301:Corvette
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817:Variants
567:, as in
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425:Hi De Ho
415:Carolina
381:such as
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339:ellipsis
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4119:Related
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3506:Romance
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2643:Affixes
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1299:", "ma
1295:"; "my
1291:", "la
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1017:. When
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775:debacle
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3472:German
3386:Celtic
3363:Baltic
3312:Basque
3280:Europe
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3207:Fijian
3174:Somali
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3119:Afghan
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2714:Common
2709:Animal
2550:
2526:
2509:
2490:
2459:
2427:
2404:
2376:
2348:
2329:
2312:
2304:
2273:
2254:
2246:
2215:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2132:
2096:
2077:
2059:
2040:
2019:
1374:phrase
1362:Pinyin
1184:; the
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3332:Greek
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2075:ISBN
2057:ISBN
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4332::
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2476:18
2474:.
2445:;
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2419:.
2308:.
2300:.
2290:45
2288:.
2250:.
2242:.
2232:72
2230:.
2203:;
1807:^
1768:^
1727:^
1376:.
1247:."
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473:,
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423:;
401:;
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312:,
308:,
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296:,
292:,
288:,
280:,
276:,
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219:;
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112:,
63:;
57:;
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2636:/
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2494:.
2482::
2465:.
2433:.
2410:.
2382:.
2354:.
2335:.
2316:.
2296::
2279:.
2258:.
2238::
2221:.
2195:.
2176:.
2157:.
2138:.
2102:.
2083:.
2065:.
2046:.
2025:.
1994:.
1982:.
1970:.
1862:.
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786:o
748:a
744:a
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