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On 26 October 1902, the group headed south, leaving a note that all were healthy, and provision would suffice for 14–20 days. Kolchak failed to find any traces of the men on
Bennett or New Siberia Islands, and assumed they met their fates while navigating between them. Meanwhile, Birulya's group left
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entered
Nerpichye Bay and tried to break through to a parking lot in a small harbor that was protected by a shallow from incoming icefields. On the banks sailors spotted a small house made of driftwood and the team of Vollosovich that was awaiting them. Fighting with strong currents, wind and ice the
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spent the winter was still blocked. Toll decided to explore the area in a kayak, accompanied by
Seeberg and several sailors. In August they found the mouth of Taymyr River, 100 kilometers further north than shown on their maps. They also managed to recover some of the supplies left at the Gafner Bay.
781:
and
Golchikha, without a proper map available. As a result, the pair failed to locate the Taymyr River, and ultimately split from the main expedition, traveling more than 800 km and reaching the Dudinka River (tributary of the Yenisei) by May 1901. These trips resulted in significant corrections
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Evenings in the messdeck were spent in philosophical debates, and their most fervent participants
Kolchak and Birulya, were often sent to cool down to the shores. Those trips made the two men close friends, and resulted in an observation by Kolchak that in extreme cold, when a river locally freezes
627:
to replenish its coal. There Toll and
Kolomeitsev had a major quarrel over their roles on the expedition, which ended in Kolomeitsev asking to be to relieved from his duties. Their command styles were very different: Toll longed for comradeship and treated sailors as equals, while Kolomeitsev tried
822:
The next trip, to Cape
Chelyuskin, Toll decided to carry out himself, together with Kolchak and two mushers, Nosov and Zheleznyakov. Because of the lack of dogs, all four men often pulled the sledges themselves. Locating the cache at Gafner Bay, left the previous autumn, proved difficult as it was
732:
and Nansen, who managed to pass Cape
Chelyuskin before wintering, Toll failed to reach eastern Taymyr. This would which affect the entire course of the expedition, and eventually lead to its tragic outcome. The prevailing south-westerly winds drives into the ocean the warm waters of large Siberian
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sailed in full swing to the north, only to get blocked by ice on the next day. By 23 August the ship ran low on coal, and would not make a return journey even if it managed to reach
Bennett, which was some 90 miles away. Matisen decided to turn south, abandoning Toll. Later Kolchak and most other
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In the evening of 23 May 1902, Toll, Seeberg, Protod'iakonov and
Gorokhov took provision for two months and departed on three sleds. Toll left an envelope "to be opened if the expedition will be deprived of its ship and will return to the mainland without me, or in the event of my death", which
984:
The failure to find the Sannikov Land was a strong disappointment for Toll, who called the voyage "Exploration of the Sannikov Land and other islands". The passage to Vladivostok through the Bering Strait seemed unrealistic and the results of the expedition too small for him. He decided to send
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The polar night arrived only a day after the group returned to the base on 19 October. It brought cold weather, with temperatures well below −30 °C outdoors, around 0 °C in the meteorological station, and some 8 °C in the messdeck. Most time was spent on reading books about polar
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was ordered in England, Sweden and Russia. The hydrological preparation were started too late, and Kolchak, who was responsible for the work, struggled to complete them in time. He also visited Nansen in Norway for consultation and training, and then traveled to Moscow and Arkhangelsk where he
848:
1013:, went to Chukotka with an American expedition, signing a lucrative contract. Previously, in early February Toll received a note from the Academy of Sciences instructing him to limit the expedition to explorations of New Siberian Islands and terminate it in the mouth of the Lena.
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The expedition set an example of comprehensive and systematic description and measurements of the geographical features and depths of the arctic regions. It has discovered and explored several islands and compiled an accurate map of the Taimyr Peninsula and Kotelny Island.
