622:
274:
5170:
263:
248:
5695:
5675:
5646:
5604:
5568:
5539:
5510:
5474:
5432:
5396:
5367:
5338:
5302:
5280:
5244:
5215:
5186:
33:
1460:
5727:
4750:
3913:
1067:
had two degrees of rhoticity among all five of its vowels, but few speakers maintain the distinction today, and then only in one or two vowels. An example is non-rhotic "mouth", slightly rhotacized ("half retroflexed") "bangle", and fully rhotacized ("fully retroflexed") "crop".
773:
In
European classical singing, dropping or weakening of r-colored vowels has been nearly universal and is a standard part of classical vocal training. However, there have always been other singing styles in which r-colored vowels are given their full emphasis, including
765:, many speakers have r-coloring only in the coda of the vowel, rather than as a simultaneous articulation modifying the whole duration. This can be represented in IPA by using a succession of two symbols such as or , rather than the unitary symbol .
812:, the rhotacized ending of some words is the prime way by which to distinguish speakers of Standard Northern Mandarin (Beijing Mandarin) and Southwestern Mandarin from those of other forms of Mandarin in China. Mandarin speakers call this phenomenon
2259:
2295:
2269:
2279:
1207:
2264:
1666:
639:
1793:
2249:
564:
292:
2226:
2216:
1844:
2211:
1735:
5103:
3160:
2906:
1849:
1265:
340:. R-colored vowels can be articulated in various ways: the tip or blade of the tongue may be turned up during at least part of the articulation of the vowel (a
1229:
640:
351:
R-colored vowels are exceedingly rare, occurring in less than one percent of all languages. However, they occur in two of the most widely spoken languages:
3174:
3167:
2913:
3388:
3146:
2892:
1859:
2161:
1864:
977:). This also occurs in the middle syllables of compound words consisting of three or more syllables. For example, the name of the famous restaurant
291:
4892:
1204:
3181:
2878:
4931:
4854:
1538:
1678:
5065:
4995:
3153:
2899:
4938:
4835:
5736:
5271:
5060:
4759:
3922:
3683:
3590:
2175:
1494:
283:
5015:
4952:
4764:
3773:
3665:
3572:
2885:
595:⟩ signify stressed and unstressed, respectively, rather than a difference in phonetic quality. The use of the superscript turned r (
413:
4959:
4905:
4861:
1562:
5287:
5108:
4298:
4253:
3760:
3697:
3604:
3055:
2811:
786:
singers made heavy use of this technique to such an extent that many people derisively exaggerated this tendency when referencing their
5088:
4873:
4842:
5309:
4264:
4216:
4202:
4144:
4130:
3782:
3690:
3597:
2206:
1453:
5037:
5022:
4802:
5358:
4278:
3800:
3711:
3672:
3618:
3579:
3336:
1764:
1706:
1175:
76:
4788:
344:
articulation) or the back of the tongue may be bunched. In addition, the vocal tract may often be constricted in the region of the
43:
173:
5530:
4271:
3927:
3854:
3791:
3704:
3611:
3118:
3062:
3027:
2818:
2783:
1889:
1457:
469:
4898:
4880:
172:
5595:
5374:
5329:
3836:
3104:
2860:
2170:
1854:
445:
4808:
5546:
5501:
5387:
4754:
4749:
4181:
4109:
3917:
3912:
3718:
3625:
3271:
3230:
2966:
2633:
1591:
831:
631:
4816:
2369:
1500:
1181:
1205:
Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the
Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná
5559:
5345:
5206:
4705:
4565:
4533:
3861:
3125:
3041:
3034:
2797:
2790:
2619:
823:
4794:
5666:
5517:
5403:
5098:
4696:
4685:
4597:
4209:
4137:
3843:
3301:
3111:
3090:
3013:
2867:
2846:
2769:
2254:
2154:
1869:
1798:
4911:
5575:
5222:
5177:
4712:
4195:
4174:
4123:
3870:
3288:
3244:
3237:
3188:
2980:
2973:
2924:
2669:
2640:
2489:
2322:
2113:
1929:
1924:
790:. In certain particular cases, a vowel + /r/ is pronounced instead as two syllables: a non-rhotic vowel followed by a
4822:
1259:
58:
1226:
575:⟩ was adopted as a diacritic placed on the right side of the vowel symbol for r-colored vowels, e.g. ⟨
5731:
5726:
5637:
5235:
4726:
4648:
3530:
3423:
3310:
3216:
3132:
3048:
2952:
2804:
2651:
2626:
2605:
1914:
5140:
641:
54:
5686:
5423:
5193:
5093:
4719:
4639:
4628:
4230:
4188:
4158:
4116:
3494:
3202:
3097:
3020:
2938:
2853:
2776:
2683:
2534:
2505:
1978:
1894:
775:
5653:
5465:
5251:
4777:
4655:
4223:
4151:
3879:
3476:
3450:
3399:
3319:
3251:
3195:
2931:
2711:
2676:
2516:
2496:
2475:
1934:
1884:
1839:
563:⟩ in its 1951 chart. In 1976 the retroflex hook was dropped due to insufficient usage. In 1989, at the
5702:
5615:
5439:
4669:
4065:
3537:
3370:
3361:
3344:
3223:
3139:
2959:
2697:
2658:
2612:
2548:
2147:
1919:
1823:
1615:
