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application of the incomplete contract theory to the issue of state-owned enterprises. These authors compare a situation in which the government is in control of a firm to a situation in which a private manager is in control. The manager can invest to come up with cost-reducing and quality-enhancing innovations. The government and the manager bargain over the implementation of the innovations. If the negotiations fail, the owner can decide about the implementation. It turns out that when cost-reducing innovations do not harm quality significantly, then private firms are to be preferred. Yet, when cost-reductions may strongly reduce quality, state-owned enterprises are superior. Hoppe and
Schmitz (2010) have extended this theory in order to allow for a richer set of governance structures, including different forms of
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552:. The Belarusian state-owned economy includes enterprises that are fully state-owned, as well as others which are joint-stock companies with partial ownership by the state. Employment in state-owned or state-controlled enterprises is approximately 70% of total employment. State-owned enterprises are thus a major factor behind Belarus's high employment rate and a source of stable employment.
198:
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310:. The two main definitions of GLCs are dependent on the proportion of the corporate entity a government owns. One definition purports that a company is classified as a GLC if a government owns an effective controlling interest (more than 50%), while the second definition suggests that any corporate entity that has a government as a shareholder is a GLC.
425:(such as monitoring costs, i.e., it is more difficult and costly to govern and regulate an autonomous SOE than it is the public bureaucracy). Evidence suggests that existing SOEs are typically more efficient than government bureaucracy, but that this benefit diminishes as services get more technical and have less overt public objectives.
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while they can simultaneously achieve a public objective. For that reason, SOEs primarily operate in the domain of infrastructure (e.g. railway companies), strategic goods and services (e.g. postal services, arms manufacturing and procurement), natural resources and energy (e.g. nuclear facilities,
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and his co-authors. In a world in which complete contracts were feasible, ownership would not matter because the same incentive structure that prevails under one ownership structure could be replicated under the other ownership structure. Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny (1997) have developed the leading
407:, but finds it politically difficult to introduce new taxation. Next, SOEs can be used to improve efficiency of public service delivery or as a step towards (partial) privatization or hybridization. SOEs can also be a means to alleviate fiscal stress, as SOEs may not count towards states' budgets.
254:
The terminology around the term state-owned enterprise is murky. All three words in the term are challenged and subject to interpretation. First, it is debatable what the term "state" implies (e.g., it is unclear whether municipally owned corporations and enterprises held by regional public bodies
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SOEs can also help foster industries that are "considered economically desirable and that would otherwise not be developed through private investments". When nascent or 'infant' industries have difficulty getting investments from the private sector (perhaps because the good that is being produced
605:
China's SOEs perform functions such as: contributing to central and local governments revenues through dividends and taxes, supporting urban employment, keeping key input prices low, channeling capital towards targeted industries and technologies, supporting sub-national redistribution to poorer
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Thus, SOEs are known under many other terms: state-owned company, state-owned entity, state enterprise, publicly owned corporation, government business enterprise, government-owned company, government controlled company, government controlled enterprise, government-owned corporation,
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exist), the government can help these industries get on the market with positive economic effects. However, the government cannot necessarily predict which industries would qualify as such 'infant industries', and so the extent to which this is a viable argument for SOEs is debated.
664:, and membership included the Minister of Finance II, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of the Economic Planning Unit, the Chief Secretary to the Government, Secretary General of Treasury and the heads of each of the GLICs (the Employees Provident Fund,
599:
474:, countries adopted very similar policies and models to the USSR. Governments in Western Europe, both left and right of centre, saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over
433:
Compared to a regular enterprise, state-owned enterprises are typically expected to be less efficient due to political interference, but unlike profit-driven enterprises they are more likely to focus on government objectives.
420:
Compared to government bureaucracy, state owned enterprises might be beneficial because they reduce politicians' influence over the service. Conversely, they might be detrimental because they reduce oversight and increase
263:, without implying any special interference). Finally, the term "enterprise" is challenged, as it implies statutes in private law which may not always be present, and so the term "corporations" is frequently used instead.