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and proceed with explorations. Toll chose the latter. He left records that the island has an area of about 230 square kilometers and is elevated 457 meters above mean sea level. He described its fauna and geological structure and noted the presence of bones of
635:
After unsuccessful mediation attempts, Kolchak likewise offered his resignation. This had the effect of easing the conflict, as Toll could not afford to lose two of his key assistants. On the morning of 12 July the expedition took onboard 60 sled dogs and two
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The group moved for 3–4 hours a day, in a harsh weather with temperatures below −30 °C outside and −20 °C in the tent. On 15 October they reached the Gafner Bay and left a stock of food there. Shortly before heading back to the base, Toll saw a
827:
on 18 May, having spent 41 days away from the ship in harsh weather. After that trip, Kolchak changed his attitude to dogs from ignorance to great care. The friendly relations between Kolchak and Toll strengthened, and in 1901 Toll named after Kolchak
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On 21 December 1901, Dr. Walter died of a heart attack during his duty at the weather station. He was feeling unwell the weeks before but tried to hide that. He was replaced by Dr. Katin-Yartsev, who arrived in late April 1902. Vollosovich developed
612:. In Tromsø, while the crew was waiting for the coal resupply from England, there were two major incidents: Malygin got arrested after a drunken brawl, and Semyashkin contracted a venereal disease and was found unfit for his duties by Dr. Walter.
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and stopped at Cape Vysoky. Four days later, using an ice floe and a canoe, his group moved to Bennett Island, with provisions running low. Kolchak later wrote that Toll knew this adventure was extremely risky, and took it believing in his luck.
248:. Being a naval officer, Konstantin showed great understanding and interest in the expedition and helped raise its finances from 240,000 to 509,000 rubles. The expedition was well supplied, and its preparations went without unnecessary delays.
208:
Upon returning from the New Siberian Islands in 1893, Toll began a vigorous campaign for a marine expedition to the area, which included a detailed presentation to the Academy of Sciences. He convinced the Academy to explore the areas east of
921:, and after giving a salute in honor of Chelyuskin, continued their voyage. Kolchak and Seeberg processed the measurements and found that the visited cape was a little east of the Cape Chelyuskin. They named the new cape after the ship.
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to fetch scientific equipment and a supply of coal and then to Saint Petersburg. On 29 May, Nicholas II visited the ship, and helped to resupply it with coal. A few days later the ship was visited by the Grand Duke Konstantin.
727:
became completely frozen into the ice. A meteorological station was set up on ice, using sails for the walls. The station had a phone connection with the ship which was used to send observation results every hour. Contrary to
868:
after more than 70 years. The expedition decided to continue the food-science experiment inadvertently started by Toll, keeping some of his cans in the original storage conditions and to be reexamined in 1980, 2000 and 2050.
802:. Toll was dissatisfied with the results and a few days later sent Matisen to a new journey with Nosov. This time Matisen mapped two new islands of the Nordenskiöld Archipelago, but turned back after meeting ice ridges.
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The group had built a shelter from driftwood which was also to be used for fuel. For reasons unknown, they did not store food and abandoned the remains of killed bears and reindeer. When it became clear that the
200:
On a clear day, Toll spotted, from Kotelny Island, vague outlines of an unknown island located some 100 km (62 mi) north-east, with steep shores and columnar mountains. He believed this to be the legendary
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of Cape Chelyuskin. Kolchak took instruments for measuring latitude and longitude and went in a kayak to the shore. Toll followed him in another boat, which was nearly overturned by a suddenly surfacing
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had not arrived yet, and Matisen tried to bring the ship into the delta of the Lena River. Kolchak with two boatswains performed depth measurements over three days, but could not find a safe passage.
723:
On 22 September 1900 the expedition stopped for wintering in the Bay of Colin Archer. The event was marked by a party, with champagne and brandy for the officers and beer for the sailors. Soon after
651:, and the next Kolchak and Byalynitsky-Birulya conducted their first hydrological and zoological observations. Kolchak was helped by Begichev and Zheleznyakov who expressed interest in his studies.
924:
After the departure of Kolomeitsev, all watch shifts were shared by two officers, Matisen and Kolchak. This forced Kolchak to reduce his scientific work to the most essential measurements.
