31:
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infection of seed can occur from an infected pollen grain, ovule, or both. Seed transmission incidence can be different among different species or varieties of hosts; host factors that control viral seed transmission, however, are unknown. Cross pollination with PNRSV infected pollen to healthy plants has shown that the virus can also infect the fruit and not just seeds. The virus can also be transmitted by
298:
rings and/or spots. Generally, symptoms of PNRSV appear in the year following infection, and then becomes symptomless, although some strains cause recurrent symptoms annually. Although adult trees can show recovery from initial symptoms, keeping young trees virus-free is important because the virus
337:
cultures to eliminate PNRSV. Prompt removal of infected trees is often recommended as a control strategy, but is not practical for most growers. Field studies have shown that planting of same or similar cultivars near an infected orchard favored earlier infection than when different cultivars were
315:
methods, making spread through tree nursery stock and root grafting in orchards problematic. The virus also has been shown to infect and transmit through pollen and seeds. PNRSV has been shown to be transmitted by bees carrying infected pollen into orchards. PNRSV infects all seed parts, therefore
323:
As of
September 2021, there have been 631 PNRSV isolates from 33 countries deposited in NCBI GenBank, showing that the virus is a great international traveler. The long-distance transmission among countries is most likely in plant materials carried by human. Phylogenetic and population genetic
338:
grown, indicating that planting of unrelated cultivars could help slow spread of the virus and allow healthy trees to bear fruit before infection. Genetically engineered resistance may be a possibility for control in the future using
332:
The most important measure in controlling PNRSV is through planting of certified virus-free trees. Tree nurseries producing propagative material can use thermotherapy (keeping cultures at 38Λ C for at least 20 days), and/or apical
267:, which includes plums, cherries, apricots, almonds, and peaches, are susceptible to one or more strains of PNRSV. Hops and rose are also susceptible to infection by the virus. Other susceptible hosts used for diagnosis include
290:
Symptoms on orchard trees can include death of buds and roots, reduced tree survival and uniformity, and increased susceptibility to winter injury. Some common symptoms also include
247:. Synonyms of PNRSV include European plum line pattern virus, hop B virus, hop C virus, plum line pattern virus, sour cherry necrotic ringspot virus, and peach ringspot virus.
678:
1112:
1125:
1158:
843:Γelik, Ali; Santosa, Adyatma Irawan; Gibbs, Adrian J.; ErtunΓ§, Filiz (February 2022). "Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in Turkey: an immigrant population".
816:
Greber, R. S. (1992). "Thrips-Facilitated
Transmission of Prune Dwarf and Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Viruses from Cherry Pollen to Cucumber".
1064:
1010:
294:βshot holesβ in leaves or rugosity and mosaic symptoms. In sweet cherries, PNRSV causes reduced leaf size and produces diffused
303:
compared to healthy trees. It is important to note that symptom severity varies due to host cultivar and viral isolate.
878:
Manganaris, G. A.; et al. (2003). "Elimination of PPV and PNRSV through thermotherapy and meristem-tip culture".
48:
1130:
324:
analyses indicated that the common ancestor of current PNRSV isolates was originated from
America continent.
1168:
1026:
647:"Effects of necrotic ring spot and sour cherry yellows on the growth and yield of young sour cherry trees"
1163:
1153:
672:
38:
Mosaic virus can appear as subtle blotches on the leaves of the plant, or more extreme discolouration.
1086:
43:
30:
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339:
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Howell, W. E.; et al. (1998). "Natural spread of cherry rugose mosaic disease in two
255:
224:
121:
97:
472:
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209:
is a plant pathogenic virus causing ring spot diseases affecting species of the genus
1147:
109:
85:
907:
560:
419:
1078:
237:
133:
601:
580:
1058:
789:
necrotic ringspot virus biotypes in a central
Washington sweet cherry orchard".
1049:
856:
939:
922:
891:
320:, however the contribution and importance of thrips transmission is unknown.
1099:
923:"Horizontal spread of ilarviruses in young trees of several peach cultivars"
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73:
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984:
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1011:
ICTVdB - The
Universal Virus Database: Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
317:
211:
1020:
698:
early invasion and its effects on apricot pollen grains performance"
512:
Crosslin, J. M.; et al. (1992). "Biophysical differences among
1104:
254:
60:
216:
1091:
1024:
547:
and prune dwarf virus on some biological properties of peach".
231:). PNRSV is found worldwide due to easy transmission through
406:
spread in sour cherry orchard and in rootstock production".
361:
Virus, Mycoplasma, and
Rickettsia Diseases of Fruit Trees
438:
Virus and Virus-like
Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits
235:
methods and infected seed. The virus is in the family
259:
More subtle patterning indicating rose mosaic virus.
1033:
964:"Engineering cherry rootstocks with resistance to
631:. MI: Michigan State University. pp. 92β93.
8:
677:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
440:. St. Paul, MN: APS Press. pp. 207β213.