655:
launched a GLC Transformation
Programme for its linked companies and linked investment companies ("GLICs") on 29 July 2005, aiming over a ten-year period to transform these businesses "into high-performing entities". The
255:
are considered state-owned). Next, it is contestable under what circumstances a SOE qualifies as "owned" by a state (SOEs can be fully owned or partially owned; it is difficult to determine categorically what level of
602:. China's state-owned enterprises generally own and operate public services, resource extraction or defense. As of 2017, China has more SOEs than any other country, and the most SOEs among large national companies.
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688:(PAGCOR) is the most profitable state-owned enterprise in the Philippines. It is the third largest contributor to government revenues, following taxes and customs.
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subscriptions probably needed to access much of the research, and familiarity with the technical diction common in reliable sources would be a major asset.
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government bought in 1988, changing its name from
Arabian American Oil Company to Saudi Arabian Oil Company. The Saudi government also owns and operates
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to remote locations that otherwise have trouble attracting private vendors. The national or state/provincial government will hold either all or majority
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As of at least 2024, an
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A state-run enterprise may operate differently from an ordinary limited liability corporation. For example, in
Finland, state-run enterprises (
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Profiles of
Existing Government CorporationsâA Study Prepared by the U.S. General Accounting Office for the Committee on Government Operations
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676:. Khazanah Nasional Berhad provided the secretariat to the PCG and managed the implementation of the programme, which was completed in 2015.
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Hoppe, Eva I.; Schmitz, Patrick W. (2010). "Public versus private ownership: Quantity contracts and the allocation of investment tasks".
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Voorn, Bart; Van Thiel, Sandra; van
Genugten, Marieke (2018). "Debate: Corporatization as more than a recent crisis-driven development".
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China's SOEs are at the forefront of global seaport-building, and most new ports constructed by them are done within the auspices of the
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interior and western provinces, and aiding the state's response to natural disasters, financial crises and social instability.
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329:, the question of whether a firm should be owned by the state or by the private sector is studied in the theory of
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countries, the governments own the oil companies operating on their soil. A notable example is the Saudi
Arabian
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may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government), and they can be considered
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541:) are governed by separate laws. Even though responsible for their own finances, they cannot be declared
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Starting in the late 1970s and accelerating through the 1980s and 1990s many of these corporations were
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over their operations. Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and possession of
1684:, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988, p. 301, GAO/AFMD-89-43FS Document: H402-4
1558:
China and
Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
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968:"New development: Corporatization of local authorities in England in the wake of austerity 2010â2016"
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State-owned enterprises and the political economy of stateâstate relations in the developing world
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931:
Grossi, Giuseppe; Reichard, Christoph (2008). "Municipal corporatization in
Germany and Italy".
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Shahab Uddin, Shanjida (2023). "Bangladesh and Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic Rationale".
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would qualify an entity to be considered as state-owned since governments can also own regular
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GLCs succesfully [sic] complete and graduate from 10-year GLC Transformation Programme
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Committee on GLC High Performance ("PCG"), which oversaw this programme, was chaired by the
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is highlighted in the predominant local terminology, with SOEs in Canada referred to as a "
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874:"The efficiency and effectiveness of municipally owned corporations: A systematic review"
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alternative energy delivery), politically sensitive business, broadcasting, banking,
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1342:, though many still remain wholly or partially owned by the respective governments.
855:
828:"Local service delivery choices in Portugal: A political transaction costs network"
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1021:
986:
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873:
17:
1451:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
1401:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
1354:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy"
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to citizens at a lower price, implement government policies, and/or to deliver
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SOEs are also frequently employed in areas where the government wants to levy
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Ferry, Laurence; Andrews, Rhys; Skelcher, Chris; Wegorowski, Piotr (2018).