L. F. Aungst; J. V. Frick (1964). "Auditory discrimination ability and consistency of articulation of /r/".
1041:
is generally pronounced and the r-colored vowels are also pronounced in loan words. For example, the word
187:
5481:
4662:
4426:
4364:
4056:
4045:
3990:
3956:
3516:
3501:
3381:
3209:
2945:
2690:
2576:
2541:
2432:
2417:
2401:
1904:
1899:
1879:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1038:
946:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
481:
477:
473:
465:
461:
453:
352:
146:
137:
128:
119:
110:
4488:
4415:
4395:
4353:
4333:
4072:
3969:
3483:
3457:
3432:
3406:
2718:
2562:
2523:
2482:
2412:
2373:
2221:
1874:
1757:
429:
1348:
Association phonétique internationale (1952). "The
International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1951)".
1321:
Association phonétique internationale (1947). "The
International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 1947)".
1535:
4944:
4477:
4457:
4435:
4373:
4086:
4025:
3352:
2704:
2555:
2457:
2127:
1803:
613:
519:
The IPA adopted several ways to transcribe r-colored vowels in its 1947 chart: the turned r ⟨
5741:
5008:
4619:
4506:
4497:
4406:
4344:
4093:
4079:
3997:
3523:
2583:
2437:
2394:
1983:
1909:
401:
1248:
Callou, Dinah. Leite, Yonne. "Iniciação à Fonética e à Fonologia". Jorge Zahar
Editora 2001, p. 24
456:⟩ placed to the right of the regular symbol for the vowel. For example, the IPA symbol for
5791:
5786:
5031:
4468:
4034:
3983:
3962:
2725:
2569:
2427:
2407:
2365:
1716:
1452:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278). Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
1427:
1392:
1357:
1330:
1303:
1140:
1061:
791:
489:
90:
5452:
4987:
4389:
4240:
4004:
3935:
3549:
2462:
2442:
2384:
2274:
1702:
1632:
1554:
1490:
1171:
964:
883:
417:
405:
179:
5262:
4781:
4327:
4018:
3976:
2452:
2422:
2389:
2379:
1788:
1750:
1653:
1624:
1419:
1384:
1295:
1134:
809:
662:
449:
421:
356:
5781:
5586:
5320:
4318:
4011:
3444:
2447:
2317:
2139:
2013:
1728:
1542:
1233:
1211:
1064:
942:
666:
433:
409:
397:
5492:
2093:
1958:
1480:
1227:
Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the
Paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analysis
1075:
1072:
934:
425:
262:
5775:
5151:
4679:
4521:
3939:
1972:
1445:
1431:
1396:
1079:
1034:
779:
5001:
2734:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
1117:
887:
843:
787:
247:
1484:
1410:
International
Phonetic Association (1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel Convention".
1165:
638:
290:
171:
5749:
5163:
5146:
4924:
4451:
3259:
2332:
2310:
2106:
1965:
1644:
J. F. Curtis; J. C. Hardy (1959). "A phonetic study of misarticulation of /r/".
838:) is added to indicate some meaning changes. If the word ends in a velar nasal (
783:
17:
632:
Comparison of hiatus, consonantal /r/, and r-colored vowels in
American English
336:
that is modified in a way that results in a lowering in frequency of the third
5628:
5156:
2469:
2327:
2120:
1818:
1583:
1423:
1388:
978:
950:
653:
345:
304:
154:
5414:
4920:
4168:
4101:
2991:
2747:
2355:
1951:
1813:
1129:
899:
863:
670:
341:
1636:
1657:
5720:
5055:
4977:
4971:
4743:
3906:
2744:
1628:
1000:
922:
895:
859:
855:
669:. The r-colored vowels of General American can be written with "vowel-r"
476:⟩, while an r-colored open-mid central unrounded vowel is ⟨
1361:
1334:
4828:
4039:
2599:
2305:
1993:
1261:
American pronunciation: a textbook of phonetics for students of
English
938:
930:
926:
914:
910:
903:
875:
851:
847:
337:
225:
1307:
661:
R-colored vowels are found in most rhotic forms of
English, including
954:
871:
2033:
2028:
2018:
1694:
61:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1536:
http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/appendix/languages/badaga/badaga.html
1299:
89:"Vocalic r" redirects here. For syllabic rhotics more broadly, see
5131:
2300:
2099:
2023:
2008:
1525:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 212–224.