773:, but those were suppressed by efficient intervention of Dr. Walter. Meanwhile, Toll nearly got Kolomeitsev and Rastorguyev killed by thrice sending them into snowstorms to the mouth of
823:
covered by some eight meters of snow. After a week of digging, Kolchak and Toll abandoned their attempts to reach the cache and decided to survey the area. Exhausted, they returned to
1112:
was abandoned in a quiet corner in the bay, and Brusnev was left behind in the village of Kazachye to wait for Toll, and travel to New Siberia if Toll did not appear by 1 February.
217:, arguing that Americans were pursuing the same goal and should not be given priority. The project was delayed due to its high costs, and only on 31 December 1899 was approved by
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into a crack in the ice, they were surprised by an angry polar bear. A dog came to their rescue and distracted the bear while the sailors ran to their camp for their rifles.
685:
appeared on the horizon. Toll decided to make a stop there to rest and perform maintenance on the boilers. A group of polar bears were encountered and a few killed for food.
794:
from south to north; on reaching the 77° mark, they turned to the west, and then returned due to the perceived shortage of dog food. Matisen was very close to discovering
737:
on dog sleds, crossing Cape Chelyuskin in the spring of 1901. This task would be impossible without a resupply on route. He decided to organize such resupply before the
324:, which in 1896 had returned unscathed from its long drift in the northern polar ocean during Nansen's "Farthest North" expedition, 1893–96. Archer had also fitted out
931:
entered uncharted waters, as Nordenskiöld and Nansen sailed much farther south. By the order of Toll the ship was directed to the intended location of Sannikov Land.
628:
to keep a distance from the men and imposed harsh punishments for unruly behavior. Kolomeitsev thought that Toll's attitude undermined his authority as commander of
233:
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would not be coming, the group was already low on ammunition, with only 30 shotgun rounds found at the shelter, and the reindeer had already left the island.
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that they discovered. Kolchak himself named another island and a cape after his bride, Sophia Feodorovna Omirova, who was waiting for him in St. Petersburg.
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appeared in front of the travelers. Toll noted in his diary that it was possible to pass 10 times near the Sannikov Land without noticing it in a fog.
798:, for which he only had to travel extra 150 kilometers north-east from the northernmost point of his journey, and some 200 km north he could find
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161:
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Kolchak's next expedition from the ship nearly cost him his life. When he, together with Byalynitsky-Birulya and two sailors, decided to lower a
259:. It was supposed to split into two groups, with the smaller auxiliary group responsible for delivery of provisions to the New Siberian Islands.
1209:, physical geography, botany, geology, paleontology, ethnology and aurora observations. It took 10–15 years to process them and publish in the
674:
as soon as possible. This would allow the expedition to winter on the eastern Taymyr and explore the poorly mapped areas nearby. The next day,
1005:, and Toll allowed him to leave the expedition. He briefly accompanied him on the shore between 15 and 30 January 1902, and upon returning to
692:. From then on it had to make stops as long as 19 days being stranded in icefields and shallows. On the night of 3 September it saw its first
1971:
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342:(square sail on foremast only). In October 1899 the ship was certified by Norwegian authorities for a three-year expedition in the Arctic.
116:
1424:
Kolomeitsev N.N. (1902). "Русская полярная экспедиция под начальством барона Толля" [Russian polar expedition led by Baron Toll].
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with icy water and overturning a huge wooden table in the messdeck. It was followed by fog, and when it dissipated, a rocky headland of
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rivers, which in turn brings heavy icefields back towards the shore. To save time, Toll planned to get to the East Taymyr through
1152:
on 21 July 1902 facing a dilemma: set a basecamp and engage in hunting to replenish his food supplies, or rely on the arrival of
666:. There Toll had an arranged to meet a schooner which had been engaged to deliver coal for the expedition from Arkhangelsk to
977:
near the house of Vollosovich. While running from hot banya to cool down in snow, a common practice of the time, Kolchak got
778:
444:
Victor Katin-Yartsev – medical doctor in political exile. He replaced Walter who died of a heart attack on 21 December 1901.