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404:
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The act of turning a part of government bureaucracy into a SOE is called
295:
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126:
94:
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1252:
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900:
527:
503:
1595:"China, Ethiopia and the Significance of the Belt and Road Initiative"
1097:"The Proper Scope of Government: Theory and an Application to Prisons"
390:
requires very risky investments, when patenting is difficult, or when
749:
577:
177:
1286:
1244:
226:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
600:
State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC)
636:
581:
260:
154:
1520:
CPC Futures The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics
872:
Voorn, Bart; Van Genugten, Marieke L.; Van Thiel, Sandra (2017).
1189:"State-Owned Enterprises: Trade Effects and Policy Implications"
561:
515:
511:
45:
needs attention from an expert in economics, business or law
3408:
3000:
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790:"State-Owned Enterprises Catalysts for public value creation?"
191:
29:
1646:
The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
598:
China's state-owned enterprises are owned and managed by the
298:, to refer to private or public (listed on a stock exchange)
672:(the armed forces pension fund), Lembaga Tabung Haji and
215:
1500:"Explained, the role of China's state-owned companies"
1187:
Kowalski, P.; BĂŒge, M.; Sztajerowska, M.; Egeland, M.
816:
Profiles of Existing Government Corporations, pp. 1â16
1751:, 39:6, 1077â1097, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1333888
548:
State-owned enterprises are a major component of the
1211:"The case against infant-industry tariff protection"
173:
established to pursue financial objectives from the
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165:goals and developmental objectives (e.g., a state
1216:. Journal of political economy. pp. 295â305.
1631:, published 7 August 2015, accessed 29 July 2023
1743:Jewellord Nem Singh; Geoffrey C. Chen (2018), "
921:, published 17 June 2020, accessed 29 July 2023
1095:Hart, O.; Shleifer, A.; Vishny, R. W. (1997).
826:Tavares, António F.; CamÔes, Pedro J. (2007).
639:, government enterprises exist in the form of
466:throughout the 20th century, especially after
3420:
3012:
2592:
2207:
2058:
1776:
8:
2180:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1517:Pieke, Frank N.; Hofman, Bert, eds. (2022).
1269:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1994).
1227:Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (1994).
915:Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs
686:Philippines Amusement and Gaming Corporation
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157:of these enterprises, and often has direct
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1755:The Public Firm with Managerial Incentives
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294:" (GLC) is sometimes used, for example in
1612:
1112:
1029:
899:
889:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
1639:
1637:
1444:
1442:
781:
647:Government-linked companies in Malaysia
482:was the norm. Typical sectors included
1525:National University of Singapore Press
68:may be able to help recruit an expert.
1593:Yan, Hairong; Sautman, Barry (2024).
7:
1467:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1449:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
1417:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1399:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
1370:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428
1352:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (2020-12-01).
631:Public sector undertakings in India
442:For a more comprehensive list, see
97:entity which is established and/or
1275:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1271:"A survey of corporate governance"
1233:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1101:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
1055:"Incomplete Contracts and Control"
730:List of government-owned companies
444:List of government-owned companies
416:Compared to government bureaucracy
25:
1455:World Review of Political Economy
1405:World Review of Political Economy
1358:World Review of Political Economy
725:List of government-owned airlines
584:as well as many other companies.