1236:. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
918:
891:
867:
814:
803:
457:
333:
261:
464:⟩, while the IPA symbol for an r-colored schwa is ⟨
2003:
1998:
1988:
846:. Major cities that have this form of rhotacized ending include
5129:
2353:
2188:
2143:
1746:
1742:
496:⟩ by adding the retroflex hook (right hook) to ⟨
26:
359:. In North American English, they are found in words such as
620:
272:
246:
909:
In rhotic accents of Standard Mandarin, such as those from
882:
has since spread to other provincial capitals not home to
579:⟩. Following the convention of alternating ⟨
1774:
1671:
Advance for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists
1555:"Yurok – Survey of California and Other Indian Languages"
1693:
C. L. Ristuccia; D. W. Gilbert; J. E. Ristuccia (2005).
512:⟩ were proposed as IPA symbols by the editors of
1052:
The vowel /ø/ may be pronounced as in open syllables.
50:
1794:
Perception of English /r/ and /l/ by Japanese speakers
1489:(third ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. p. 66.
1375:
Wells, John C. (1976). "The Association's Alphabet".
842:), the final consonant is lost and the vowel becomes
3944:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
1697:
The Entire World of R Book of Elicitation Techniques
5585:
5413:
5261:
5081:
2400:
2372:
2288:
2242:
2199:
1943:
1832:
1781:
1294:(3). Duke University Press: 206–208. October 1939.
224:
213:
200:
195:
163:
153:
144:
135:
126:
117:
108:
103:
1412:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1377:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
480:⟩. This diacritic is the hook of ⟨
266:Spectrogram of and its rhotacized counterpart
5104:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2155:
1758:
1004:
982:
8:
1009:) in Beijing is pronounced as 'Da-shi-lar' (
468:⟩. Similarly, the IPA symbol for the
1850:Voiced alveolar or postalveolar approximant
1159:
1157:
1155:
539:⟩, etc.; the retroflex hook ⟨
523:⟩; the superscript turned r ⟨
5126:
5078:
2350:
2196:
2185:
2162:
2148:
2140:
1765:
1751:
1743:
1486:An introduction to phonetics and phonology
237:
2217:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
1667:"Phonologic strategy for /r/ remediation"
987:) in Tianjin is pronounced as 'Gourbli' (
587:⟩ for non-rhotic accents, ⟨
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1474:
1472:
284:Sound sample regular and r-colored schwa
3958:
2399:
1734:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1164:Peter Ladefoged; Ian Maddieson (1996).
1151:
448:, an r-colored vowel is indicated by a
2383:
1724:
1714:
1646:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
1617:Journal of Speech and Hearing Research
651:
302:
100:
4618:
4317:
4033:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2393:
2388:
2378:
1214:. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21
701:(stressed, conventionally written );
7:
3991:
414:indigenous languages of the Americas
5109:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
3970:
3934:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1167:The sounds of the world's languages
4026:
2207:International Phonetic Association
1665:Christine Ristuccia (2002-09-30).
555:⟩, etc.; and added ⟨
25:
5701:
5685:
5665:
5652:
5636:
5614:
5594:
5574:
5558:
5545:
5529:
5516:
5500:
5480:
5464:
5451:
5438:
5422:
5402:
5386:
5373:
5357:
5344:
5328:
5308:
5286:
5270:
5250:
5234:
5221:
5205:
5192:
5176:
5036:
5021:
5014:
4994:
4970:
4958:
4951:
4937:
4930:
4904:
4891:
4879:
4872:
4860:
4853:
4841:
4834:
4815:
4801:
4787:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4695:
4684:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4638:
4627:
4596:
4564:
4532:
4505:
4496:
4487:
4476:
4467:
4456:
4434:
4425:
4414:
4405:
4394:
4372:
4363:
4352:
4343:
4332:
4297:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4252:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4055:
4044:
3998:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3853:
3842:
3835:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3759:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3671:
3664:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3578:
3571:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3493:
3482:
3475:
3456:
3449:
3431:
3422:
3405:
3398:
3387:
3380:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3335:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3287:
3270:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2845:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2657:
2650:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2522:
2515:
2504:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2458:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1789:Rhotic consonants (R-like sounds)
1523:The phonology of Standard Chinese
1479:John Ellery Clark; Colin Yallop;
559:⟩ as a variant of ⟨
516:in 1939 to distinguish it from .
488:⟩, symbols constructed by
5725:
5693:
5673:
5644:
5602:
5566:
5537:
5508:
5472:
5430:
5394:
5365:
5336:
5300:
5278:
5242:
5213:
5184:
5168:
4748:
3984:
3963:
3911:
2260:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
1890:Voiced velar bunched approximant
1170:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 313.
778:and those of many performers of
776:traditional Irish singing styles
652:Problems playing this file? See
636:
470:open-mid central unrounded vowel
303:Problems playing this file? See
288:
169:
96:Phonetic sound in some languages
31:
4005:
2171:International Phonetic Alphabet
1594:from the original on 2017-11-26
1565:from the original on 2013-03-01
1503:from the original on 2016-06-10
1268:from the original on 2021-08-16
1184:from the original on 2016-05-10
5089:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4019:
3977:
2280:IPA chart for English dialects
973:
959:
835:
827:
1:
4012:
1045:can be pronounced , the word
5099:Voiceless bidental fricative
2222:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
1870:Voiced retroflex approximant
1865:Voiced alveolar lateral flap
1799:Pronunciation of English /r/
1114:'three (animals or birds)'.
