662:), Swedish naval forces consisting of ten ships of the line and four frigates under Admiral Tomas von Rajalin and 20 galley strong rowing fleet under Admiral Abraham Falkengren moved on 20 May 1741 to the islands near the border. While standing idle an epidemic broke out in the fleet largely paralyzing it and claiming the life of Admiral von Rajalin. The Swedish declaration of war in late July had been intended to coincide with the invasion but now it failed to do so since the fleet was unable to take action and concentration of the ground forces had not yet been carried out. The situation was not improved by the fact that Lewenhaupt arrived in Finland two months after the declaration of war and command of the army fell to General
920:'s 50 galley strong coastal fleet. However, on 7 June, a Russian fleet led by Admiral Nikolai Fedorovich Golovin managed to draw the Swedish fleet out of its anchorage while not actually engaging in a fight. This allowed the Russian galley fleet to safely pass the cape. The result was overwhelming Russian naval superiority in south-western Finland and areas near Åland, which forced the Swedish fleet to move to the west of Åland and hastened the peace negotiations. Admiral Golovin later faced a military tribunal for his refusal to engage the Swedish squadron of equal strength but was cleared when he referred to an edict from
52:
841:
continued advancing towards
Frederikshamn. The Swedes had prepared a strong defensive position outside of Frederikshamn, at Mäntlahti. The Swedish colonel defending the position had become aware of the Russian approach and withdrew all his forces from the fortified positions to Frederikshamn a day before the Russian attack, which was to take place on 25 June. However, the abandoned position was critical for the town's defense and by 28 June, the Swedish army under Lewenhaupt set the town on fire and started withdrawing.
224:
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876:, signed a surrender document on 24 August. According to the terms of the document, the Finnish men were released from the army while the Swedish men were allowed to sail back home. All guns, supplies, and even fodder stores were to be given over to the Russians. All Swedish naval forces returned to Sweden in early September 1742. The Russians advanced all the way to
864:. Russians followed the withdrawing Swedes but no real action between the armies, apart from skirmishes between the Swedish rearguard and Russian cavalry patrols, took place. On 18 July after learning that Swedish garrisons further inland had left their posts, Lewenhaupt and the army council judged it to be best to withdraw to Helsingfors to prepare its defenses.
772:, also attempted to raid the Swedish anchorage near Frederikshamn over ice, but the harsh weather made it impossible. Swedish General Lewenhaupt planned to renew the attack against Vyborg in the spring of 1742. Swedish naval units required to support the attack started to arrive in mid May. However, since the naval commanders had been ordered to patrol between
868:
ended in
Helsingfors on 11 August. A couple of days later, the Russians had managed to completely surround the town on land. The Swedish galley fleet was stationed east of Helsingfors but judged its position to be untenable and withdraw into the town as well, allowing the Russian galley fleet to complete encirclement of the town after 20 August.
988:). The Hats acquiesced in her proposal in the hope that Adolf Frederick would be able to obtain better terms from her. Elizabeth also wanted Russian forces to occupy Sweden in order to ensure Adolf Frederick's peaceful election, but this plan aroused the vehement opposition of the Swedish representatives and was abandoned.
867:
The Swedes started to dismantle and transport away the food and supply stores concentrated in Borgå. On 27 July
Russians arrived in the vicinity and moved into Borgå on 30 July, which the Swedish army had abandoned one day earlier. The Swedish withdrawal, which had lasted nearly two months, finally
767:
The
Russians reneged on their ceasefire agreement early in March 1742 but a harsh winter made it impossible for the main armies to operate. Light Russian cavalry forces (cossacks and hussars) raided the Swedish side of the border but were often repulsed by local populations. In March, the Russians,
732:
Lewenhaupt, who arrived ten days after the defeat, tried to organize a joint operation by both land and naval forces towards Vyborg but
Admiral Aron Sjöstierna, who took von Rajalin's position, made it clear that the fleet would not be able to do it. The Russian fleet had also fallen into disrepair
871:
Before the town was completely cut off, on 19 August
General Lewenhaupt and General Buddenbrock were summoned to proceed immediately to Stockholm for an inquiry into their actions. Both generals were imprisoned on their arrival and they were placed on trial. The deputy commander of Swedish forces,
589:
with an order to "catch up" the envoy. The officers took away from
Sinclair his diplomatic papers, pulled him out of the coach and took him aside to a forest where he was killed and looted. The Russian government denied the responsibility for the assassination. In Sweden the assassination brought
904:
The
Swedish army retook Åland in March 1743 and at the start of May, a fleet of 16 ships of the line and 5 frigates under Admiral Jean von Utfall arrived to block the coastal sea route past Hangö. Admiral Falkengren's galley fleet was sent to Åland. The task of these naval forces was to prevent
840:
Since the
Swedish army remained inactive, the Russians again seized the initiative and moved onto the offensive. With the support of the Russian galley fleet, a 30,000 men strong Russian army under the command of Field-Marshal Lacy marched from Vyborg. It crossed the border on 13 June and then
795:). A week later, a galley fleet commanded by Admiral Falkengren joined the main fleet, bringing 25 galleys and some support ships. However, unlike in the previous year, the Russian fleet was also active with a galley fleet of 45 galleys under General
597:
was elevated to the vacant position. However, Finnish defenses had fallen into disrepair as most of the funds for their support were used elsewhere in the kingdom. Neither had any preparations been made as a result of what had taken place in the
924:
which stated that a
Russian fleet should not engage in battle unless having 3:2 superiority or better. Swedish generals Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock were both beheaded primarily as scapegoats for the failed war-policy of the ruling
801:
812:
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and was unable to take part in the fighting in 1741. Sjöstierna sailed home on 22 September and the commander of the remaining Swedish vessels ignored Lewenhaupt's attempts to persuade him to sail to
577:, became aware of it and forwarded the information to the Russian government. Sinclair accomplished his mission and at the beginning of April 1739 left Constantinople. On 17 June, between Grüneberg (
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on the subject of negotiations with the Ottoman Empire on a possible alliance against Russia. Although the diplomatic mission was kept in high secrecy the Russian Minister Plenipotentiary in
286:
729:. Blame for the defeat at Villmanstrand was placed on General von Buddenbrock who had not believed that the Russians were seriously attacking and did not move to aid Wrangel.