3388:
3379:
3378:
2908:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
2678:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1907:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
698:
594:State-owned enterprises of China
196:
34:
1560:. Mher Sahakyan. New York, NY:
670:Lembaga Tabung Angkatan Tentera
429:Compared to regular enterprises
364:, because they allow capturing
269:government-sponsored enterprise
3456:Federated States of Micronesia
3346:British Indian Ocean Territory
1:
1309:"All Men Are Created Unequal"
1166:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.11.009
1022:10.1080/09540962.2018.1527533
1010:Public Money & Management
987:10.1080/09540962.2018.1486629
975:Public Money & Management
891:10.1080/03003930.2017.1319360
2032:United States Virgin Islands
1734:Resources in other libraries
283:", and in New Zealand as a "
125:for the government, control
1154:Journal of Public Economics
340:public-private partnerships
222:the claims made and adding
107:state/provincial government
47:. The specific problem is:
3664:
3643:Government-owned companies
1627:Khazanah Nasional Berhad,
674:Permodalan Nasional Berhad
641:Public Sector Undertakings
628:
591:
441:
3374:
2007:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1729:Resources in your library
1695:Malaysia GLC OpenDay 2015
1614:10.1017/S0305741023000966
945:10.1080/14719030802264275
844:10.1080/03003930701417544
556:SOEs among OPEC countries
524:British Steel Corporation
306:acquires a stake using a
292:government-linked company
3648:Types of business entity
3607:Northern Mariana Islands
3095:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2663:Central African Republic
2027:Turks and Caicos Islands
1196:OECD Trade Policy Papers
1062:American Economic Review
933:Public Management Review
878:Local Government Studies
832:Local Government Studies
666:Khazanah Nasional Berhad
611:Belt and Road Initiative
3572:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3436:State-owned enterprises
3356:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3028:State-owned enterprises
2608:State-owned enterprises
2223:State-owned enterprises
2074:State-owned enterprises
1792:State-owned enterprises
1650:Oxford University Press
1229:"Politicians and firms"
1209:Baldwin, R. E. (1969).
1123:10.1162/003355300555448
680:SOEs in the Philippines
2273:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1957:British Virgin Islands
1720:State-owned enterprise
1074:10.1257/aer.107.7.1731
578:Saudi Arabian Airlines
462:, there was a massive
87:state-owned enterprise
3550:and other territories
2823:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
2683:Republic of the Congo
1897:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1749:Third World Quarterly
1053:Hart, Oliver (2017).
360:SOEs are common with
58:WikiProject Economics
3270:United Arab Emirates
1504:World Economic Forum
765:Volkseigener Betrieb
653:Malaysian government
566:national oil company
331:incomplete contracts
62:WikiProject Business
3297:limited recognition
2898:States with limited
2489:States with limited
1912:Trinidad and Tobago
1807:Antigua and Barbuda
1688:Alternate location:
1600:The China Quarterly
375:alcoholic beverages
273:Commonwealth realms
171:government entities
135:means of production
121:, in order to earn
1847:Dominican Republic
1757:by Elmer G. Wiens.
1644:Han, Enze (2024).
580:, and owns 70% of
550:economy of Belarus
476:natural monopolies
366:economies of scale
362:natural monopolies
356:Natural monopolies
300:corporate entities
207:possibly contains
18:Quasi-governmental
3630:
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3622:Wallis and Futuna
3567:Clipperton Island
3525:Associated states
3402:
3401:
3339:other territories
2994:
2993:
2925:other territories
2698:Equatorial Guinea
2574:
2573:
2189:
2188:
2161:other territories
2040:
2039:
1929:other territories
1715:Library resources
1659:978-0-19-769659-0
1571:978-1-003-35258-7
1534:978-981-18-5206-0
532:Ăguas de Portugal
423:transaction costs
399:Political reasons
392:spillover effects
385:Infant industries
281:Crown corporation
252:
251:
244:
209:original research
83:
82:
27:Government entity
16:(Redirected from
3655:
3612:Pitcairn Islands
3582:French Polynesia
3562:Christmas Island
3491:Papua New Guinea
3471:Marshall Islands
3444:Sovereign states
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3351:Christmas Island
3037:Sovereign states
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2985:(United Kingdom)
2981:Tristan da Cunha
2977:Ascension Island
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2923:Dependencies and
2616:Sovereign states
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2527:Dependencies and
2231:Sovereign states
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2202:
2193:
2181:
2169:Falkland Islands
2083:Sovereign states
2076:of South America
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
1997:Saint Barthélemy
1927:Dependencies and
1800:Sovereign states
1794:of North America
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1703:
1698:, archived from
1685:
1683:
1664:
1663:
1648:. New York, NY:
1641:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1607:(257): 222â247.
1590:
1584:
1583:
1553:
1547:
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1514:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1487:
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1446:
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1317:. 4 January 2014
1305:
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1200:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1160:(3â4): 258â268.