2323:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2114:Registered trademark symbol
1930:Voiceless glottal fricative
1925:Voiced pharyngeal fricative
1258:John Samuel Kenyon (1935).
57:the claims made and adding
5808:
1915:Voiceless uvular fricative
999:). The name of the street
801:
611:
599:) is still commonly seen.
88:
5627:
5491:
5319:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5125:
5094:Nasal palatal approximant
4778:Co-articulated consonants
4678:
4623:
4586:
4554:
4519:
4450:
4388:
4326:
4287:
4239:
4167:
4100:
4038:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3959:
3815:
3737:
3644:
3548:
3443:
3343:
3258:
3085:
2989:
2841:
2743:
2598:
2468:
2362:
2349:
2195:
2184:
1895:Voiceless velar fricative
1424:10.1017/S0025100300003868
1389:10.1017/S0025100300001420
1005:
983:
968:
236:
168:
1935:Voiced glottal fricative
1885:Voiced velar approximant
1840:Voiceless alveolar trill
1677:(39): 21. Archived from
1559:linguistics.berkeley.edu
1264:. G. Wahr. p. 191.
1102:. For example, the root
1049:can be pronounced etc.
949:, vocalic r occurs as a
3954:Non-pulmonic consonants
3086:Non-sibilant fricative
2842:Non-sibilant affricate
2212:History of the alphabet
1920:Voiced uvular fricative
1824:Linking and intrusive R
1584:"Luobohe Miao language"
504:⟩. Both ⟨
2270:Sinological extensions
1905:Voiceless uvular trill
1900:Voiced velar fricative
1880:Voiced retroflex trill
1855:Voiceless alveolar tap
1082:. The non-high vowels
625:
567:, the hook of ⟨
428:in the United States,
353:North American English
277:
267:
251:
1875:Voiced retroflex flap
1845:Voiced alveolar trill
1658:10.1044/jshr.0203.244
818:. In many words, the
624:
591:⟩ and ⟨
583:⟩ and ⟨
571:⟩ and ⟨
508:⟩ and ⟨
500:⟩ and ⟨
396:. They also occur in
276:
265:
250:
3738:Lateral approximant
2128:Medical prescription
1804:Rhoticity in English
1701:. Tybee Island, GA.
1629:10.1044/jshd.2901.76
1521:Duanmu, San (2007).
1356:(97). Front matter.
1350:Le Maître Phonétique
1323:Le Maître Phonétique
614:Rhoticity in English
484:⟩ or ⟨
400:, some varieties of
2366:Pulmonic consonants
1910:Voiced uvular trill
1860:Voiced alveolar tap
1352:. Troisième série.
1325:. Troisième série.
1098:in a word that has
1078:illustrated rhotic
832:traditional Chinese
492:along with ⟨
4288:Lateral fricative
3938:, to the left are
3645:Lateral fricative
2433:Postalveolar
2418:Linguolabial
2265:Naming conventions
2228:Journal of the IPA
1541:2021-02-11 at the
1450:Accents of English
1329:(88). Supplement.
1232:2013-09-26 at the
1210:2016-03-03 at the
1141:Syllabic consonant
1062:Dravidian language
824:simplified Chinese
626:
551:⟩, ⟨
547:⟩, ⟨
543:⟩, ⟨
535:⟩, ⟨
531:⟩, ⟨
527:⟩, ⟨
490:John Samuel Kenyon
406:Jutlandic dialects
278:
268:
252:
91:Syllabic consonant
42:possibly contains
5769:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5759:
5712:
5711:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5074:
5073:
4899:Uvular–epiglottal
4773:
4772:
4735:
4734:
3950:
3949:
3898:
3897:
3816:Lateral tap/flap
2413:Labiodental
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2275:World Orthography
2137:
2136:
1496:978-1-4051-3083-7
1060:In the 1930s the
965:perfective aspect
953:marker of nouns (
884:Standard Mandarin
761:In words such as
642:
293:
260:
259:
256:
255:
190:
174:
87:
86:
79:
44:original research
16:(Redirected from
5799:
5753:
5729:
5706:
5705:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5677:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5619:
5618:
5606:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5579:
5578:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5550:
5549:
5541:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5521:
5520:
5512:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5485:
5484:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5456:
5455:
5443:
5442:
5434:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5407:
5406:
5398:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5378:
5377:
5369:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5313:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5291:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5226:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5197:
5196:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5141:
5127:
5079:
5040:
5025:
5018:
4998:
4974:
4962:
4955:
4941:
4934:
4908:
4895:
4883:
4876:
4867:Labial–retroflex
4864:
4857:
4845:
4838:
4819:
4809:Labial–retroflex
4805:
4791:
4752:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4699:
4688:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4642:
4631:
4602:
4570:
4538:
4509:
4502:
4493:
4482:
4473:
4462:
4440:
4431:
4420:
4411:
4400:
4378:
4369:
4358:
4349:
4338:
4324:bottom: uvular)
4301:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4256:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4161:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4059:
4048:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3957:
3945:
3915:
3882:
3873:
3864:
3857:
3846:
3839:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3776:
3763:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3675:
3668:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3582:
3575:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3504:
3497:
3486:
3479:
3460:
3453:
3435:
3426:
3409:
3402:
3391:
3384:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3339:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3291:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3016:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2737:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2654:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2526:
2519:
2508:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2370:
2351:
2197:
2186:
2179:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2141:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1712:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1661:
1640:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1551:
1545:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1135:Rhotic consonant
1120:also contains .