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contained a letter assigning Matisen as the expedition head. Toll traveled along the northern shores of Kotelny Island and
251:
According to the final plan, after surveying New Siberian Islands the expedition was to sail eastward, circumnavigate the
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animals. The fauna included bears, walruses and a herd of 30 reindeer, with bird flocks flying over from north to south.
1009:, sent Matisen for his planned explorations. On the continent, Toll learned that Rastorguyev, who was supposed to rejoin
757:
moving south, (he assumed) from a more northern land. This event reinvigorated Toll in his search for the Sannikov Land.
240:
Grand Duke Konstantin played an important role in organizing the expedition, which is why his portrait was placed in the
1306:
433:
Herman E. Walter – medical doctor and bacteriologist. In 1899, he took part in the expedition that explored lands near
314:
to be heavily modified in order to deal with the ice. Colin Archer, the Norwegian shipbuilder, had designed and built
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was freed from ice and left drifting north-east. When the polar day ended on 31 July, the ship was nearby the
1080:
Meanwhile, the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences asked merchant A. I. Gromova, the owner of polar steamship
495:
350:
recruited three crew members. One of them, Semyon Evstifeev was later praised by Toll as his best sailor.
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427:
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heavily with internal frames and beams, and deckhouses were added and modified. The rig was changed to
1266:[Return of Lieutenant Kolchak. On the 100th anniversary of the Russian polar expedition RAS].
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polar explorers and historians did not criticize that decision, believing that Matisen had no choice.
596:, Toll left the ship, crossed the gulf, and went by train to Oslo to consult with Nansen, and then to
124:
1334:
Katin-Yarcev V.N. (1904). "На Крайний Север. (В Русской полярной экспедиции барона Э. В. Толля.)".
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on horses. During the trip, Nikolai Bezborodov accidentally shot Trifon Nosov, who later died from
847:
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17:
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arrived on 30 August, and fearing the freeze-up, its captain ordered them to leave in three days.
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on 10 August, just in time. Two days later the ship started shifting in ice towards the open sea.
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Matisen returned on 17 April 1902, reporting that 7 miles away from Kotelny Island he ran into a
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Scientific results of the expedition covered meteorology, oceanography, terrestrial magnetism,
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917:, expedition members took a group photograph on its background. By noon, the group returned to
149:, then a young researcher and lieutenant of the Russian Navy, and later a provisional ruler of
1967:
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to the bottom, the incoming water would flow on top of ice until the entire stream freezes.
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973:, expedition members soon erected a magnetic observation station, a weather station and a
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On 23 February, Toll sent Matisen and Strizhev to survey northwards. The pair crossed the
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71:
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In 1974, a Soviet expedition examined the remaining food at that location and found that
173:
in his exploration of New Siberian Islands and the Arctic Ocean shores from the mouth of
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388:– lieutenant, and assistant of Kolomeitsev. He was a member of the 1899 expedition to
1984:
1264:"Возвращение лейтенанта Колчака. К 100-летию Русской полярной экспедиции (1900–1903)"
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The expedition ship was built in 1873 in Norway and then used for seal hunting near
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Canned soup recovered in 1974 from the cache of Toll and Kolchak at the Gafner Bay
670:. Not seeing the schooner, Toll decided not to wait for it, but attempt to reach
1057:
978:
935:
738:
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Peter Strizhev and Stepan Rastorguyev, Malygin's and Semyashkin's replacements.
424:– chief zoologist from the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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272:
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schooner ran aground several times and only on 5 September reached the harbor.
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Second row: Kolomeitsev, Matisen, Toll, Walter, Seeberg and Byalynitsky-Birulya
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1084:, to rescue the main part of the expedition and offered her the ownership of
1130:. In early December Kolchak reached St. Petersburg, and began organizing an
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was being fitted by the shipbuilder Colin Archer. From there they sailed to
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The scientific part of the expedition consisted of the following personnel:
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sets in, and upon his return, explore the Sannikov Land, if found, or the
985:
Matisen in search for the Sannikov Land in February–March 1902, after the
365:
Konstantin Vollosovich – head of the assisting group of 11 men, geologist.