1149:
1143:
1142:
1116:
1107:(4): 1127â1161.
1092:
1086:
1085:
1068:(7): 1731â1752.
1059:
1050:
1044:
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1033:
1005:
999:
998:
972:
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957:
956:
928:
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893:
869:
860:
859:
823:
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814:
808:
807:
805:
803:
794:
786:
755:State capitalism
745:Public ownership
708:
706:Companies portal
703:
702:
701:
617:SOEs in Ethiopia
438:Around the world
351:Economic reasons
247:
240:
236:
233:
227:
224:inline citations
200:
199:
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182:state capitalist
78:
75:
69:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3663:
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3658:
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3654:
3653:
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3626:
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3520:
3501:Solomon Islands
3439:
3433:
3403:
3398:
3370:
3338:
3329:
3310:Northern Cyprus
3296:
3289:
3031:
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2490:
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2226:
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2190:
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2077:
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1930:
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1709:Further reading
1692:
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1660:
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1622:
1592:
1591:
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1564:. p. 132.
1555:
1554:
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1527:. p. 138.
1516:
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1448:
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1307:
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1302:
1287:10.2307/2118354
1281:(4): 995â1025.
1268:
1267:
1260:
1245:10.2307/2118354
1239:(4): 995â1025.
1226:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1191:
1186:
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1181:
1151:
1150:
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1114:10.1.1.318.7133
1094:
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1057:
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1007:
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970:
965:
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735:Nationalization
704:
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682:
649:
633:
627:
619:
596:
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558:
512:postal services
464:nationalization
452:
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418:
413:
401:
387:
358:
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327:economic theory
323:
321:Economic theory
315:corporatization
308:holding company
275:, ownership by
257:state ownership
248:
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231:
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213:
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167:railway company
111:executive order
79:
73:
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66:WikiProject Law
56:
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28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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3599:
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3557:American Samoa
3553:
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3527:of New Zealand
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2934:Canary Islands
2930:
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2922:
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2606:
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2603:
2596:
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2529:other entities
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2515:
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2500:
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2480:United Kingdom
2477:
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2290:
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2280:
2275:
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2265:
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2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
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2155:
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2138:
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2128:
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2062:
2055:
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2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Sint Eustatius
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Cayman Islands
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
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1879:
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1869:
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1859:
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1824:
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1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
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1788:
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1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1737:
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1725:
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1713:
1712:
1710:
1707:
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1705:
1690:
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1665:
1658:
1633:
1620:
1585:
1570:
1548:
1533:
1509:
1488:
1438:
1411:(4): 432â433.
1391:
1344:
1331:
1300:
1258:
1219:
1201:
1179:
1144:
1087:
1045:
1016:(7): 481â482.
1000:
981:(6): 477â480.
958:
939:(5): 597â617.
923:
919:Know Your GLCs
907:
884:(5): 820â841.
861:
838:(4): 535â553.
818:
809:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
767:
762:
760:Statutory body
757:
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747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
710:
709:
693:
690:
681:
678:
662:Prime Minister
648:
645:
629:Main article:
626:
623:
618:
615:
592:Main article:
589:
586:
557:
554:
488:electric power
460:Western Europe
456:Eastern Europe
451:
450:SOEs in Europe
448:
439:
436:
430:
427:
417:
414:
412:
409:
400:
397:
386:
383:
381:(healthcare).