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1040:
1008:
1007:
986:
985:
975:
970:
961:
837:
829:
798:Mandarin Chinese
663:General American
644:
643:
623:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
487:
483:
479:
475:
467:
463:
455:
357:Mandarin Chinese
330:rhotacized vowel
295:
294:
275:
238:
232:
217:
209:
204:
185:
178:
176:
175:
149:
148:
140:
139:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
101:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
59:inline citations
35:
34:
27:
21:
18:R-colored vowels
5807:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5761:
5751:
5750:unrounded
5746:
5708:
5707:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5635:
5621:
5620:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5600:
5593:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5522:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5499:
5487:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5450:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5421:
5409:
5408:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5385:
5380:
5379:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5327:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5269:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5134:
5113:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5043:Labial–alveolar
5041:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4975:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4901:
4896:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4877:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4848:Labial–alveolar
4846:
4839:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4798:
4797:
4795:Labial–alveolar
4792:
4784:
4774:
4769:
4599:
4567:
4555:Voiced lateral
4535:
4510:
4499:
4490:
4479:
4470:
4459:
4437:
4428:
4417:
4408:
4397:
4375:
4366:
4355:
4346:
4335:
4323:
4321:
3943:
3932:
2438:Retroflex
2358:
2337:
2296:ASCII encodings
2284:
2238:
2191:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2138:
2133:
1939:
1828:
1809:R-colored vowel
1777:
1771:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1709:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1664:
1643:
1614:
1611:
1609:Further reading
1606:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:Wayback Machine
1534:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1288:American Speech
1285:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1246:(in Portuguese)
1245:
1244:
1240:
1234:Wayback Machine
1224:(in Portuguese)
1223:
1222:
1218:
1212:Wayback Machine
1202:(in Portuguese)
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1126:
1106:'three' became
1058:
1031:
921:province (e.g.
806:
800:
771:
659:
658:
650:
648:
647:
646:
645:
637:
634:
627:
621:
616:
610:
605:
565:Kiel Convention
514:American Speech
442:
412:, and in a few
398:Canadian French
322:retroflex vowel
320:(also called a
310:
309:
301:
299:
298:
297:
296:
289:
286:
279:
273:
230:
215:
207:
202:
191:
183:
170:
145:
136:
127:
118:
109:
104:R-colored vowel
97:
94:
83:
72:
66:
63:
48:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5805:
5803:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5774:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5723:
5717:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5650:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5601:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5572:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5543:
5536:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5514:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5478:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5436:
5429:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5411:
5410:
5400:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5371:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5342:
5335:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5306:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5284:
5277:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5219:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4976:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4945:Labial–palatal
4943:
4936:
4929:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4910:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4821:
4814:
4813:
4807:
4800:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4785:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4700:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4625:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4587:Nasal lateral
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4401:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4325:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3797:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Bilabial
2405:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2243:Special topics
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1833:Pronunciations
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1707:
1690:
1662:
1652:(3): 244–257.
1641:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1575:
1546:
1528:
1513:
1495:
1481:Janet Fletcher
1468:
1446:Wells, John C.
1437:
1402:
1367:
1340:
1313:
1300:10.2307/451421
1286:"A Petition".