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expeditions, and in February 1901 Kolchak made a presentation about the
741:, and on 10 October, together with Kolchak, Nosov and Rastorguyev, left
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In early April 1900, the entire team gathered in the Norwegian town of
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182:
141:. Toll and his three assistants vanished in late 1902 while exploring
131:. It was led by the Baltic German geologist and Arctic explorer Baron
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Aleksei Semyashkin – sailor, later replaced by musher Peter Strizhev.
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311:
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A brutal storm hit the ship on the night of 29 August, flooding the
678:
met ice fields and was forced to deviate from its route southwards.
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957:
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of the local maps and in the discovery of the Upper Taymyr River.
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160:
1192:
Russian mail envelope commemorating the polar expeditions of Toll
153:. Kolchak also led the rescue mission to find Toll and his crew.
1966:]. Vol. 1356 (4th ed.). Moscow: Molodaya Guardia.
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to Bennett Island. In early May, Kolchak and Strizhev surveyed
1032:
and run into polynyas in the northern and western directions.
696:. Soon sailors noticed a light ahead, and decided that it was
362:
Baron Eduard Toll – expedition head, geologist and zoologist.
592:, where it had a minor problem. While it was being fixed in
855:
The sea ice began to melt, but the exit from the bay where
205:, which, at the time, was marked on maps by a dashed line.
270:. It was a sailing barque with a steam engine similar to
1122:, where expedition members disembarked and proceeded to
1024:
was sent to New Siberia to assist the planned voyage of
1185:
New Siberia and reached the mainland by December 1902.
888:
Routes of expeditions by Toll (1901) and Kolchak (1903)
1223:
Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition 1910–1915
769:. During the wintering four people showed symptoms of
688:
On 5 August, the expedition changed its route towards
27:
Expedition to study the Arctic, led by Eduard von Toll
1688:Александр Васильевич Колчак как исследователь Арктики
1608:«Арктика-2010»: возможны самые удивительные открытия
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departed on 2 September and by 30 September reached
334:
in 1897 to become a polar ship. Archer strengthened
221:, who also appointed Toll as the expedition chief.
101:
66:
56:
44:
1610:. Russian Geographical Society. rgo.ru (July 2010)
765:, whereas Birulya described the nature around the
287:it was purchased for 60,000 rubles and renamed to
1020:and turned back. On 29 April, Birulya with three
375:. He previously took part in explorations of the
453:O. F. Tsionglinsky – student in political exile.
913:. After conducting measurements and building a
608:the ship was guided by a specially hired local
234:Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia
145:. One of the key members of the expedition was
703:, but astronomer Seeberg realized that it was
1197:Achievements and importance of the expedition
8:
1964:Admiral Kolchak, the supreme ruler of Russia
30:
1211:Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1960:Адмирал Колчак, верховный правитель России
896:Kolchak during hydrographical measurements
29:
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500:Ivan Malygin – sailor, later replaced by
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719:Kolchak wintering in Taimyr in 1900–1901
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1064:On 1 July, with the help of explosives
306:, the ship was sent to the shipyard of
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1138:Fate of the groups of Toll and Birulya
1921:Адмирал Колчак: жизнь, подвиг, память
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465:. Top row, third from left: Kolchak.
113:Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902
52:8 June] 1900 – December 1902
31:Russian polar expedition of 1900–1902
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117:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1925:Admiral Kolchak: life, feat, legacy
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969:Using the driftwood brought by the
213:and the potential sea route to the
18:Russian polar expedition of 1900–02
151:Russia during the civil war period
25:
1144:Russian rescue expedition of 1903
818:compiled from the expedition data
1991:Science and technology in Russia
1309:. e-reading-lib.org (in Russian)
584:left St. Petersburg heading for
518:Nikolai Protod'iakonov – sailor.
169:During 1884–1886, Toll assisted
36:
927:After passing Cape Chelyuskin,
430:– astronomer and magnetologist.
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1352:
979:inflammation of the periosteum
471:The supporting team included:
450:– engineer in political exile.