357:
354:
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349:
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322:
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131:private sector
81:
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14:
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2:
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3597:New Caledonia
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3577:Easter Island
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3349:
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3336:
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3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:South Ossetia
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:
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3258:
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3163:
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3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
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3078:
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3008:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2982:
2978:
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2903:
2895:
2889:
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2879:
2876:
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2856:
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2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
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2824:
2821:
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2816:
2814:
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2809:
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2801:
2799:
2796:
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2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:Guinea-Bissau
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
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2639:
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2567:
2564:
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2554:
2552:
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2541:Faroe Islands
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:South Ossetia
2511:
2509:
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2496:
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2493:
2487:
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2259:
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2239:
2236:
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2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2174:French Guiana
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
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2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
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2097:
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2089:
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2075:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2056:
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2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
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1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:United States
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
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3230:Saudi Arabia
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2838:Sierra Leone
2643:Burkina Faso
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2157:Dependencies
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2002:Saint Martin
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2900:recognition
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2400:Netherlands
1992:Puerto Rico
1902:Saint Lucia
1852:El Salvador
1031:2066/197924
901:2066/176125
715:Corporatism
539:liikelaitos
379:merit goods
335:Oliver Hart
188:Terminology
139:commodities
119:legislation
3637:Categories
3438:of Oceania
3275:Uzbekistan
3250:Tajikistan
3165:Kyrgyzstan
3145:Kazakhstan
3065:Bangladesh
3055:Azerbaijan
2955:(Portugal)
2913:Somaliland
2833:Seychelles
2798:Mozambique
2783:Mauritania
2768:Madagascar
2723:The Gambia
2658:Cape Verde
2435:San Marino
2395:Montenegro
2375:Luxembourg
2355:Kazakhstan
2258:Azerbaijan
1987:Montserrat
1982:Martinique
1977:Guadeloupe
1832:Costa Rica
1580:1353290533
1543:1354535847
1461:(4): 433.
1364:(4): 432.
1340:privatized
802:16 January
772:References
484:telephones
304:government
290:The term "
216:improve it
175:commercial
137:, provide
3451:Australia
3361:Hong Kong
3315:Palestine
3240:Sri Lanka
3235:Singapore
3115:Indonesia
2788:Mauritius
2610:of Africa
2546:Gibraltar
2370:Lithuania
2225:of Europe
2146:Venezuela
2091:Argentina
1972:Greenland
1887:Nicaragua
1862:Guatemala
1562:Routledge
1483:236786906
1475:2042-8928
1433:236786906
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1109:CiteSeerX
1082:0002-8282
1040:158097385
995:158266874
953:153354582
852:154709321
777:Citations
720:Dirigisme
658:Putrajaya
470:. In the
405:user fees
277:The Crown
220:verifying
163:financial
153:over the
74:July 2018
64: or
53:talk page
3466:Kiribati
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3255:Thailand
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3190:Mongolia
3185:Maldives
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2979: /
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2126:Paraguay
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1937:Anguilla
1872:Honduras
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1139:16270301
692:See also
643:(PSUs).
560:In most
543:bankrupt
504:airlines
500:railways
496:iron ore
480:industry
296:Malaysia
232:May 2023
147:services
143:products
127:monopoly
109:, by an
103:national
95:business
51:See the
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3175:Lebanon
3105:Georgia
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3050:Armenia
3030:of Asia
2964:RĂ©union
2960:Mayotte
2951:Madeira
2946:(Spain)
2942:Melilla
2873:Tunisia
2843:Somalia
2828:Senegal
2813:Nigeria
2803:Namibia
2793:Morocco
2758:Liberia
2753:Lesotho
2703:Eritrea
2673:Comoros
2648:Burundi
2623:Algeria
2475:Ukraine
2425:Romania
2385:Moldova
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2338:Iceland
2333:Hungary
2323:Germany
2318:Georgia
2308:Finland
2303:Estonia
2298:Denmark
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2263:Belarus
2253:Austria
2248:Armenia
2243:Andorra
2238:Albania
2141:Uruguay
2116:Ecuador
2096:Bolivia
1967:Curaçao
1952:Bonaire
1947:Bermuda
1877:Jamaica
1857:Grenada
1812:Bahamas
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528:Equinor
411:Effects
377:), and
214:Please
184:goals.
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2878:Uganda
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2470:Turkey
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2328:Greece
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3135:Japan
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2748:Kenya
2728:Ghana
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1682:(PDF)
1479:S2CID
1429:S2CID
1382:S2CID
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2012:Saba
1837:Cuba
1654:ISBN
1576:OCLC
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1529:ISBN
1471:ISSN
1421:ISSN
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1323:2015
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