1278:
1250:
1238:
1216:
1194:
1176:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1073:Algic language
1057:
1056:Other examples
1054:
1030:
1027:
935:Inner Mongolia
917:, most of the
802:Main article:
799:
796:
770:
767:
759:
758:
741:
724:
649:
635:
630:
629:
628:
619:
618:
617:
609:
606:
604:
601:
450:hook diacritic
441:
438:
432:in China, and
300:
287:
282:
281:
280:
271:
270:
269:
258:
257:
254:
253:
243:
242:
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
218:
211:
210:
205:
198:
197:
193:
192:
177:
166:
165:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
142:
141:
133:
132:
124:
123:
115:
114:
106:
105:
95:
85:
84:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5804:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5756:
5755:
5754: rounded
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5704:
5688:
5681:
5668:
5661:
5655:
5639:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5597:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5577:
5561:
5554:
5548:
5532:
5525:
5519:
5503:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5483:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5447:
5441:
5425:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5389:
5382:
5376:
5360:
5353:
5347:
5331:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5297:
5295:
5289:
5273:
5266:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5237:
5230:
5224:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5179:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5124:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5039:
5033:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4997:
4989:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4961:
4954:
4946:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4922:
4913:
4912:Labial–uvular
4907:
4900:
4894:
4882:
4875:
4863:
4856:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4818:
4810:
4804:
4796:
4790:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3955:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:Case variants
2253:
2251:
2250:Cursive forms
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:R with stroke
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
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1681:on 2009-02-10
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1177:0-631-19815-6
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1127:
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1094:could become
1081:
1080:vowel harmony
1077:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1050:
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1036:
1035:Quebec French
1029:Quebec French
1028:
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944:
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789:
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780:country music
777:
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748:
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714:
708:
706:
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690:
684:
682:
676:
675:
674:
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668:
667:Irish English
664:
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655:
633:
615:
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517:
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459:
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67:November 2023
60:
56:
52:
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45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
5747:
5028:Labial–velar
4978:
4965:Labial–velar
4886:Labial–velar
4823:Labial–velar
4776:
4322:(top: velar;
3953:
3933:
2364:
2231:
2227:
1808:
1698:
1695:
1683:. Retrieved
1679:the original
1674:
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1645:
1620:
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1588:Omniglot.com
1587:
1578:
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1558:
1549:
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1485:
1458:0-52129719-2
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1418:(1): 67–80.
1415:
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1260:
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1186:. Retrieved
1166:
1118:Luobohe Miao
1116:
1112:/nɚhksɚʔɚjɬ/
1110:in the word
1070:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1037:, the vowel
1032:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1010:
996:
990:
988:
972:
958:
908:
888:Shijiazhuang
879:
839:
819:
813:
807:
772:
762:
760:
754:
752:
746:
744:
737:
735:
729:
727:
723:(unstressed)
719:
717:
712:
710:
704:
702:
696:
694:
688:
686:
680:
678:
660:
518:
513:
443:
430:Luobohe Miao
420:, including
391:
389:
384:
382:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
350:
329:
325:
321:
318:rhotic vowel
317:
313:
311:
164:Audio sample
98:
73:
64:
41:
4990:approximant
4925:approximant
3260:Approximant
2333:IPA Braille
2311:Kirshenbaum
2107:Real number
1966:R with tail
1773:The letter
1725:|work=
933:), eastern
784:post-grunge
472:is ⟨
460:is ⟨
5776:Categories
5737:full chart
5263:Near-close
5061:full chart
4983:(variable)
4760:full chart
4243:affricate
3923:full chart
3552:affricate
2356:Consonants
2328:IPA number
2190:IPA topics
2121:Enclosed R
1944:Variations
1819:Guttural R
1685:2018-12-26
1598:2017-11-23
1569:2013-02-12
1507:2016-09-24
1383:(1): 2–3.
1272:2020-03-16
1188:2016-09-24
1147:References
979:Go Believe
967:particle (
963:) and the
951:diminutive
945:), and in
886:, such as
782:. Certain
654:media help
612:See also:
436:in India.
402:Portuguese
346:epiglottis
305:media help
208:˞
155:IPA Number
51:improve it
5792:Phonetics
5787:Phonology
5587:Near-open
5321:Close-mid
5009:Implosive
5002:Velarized
4921:Fricative
4680:Voiceless
4620:Implosive
4169:Fricative
4102:Affricate
3940:voiceless
2992:fricative
2990:Sibilant
2748:affricate
2395:Laryngeal
2289:Encodings
1952:R rotunda
1814:Rhotacism
1727:ignored (
1717:cite book
1623:: 76–85.
1432:249412330
1397:249403800
1130:Linking R
1043:hamburger
900:Chongqing
864:Changchun
844:nasalized
718:Lincolnsh
671:diacritic
342:retroflex
326:vocalic r
314:r-colored
203:(decimal)
55:verifying
5748:Legend:
5742:template
5721:IPA help
5493:Open-mid
5066:template
5056:IPA help
5032:Ejective
5004:alveolar
4765:template
4744:IPA help
4035:Ejective
3928:template
3907:IPA help
3345:Tap/flap
2745:Sibilant
2428:Alveolar
1637:14122671
1592:Archived
1563:Archived
1539:Archived
1501:Archived
1483:(2007).
1448:(1982).