105:7 people including Eduard Toll
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1374:Адмирал Колчак: правда и мифы
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1088:in return. On 25 August 1902
981:accompanied by a high fever.
843:In search of the Taimyr River
806:Expedition to Cape Chelyuskin
745:on two heavily loaded sleds.
573:Members of the expedition on
127:and search for the legendary
662:, and on 25 July approached
527:Eduard Shirvinsky – engineer
485:Nikolai Bezborodov – sailor.
371:– lieutenant and captain of
1044:Kolchak in the messdeck of
864:was perfectly preserved in
786:Undiscovered northern lands
292:
283:. Upon recommendation from
236:, patron of the expedition
2032:
2016:19th century in the Arctic
2011:20th century in the Arctic
2001:1900 in the Russian Empire
1996:Russian Arctic expeditions
1953:]. Moscow: Geografgiz.
1376:. Tomsk University Press.
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488:Semyon Evstifeev – sailor.
461:Expedition members aboard
422:Alexei Byalynitsky-Birulya
191:Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Islands
1879:
1649:
1519:
1262:Tchaikovsky, Yu. (2002).
1132:expedition to rescue Toll
763:Great Northern Expedition
521:Gavriil Pyzyrev – fireman
332:Southern Cross Expedition
35:
1691:, Moscow: Nauka, p. 76,
1213:and in nautical charts.
792:Nordenskiöld Archipelago
530:Sergei Tolstov – sailor.
491:Vasily Gorokhov – sailor
225:Planning and preparation
115:was commissioned by the
1944:Плавание на яхте "Заря"
1927:]. Moscow: Atrel'.
1368:Khandorin V.G. (2007).
1307:Экспедиция барона Толля
814:Map of the area around
777:and the settlements of
681:On 30 July outlines of
1958:Zyryanov P.N. (2012).
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615:The day after passing
577:
536:Vasily Zheleznyakov –
533:Foma Yaskevich – cook.
509:Trifon Nosov – fireman
468:
237:
166:
1919:Kruchinin A. (2010).
1685:Sinyukov V.V. (2000)
1191:
1172:Bennett Island (1881)
1171:
1054:Faddeyevsky Peninsula
1043:
961:
895:
887:
850:
813:
718:
572:
460:
232:
164:
70:20 people, including
1370:"Под полярным небом"
347:hydrological studies
125:New Siberian Islands
711:Wintering in Taimyr
369:Nikolai Kolomeitsev
171:Alexander von Bunge
80:Nikolai Kolomeitsev
32:
1942:Toll E.V. (1959).
1194:
1174:
1070:Lyakhovsky Islands
1049:
1036:Navigation in 1902
967:
900:On 19 August 1901
898:
890:
853:
830:one of the islands
820:
796:Maly Taymyr Island
721:
619:, on 11 July 1900
578:
505:Stepan Rastorguyev
469:
345:Equipment for the
238:
181:. Toll then found
167:
92:Stepan Rastorguyev
48:21 June [
1973:978-5-235-03375-7
1948:Sailing on yacht
1934:978-5-17-063753-9
1383:978-5-7511-1842-6
880:Second navigation
872:Toll returned to
683:Sibiryakov Island
604:. From Bergen to
428:Friedrich Seeberg
396:Alexander Kolchak
316:Fritdjof Nansen's
147:Alexander Kolchak
109:
108:
84:Alexander Kolchak
16:(Redirected from
2023:
1977:
1954:
1938:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
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1856:
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1394:
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1387:
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1344:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1259:
1148:Toll arrived at
1030:Belkovsky Island
954:Second wintering
800:Severnaya Zemlya
690:Taimyr Peninsula
580:On 8 June 1900,
565:First navigation
476:Nikifor Begichev
379:at the mouth of
177:to the mouth of
88:Nikifor Begichev
40:
33:
21:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2006:1900 in science
1981:
1980:
1974:
1957:
1941:
1935:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
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1614:
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1594:
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1569:
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1549:
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1537:
1526:
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1494:
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1305:
1298:
1290:
1279:
1261:
1260:
1235:
1231:
1219:
1199:
1146:
1140:
1096:and approached
1094:Buor-Khaya Gulf
1038:
956:
945:On 3 September
882:
845:
808:
788:
713:
672:Cape Chelyuskin
668:Yugorsky Strait
660:Kolguyev Island
590:Gulf of Finland
567:
562:
512:Eduard Ogrin –
466:
448:Mikhail Brusnev
356:
285:Fridtjof Nansen
268:Harald Harfager
266:under the name
227:
159:
133:Eduard von Toll
96:Mikhail Brusnev
72:Eduard von Toll
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
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1227:
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1225:
1218:
1215:
1198:
1195:
1150:Bennett Island
1142:Main article:
1139:
1136:
1037:
1034:
991:Bennett Island
955:
952:
940:Bennett Island
881:
878:
844:
841:
816:Kolchak Island
807:
804:
787:
784:
712:
709:
566:
563:
561:
558:
541:
540:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
514:chief engineer
510:
507:
498:
492:
489:
486:
483:
455:
454:
451:
445:
442:
431:
425:
419:
398:– lieutenant,
393:
386:Fyodor Matisen
383:
366:
363:
355:
352:
327:Southern Cross
255:and arrive in
226:
223:
165:Baron von Toll
158:
155:
143:Bennett Island
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
76:Fyodor Matisen
68:
64:
63:
61:Russian Empire
58:
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3:
2:
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2017:
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1697:5-02-002377-9
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1426:Izvestiya RGO
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539:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
497:
494:Ivan Klyug –
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
473:
472:
464:
459:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
439:Novaya Zemlya
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
413:
409:
408:magnetologist
405:
401:
397:
394:
391:
387:
384:
382:
381:Yenisei River
378:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
359:
353:
351:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
275:
274:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
235:
231:
224:
222:
220:
216:
215:Bering Strait
212:
211:Taymyr Island
206:
204:
203:Sannikov Land
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
163:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:Sannikov Land
126:
122:
119:to study the
118:
114:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1924:
1920:
1913:Bibliography
1899:
1887:
1875:
1848:
1791:
1779:
1731:
1719:
1687:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1603:
1591:
1558:
1546:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1392:
1373:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1271:
1267:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1153:
1147:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1045:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1003:neurasthenia
999:
995:
983:
968:
963:
946:
944:
933:
928:
926:
923:
918:
904:crossed the
901:
899:
873:
871:
856:
854:
834:
824:
821:
789:
775:Taymyr River
759:
747:
742:
730:Nordenskiöld
724:
722:
699:
687:
680:
675:
655:
653:
644:
642:
634:
629:
620:
614:
601:
581:
579:
574:
548:
542:
470:
462:
412:hydrochemist
372:
357:
344:
335:
326:
319:
308:Colin Archer
303:
301:
296:
279:
271:
267:
261:
253:Cape Dezhnev
250:
245:
239:
207:
199:
193:and coal on
168:
137:
135:on the ship
121:Arctic Ocean
112:
110:
67:Participants
1870:, pp. 93–94
1855:, pp. 86–87
1757:, pp. 77–78
1586:, pp. 63–68
1541:, pp. 57–58
1522:, pp. 24–27
1294:, pp. 41–42
1268:Vestnik RAN
1058:New Siberia
936:quarterdeck
739:polar night
698:icebreaker
654:By 22 July
643:On 18 July
623:approached
416:cartologist
404:hydrologist
257:Vladivostok
219:Nicholas II
195:New Siberia
1985:Categories
1274:: 152–161.
1229:References
1207:glaciology
1163:Quaternary
1161:and other
971:Lena River
962:Wintering
866:permafrost
767:South Pole
617:North Cape
560:Expedition
400:hydrograph
340:barkentine
157:Background
1596:Kruchinin
1432:(3): 343.