363:. Norwell, MA: Marianus Nijhoff Publishers.
1021:
645:Davidson, T. R. and George, J. A. (1965).
585:spp.: A continued concern for fruit trees"
29:
18:
983:
938:
761:
713:
662:
600:
746:: Hitch-hiking from gametes to seedling"
351:
670:
629:in Diseases of Tree Fruits in the East
735:
733:
640:
638:
495:CMI/ABB Descriptions of Plant Viruses
402:Kryczynski, S.; et al. (1992). "
7:
1016:Family Groups - The Baltimore Method
921:Uyemoto, J. K.; et al. (2003).
574:
572:
570:
484:
482:
374:
372:
370:
263:All cultivated species of the genus
188:red currant necrotic ringspot virus
215:, as well as other species such as
1159:Viral plant pathogens and diseases
624:Jones, A. L.; et al. (1996).
543:Topchiiska, M. (1983). "Effect of
473:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1967.tb04460.x
14:
651:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
436:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus in
311:PNRSV can be transmitted through
176:European plum line pattern virus
968:through RNAi-mediated silencing"
579:Pallas, V.; et al. (2012).
451:Bock, K. R. (1967). "Strains of
47:
740:Amari, K.; et al. (2009).
692:Amari, K.; et al. (2007).
561:10.17660/ActaHortic.1983.130.53
420:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.309.12
1065:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
1035:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
966:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
962:Song, G.; et al. (2013).
744:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
696:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
545:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
491:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
453:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
404:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
381:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
205:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
196:rose yellow vein mosaic virus
160:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
23:Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
1:
307:Transmission and epidemiology
602:10.1094/phyto-02-12-0023-rvw
190:rose chlorotic mottle virus
972:Plant Biotechnology Journal
750:Journal of General Virology
1185:
857:10.1007/s00705-022-05374-1
742:"Vertical transmission of
340:RNA interference silencing
940:10.1094/pdis.2003.87.1.75
892:10.1007/s00299-003-0681-y
461:Annals of Applied Biology
174:
167:
42:
37:
28:
21:
627:Prunus necrotic ringspot
514:Prunus necrotic ringspot
194:rose vein banding virus
192:rose line pattern virus
184:plum line pattern virus
715:10.1094/phyto-97-8-0892
489:Fulton, R. W. (1970). "
433:Hammond, R. W. (2011).
385:Diseases of Fruit Crops
299:can cause long-lasting
763:10.1099/vir.0.009647-0
328:Management and control
260:
186:Prunus ringspot virus
379:Mink, G. I. (1992). "
258:
182:peach ringspot virus
845:Archives of Virology
530:10.1094/phyto-82-200
44:Virus classification
284:Momordica balsamina
880:Plant Cell Reports
830:10.1094/pd-76-1039
803:10.1094/pd-72-0636
664:10.4141/cjps65-103
549:Acta Horticulturae
408:Acta Horticulturae
359:Nemeth, M (1986).
270:Chenopodium quinoa
261:
251:Hosts and symptoms
1141:
1140:
1027:Taxon identifiers
985:10.1111/pbi.12060
595:(12): 1108β1120.
313:plant propagation
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16:Species of virus
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99:Kitrinoviricota
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851:(2): 553β562.
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797:(7): 636β640.
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729:
708:(8): 892β899.
702:Phytopathology
684:
657:(6): 525β535.
634:
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589:Phytopathology
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518:Phytopathology
516:ilarviruses".
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1164:Hop diseases
1154:Bromoviridae
1034:
975:
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933:(1): 75β77.
930:
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180:hop C virus
178:hop B virus
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135:Bromoviridae
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67:
57:(unranked):
22:
1059:Wikispecies
555:: 307β312.
414:: 105β110.
1148:Categories
524:(2): 200.
391:: 335β356.
346:References
241:and genus
223:spp.) and
296:chlorotic
275:sunflower
244:Ilarvirus
154:Species:
147:Ilarvirus
82:Kingdom:
75:Riboviria
1118:11460606
1050:Q7253108
1044:Wikidata
994:23521804
949:30812704
908:22544618
900:12898177
865:35076793
772:19282434
724:18943628
611:23148725
455:in hop (
335:meristem
301:stunting
292:necrotic
273:Willd.,
169:Synonyms
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
281:), and
207:(PNRSV)
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
1105:PNRSV0
1092:740912
992:
947:
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787:Prunus
770:
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583:Prunus
459:L.)".
318:thrips
265:Prunus
212:Prunus
1131:37733
1113:IRMNG
1079:4N92L
904:S2CID
68:Realm
61:Virus
1126:NCBI
1100:EPPO
990:PMID
945:PMID
896:PMID
861:PMID
768:PMID
720:PMID
679:link
607:PMID
225:hops
221:Rosa
217:rose
1087:EoL
1074:CoL
980:doi
935:doi
888:doi
853:doi
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826:doi
799:doi
758:doi
710:doi
659:doi
597:doi
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557:doi
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416:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