1362:44748475
1335:44748304
1266:Archived
1230:Archived
1208:Archived
1182:Archived
1137:(r-like)
1124:See also
1108:/nɚhks-/
1104:/nahks-/
1023:Dàshílàr
1001:Dazhalan
923:Tangshan
860:Shenyang
856:Tangshan
822:suffix (
810:Mandarin
792:syllabic
603:Examples
577:ɛ˞ o˞ ɔ˞
452:⟨
440:Notation
214:Unicode
196:Encoding
5752:•
5152:Central
4988:Lateral
4829:Plosive
4624:Voiced
4522:lateral
4520:Tenuis
4511:
4241:Lateral
3550:Lateral
2600:Plosive
2463:Glottal
2443:Palatal
2385:Coronal
2306:X-SAMPA
1959:Insular
1782:General
997:Gǒurblǐ
989:Gǒu(r)b
939:Chifeng
931:Chengde
927:Baoding
915:Tianjin
911:Beijing
904:Chengdu
878:. This
876:Qiqihar
852:Tianjin
848:Beijing
769:Singing
608:English
444:In the
422:Serrano
416:and of
404:, some
338:formant
332:) is a
328:, or a
226:X-SAMPA
201:Entity
49:Please
5782:Vowels
5730:
5132:Vowels
4981:-sound
4753:
4390:Voiced
4328:Tenuis
3936:voiced
3916:
2907:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
2453:Uvular
2423:Dental
2402:Manner
2390:Dorsal
2380:Labial
1705:
1635:
1493:
1462:
1456:
1430:
1395:
1360:
1333:
1308:451421
1306:
1174:
1065:Badaga
1047:soccer
957::
955:pinyin
943:Hailar
937:(e.g.
902:, and
874:, and
872:Harbin
834::
826::
434:Badaga
410:Danish
388:, and
241:Image
220:U+02DE
184:·
182:
180:source
5732:audio
5164:Close
5147:Front
5082:Other
5016:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
4782:Nasal
4755:audio
4452:Nasal
4319:Click
3918:audio
3445:Trill
2914:d̠ɹ̠˔
2470:Nasal
2448:Velar
2374:Place
2301:SAMPA
2176:chart
2100:Raidô
1428:S2CID
1393:S2CID
1358:JSTOR
1331:JSTOR
1304:JSTOR
1076:Yurok
1011:Dàshà
919:Hebei
896:Xi'an
892:Jinan
880:erhua
868:Jilin
815:erhua
804:Erhua
794:/r/.
788:music
763:start
703:stand
458:schwa
426:Yurok
334:vowel
216:(hex)
186:
5629:Open
5157:Back
5038:t͡pʼ
4279:q𝼄ʼ
4272:k𝼄ʼ
4265:c𝼆ʼ
4131:t̠ʃʼ
4117:t̪θʼ
4110:p̪fʼ
4040:Stop
3495:ɽ̊r̥
3161:ɹ̠̊˔
2893:tɹ̝̊
2318:TIPA
2232:JIPA
2024:R̄r̄
2009:R̃r̃
1971:Ɍɍ (
1964:Ɽɽ (
1957:Ꞃꞃ (
1950:Ꝛꝛ (
1736:link
1729:help
1703:ISBN
1633:PMID
1491:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1090:and
1071:The
1039:/œ̃/
711:dinn
665:and
424:and
418:Asia
368:butt
361:doll
355:and
188:help
5415:Mid
5023:ɠ͡ɓ
4906:q͡p
4893:q͡ʡ
4881:ɡ͡b
4874:k͡p
4862:ɖ͡b
4855:ʈ͡p
4843:d͡b
4836:t͡p
4817:ŋ͡m
4803:ɳ͡m
4789:n͡m
4491:ɴ𝼊
4489:ŋ𝼊
4429:ɢ𝼊
4427:ɡ𝼊
4367:q𝼊
4365:k𝼊
4254:tɬʼ
4159:qχʼ
4152:kxʼ
4145:tɕʼ
4138:tʂʼ
4124:tsʼ
3855:𝼈̥
3626:ɡʟ̝
3619:k𝼄
3612:ɟʎ̝
3605:c𝼆
3598:d𝼅
3175:ɻ̊˔
3168:ɹ̠˔
2900:dɹ̝
2886:d̪ð
2879:t̪θ
2868:b̪v
2861:p̪f
2791:d̠ʒ
2784:t̠ʃ
2200:IPA
2126:℞ (
2119:Ⓡ (
2112:® (
2105:ℝ (
2098:ᚱ (
2094:Rnd
1654:doi
1625:doi
1420:doi
1385:doi
1296:doi
1100:/ɚ/
1096:/ɚ/
1092:/o/
1088:/e/
1084:/a/
1033:In
1025:).