1353:Kruchinin
1336:Мир Божий
1098:Tiksi Bay
987:polar day
906:longitude
751:partridge
586:Kronstadt
480:boatswain
377:White Sea
264:Greenland
185:bones on
123:north of
1904:Zyryanov
1892:Zyryanov
1882:, p. 329
1868:Zyryanov
1853:Zyryanov
1841:Zyryanov
1826:Zyryanov
1811:Zyryanov
1796:Zyryanov
1784:Zyryanov
1772:Zyryanov
1755:Zyryanov
1736:Zyryanov
1724:Zyryanov
1712:Zyryanov
1674:Zyryanov
1662:Zyryanov
1652:, p. 218
1638:Zyryanov
1623:Zyryanov
1584:Zyryanov
1563:Zyryanov
1551:Zyryanov
1539:Zyryanov
1508:Zyryanov
1496:Zyryanov
1484:Zyryanov
1467:Zyryanov
1455:Zyryanov
1443:Zyryanov
1412:Zyryanov
1397:Zyryanov
1322:Zyryanov
1292:Zyryanov
1217:See also
1092:entered
993:if not.
755:reindeer
649:Kola Bay
625:Polyarny
600:to meet
588:and the
547:, where
538:helmsman
435:Murmansk
390:Svalbard
330:for the
302:Renamed
242:messdeck
57:Location
1906:, p. 87
1894:, p. 95
1843:, p. 83
1828:, p. 82
1813:, p. 81
1798:, p. 80
1786:, p. 79
1774:, p. 76
1738:, p. 75
1726:, p. 74
1714:, p. 73
1676:, p. 72
1664:, p. 71
1640:, p. 70
1625:, p. 69
1598:, p. 23
1565:, p. 62
1553:, p. 60
1510:, p. 56
1498:, p. 55
1486:, p. 52
1469:, p. 50
1457:, p. 48
1445:, p. 47
1414:, p. 46
1399:, p. 44
1355:, p. 20
1324:, p. 43
1159:mammoth
1124:Irkutsk
1120:Yakutsk
1018:polynya
862:oatmeal
664:Vaygach
658:passed
638:mushers
594:Tallinn
496:fireman
289:Russian
187:Kotelny
183:mammoth
1970:
1931:
1695:
1380:
1128:sepsis
1022:Yakuts
911:walrus
837:dredge
771:scurvy
753:and a
735:tundra
700:Yermak
694:aurora
606:Tromsø
598:Bergen
545:Larvik
502:musher
312:Larvik
102:Deaths
1962:[
1950:Zarya
1946:[
1923:[
1342:: 93.
1179:Zarya
1154:Zarya
1110:Zarya
1090:Zarya
1086:Zarya
1074:Zarya
1066:Zarya
1046:Zarya
1026:Zarya
1011:Zarya
1007:Zarya
975:banya
964:Zarya
947:Zarya
929:Zarya
919:Zarya
915:cairn
902:Zarya
874:Zarya
857:Zarya
825:Zarya
779:Dixon
743:Zarya
725:Zarya
705:Venus
676:Zarya
656:Zarya
647:left
645:Zarya
630:Zarya
621:Zarya
610:pilot
602:Zarya
582:Zarya
575:Zarya
549:Zarya
463:Zarya
373:Zarya
336:Zarja
318:ship
304:Zarya
293:Zarya
246:Zarya
138:Zarya
1968:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1880:Toll
1693:ISBN
1650:Toll
1520:Toll
1378:ISBN
1116:Lena
1106:Lena
1102:Lena
1082:Lena
553:Oslo
437:and
414:and
354:Crew
321:Fram
297:Dawn
280:Vega
276:and
273:Fram
189:and
179:Yana
175:Lena
111:The
94:and
50:O.S.
45:Date
310:in
299:).
278:SS
244:of
1987::
1860:^
1833:^
1818:^
1803:^
1762:^
1743:^
1704:^
1630:^
1615:^
1570:^
1527:^
1474:^
1430:38
1428:.
1404:^
1372:.
1360:^
1338:.
1314:^
1299:^
1280:^
1270:.
1236:^
1134:.
1100:.
707:.
632:.
478:–
410:,
406:,
402:,
291::
197:.
90:,
86:,
82:,
78:,
74:,
1976:.
1937:.
1699:.
1386:.
1340:2
1272:2
482:.
441:.
418:.
392:.
295:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