1019:(r)
1006:大栅栏
984:狗不理
808:In
720:ire
687:ass
681:ear
446:IPA
408:of
383:col
316:or
312:An
159:327
53:by
5778::
5482:o̞
5466:ɤ̞
5440:ø̞
5424:e̞
4979:Sj
4932:ɥ̊
4727:ʛ̥
4720:ɠ̊
4713:ʄ̊
4706:ᶑ̊
4697:ɗ̥
4686:ɓ̥
4600:ɴǁ
4598:ŋǁ
4568:ɢǁ
4566:ɡǁ
4536:qǁ
4534:kǁ
4500:ɴǂ
4498:ŋǂ
4480:ɴǃ
4478:ŋǃ
4471:ɴǀ
4469:ŋǀ
4460:ɴʘ
4458:ŋʘ
4438:ɢǂ
4436:ɡǂ
4418:ɢǃ
4416:ɡǃ
4409:ɢǀ
4407:ɡǀ
4398:ɢʘ
4396:ɡʘ
4376:qǂ
4374:kǂ
4356:qǃ
4354:kǃ
4347:qǀ
4345:kǀ
4336:qʘ
4334:kʘ
4299:ɬʼ
4231:χʼ
4224:xʼ
4217:ɕʼ
4210:ʂʼ
4203:ʃʼ
4196:sʼ
4189:θʼ
4182:fʼ
4175:ɸʼ
4094:ʡʼ
4087:qʼ
4080:kʼ
4073:cʼ
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4057:tʼ
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3999:RF
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3880:ʟ̆
3871:ʎ̆
3862:𝼈
3837:ɺ̥
3801:ʟ̠
3719:ʟ̝
3712:𝼄
3705:ʎ̝
3698:𝼆
3691:𝼅
3591:tꞎ
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3573:tɬ
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3502:ɽr
3477:r̥
3451:ʙ̥
3433:ʡ̆
3424:ɢ̆
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3382:ɾ̥
3371:ɾ̼
3353:ⱱ̟
3337:ʔ̞
3182:ɻ˔
3154:ð̠
3147:θ̠
3126:ð̼
3119:θ̼
2981:ʔh
2974:ʡʢ
2967:ʡʜ
2960:ɢʁ
2953:qχ
2946:ɡɣ
2939:kx
2932:ɟʝ
2925:cç
2854:bβ
2847:pɸ
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2812:tɕ
2805:dʐ
2798:tʂ
2777:dz
2770:ts
2641:d̼
2634:t̼
2627:b̪
2620:p̪
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2563:ŋ̊
2549:ɲ̊
2535:ɳ̊
2517:n̥
2506:n̼
2490:ɱ̊
2476:m̥
2404:↓
2376:→
2089:Rz
2084:Rw
2079:Rt
2074:Rs
2069:Rr
2064:Rp
2059:Rn
2054:Rm
2049:Rl
2044:Rh
2039:Rd
2034:Ṟṟ
2029:Ṝṝ
2019:Ṛṛ
2014:Ṙṙ
2004:Ȓȓ
1999:Řř
1994:Ŗŗ
1989:Ŕŕ
1984:Ȑȑ
1979:Ʀʀ
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1715:{{
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960:ér
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925:,
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898:,
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870:,
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858:,
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840:ng
830:;
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730:ar
728:st
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716:,
713:er
709:,
705:ar
699:th
697:ir
693:,
689:er
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683:se
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597:əʴ
537:ɔʴ
533:eʴ
529:aʴ
525:əʴ
454:˞
394:se
392:ur
385:or
381:,
377:ir
375:th
373:,
370:er
366:,
363:ar
348:.
324:,
231:@`
147:ɻ̍
138:ɹ̩
111:◌˞
5703:ɒ
5687:ɑ
5667:ä
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5638:a
5616:ɐ
5596:æ
5576:ɔ
5560:ʌ
5547:ɞ
5531:ɜ
5518:œ
5502:ɛ
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5375:ɵ
5359:ɘ
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5330:e
5310:ʊ
5288:ʏ
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5236:ɯ
5223:ʉ
5207:ɨ
5194:y
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4972:ɧ
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4953:ʍ
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4670:ʛ
4663:ɠ
4656:ʄ
4649:ᶑ
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4507:ʞ
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3985:A
3978:D
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3792:ʟ
3783:ʎ
3774:ɭ
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3407:ɽ
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3217:χ
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3203:x
3196:ʝ
3189:ç
3140:ð
3133:θ
3112:v
3105:f
3098:β
3091:ɸ
3063:ʑ
3056:ɕ
3049:ʐ
3042:ʂ
3035:ʒ
3028:ʃ
3021:z
3014:s
2735:ʔ
2726:ʡ
2719:ɢ
2712:q
2705:ɡ
2698:k
2691:ɟ
2684:c
2677:ɖ
2670:ʈ
2659:d
2652:t
2613:b
2606:p
2584:ɴ
2570:ŋ
2556:ɲ
2542:ɳ
2524:n
2497:ɱ
2483:m
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2230:(
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2156:t
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991:ù
981:(
969:了
836:兒
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753:w
745:n
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732:t
707:d
695:m
691:t
679:h
656:.
593:ɚ
589:ɝ
585:ə
581:ɜ
573:ɝ
569:ɚ
561:ᶕ
557:ɚ
553:ᶗ
549:ᶒ
545:ᶏ
541:ᶕ
521:ɹ
510:ɝ
506:ɚ
502:ɜ
498:ə
494:ᶔ
486:ɝ
482:ɚ
478:ɝ
474:ɜ
466:ɚ
462:ə
390:n
379:d
307:.
129:ɝ
120:ɚ
93:.
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
47:.
20:)
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