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783:
The main Swedish fleet arrived on 3 June from Sweden under Admiral Sjöstierna and consisted of fifteen ships of the line and five frigates. The fleet sailed to Äspö (
753:) and instead sailed back to Sweden on 27 October. Operations on the land front also came to a halt when an armistice was agreed to with Russia in early December.
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In the summer of 1740, the commander of Swedish forces in Finland, General Carl Cronstedt, was removed from his post due to his opposition to the planned war and
2182:
1670:
1355:
Hatakka, Sampsa. "The supply challenges of the Swedish army during the Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743". In Petri Talvitie & Juha-Matti Granqvist (Eds.),
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1019:) had been finalized, with Sweden ceding to Russia the towns of Lappeenranta and Hamina and a strip of Finland to the northwest of Saint Petersburg. The
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Co-operation with Swedish naval and land forces did not go smoothly and instead of supporting the army, the bulk of the fleet sailed directly to
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602:. In the end what funds that were allocated for Finland were used for preparations for offensive war instead of strengthening the defenses.
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While peace negotiations lumbered on Lacy—who had distinguished himself in similar operations during the Great Northern War—embarked from
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arrived at the city in order to discuss a peace settlement. The Tsarina promised to evacuate her army from Finland on the condition that
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and cut Finland off from the rest of the Sweden. At about this time a small Swedish detachment attacked a Russian cavalry detachment at
558:
1164:"329 (Samlade skrifter / 1. Grunddragen af svenska vitterhetens historia. Del 1. Stjernhjelm – frihetstiden. Akademiska föreläsningar)"
860:). This in turn cut off the army from its supply lines and Lewenhaupt started withdrawing further towards the army's supply depots at
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passed Hangö. The Swedish galley fleet attacked the Russian galley fleet at the narrows of Korpoström, just south of the island of
586:
313:
1369:
Merovuo, Jenni. "‘Divided and validated’? The institutionalization of the Russo-Swedish border region in the 1743 peace treaty."
1145:
Jenni Merovuo, "‘Divided and validated’? The institutionalization of the Russo-Swedish border region in the 1743 peace treaty."
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837:) but the naval commanders judged the risk for the fleet to be too great and Lewenhaupt was forced to back down from his plan.
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Due to Swedish inaction, the Russians seized the initiative and struck first with an army of 16,000 men under Field-Marshal
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Russian forces from reaching Sweden. However, before the Swedish forces arrived, a Russian galley fleet under General
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undertook a trip with the aim of trying to arrange a safer way of diplomatic communications between Sweden and the
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to Sweden and continued the vigorous prosecution of the war, under the guidance of her pro-Austrian chancellor,
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585:), he was overtaken by two Russian officers, captain Kütler and lieutenant Lewitzki, who were dispatched by
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was to form part of the border between the two powers. The treaty marked the further decline of
613:. The objective of these maneuvers was to threaten Saint Petersburg and to set the stage for a
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engineered by French and Swedish diplomats and aimed at toppling the pro-Austrian regime of
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884:. All of Finland fell under Russian occupation (1742–1743) which became later known as the
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Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Eighteenth Century (the 1700s)
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in 1738. He brought an extra copy of a letter intended for the Swedish ministers in
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1413:
Description of the war between Russia and Sweden in Finland in 1741, 1742 and 1743.
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The Swedish open sea fleet at Hangö still blocked the passage of Field-Marshal
721:). Using nearly fourfold superiority in numbers, the Russians inflicted in the
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529:, a Swedish political party that aspired to regain the territories lost to
1408:Описание войны между Россией и Швецией в Финляндии в 1741, 1742 и 1743 гг.
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773:
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1993:
1442:] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library.
978:—was named as the heir to the throne of Sweden. (The latter had been
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and an open sea fleet of at least 12 ships of the line under Admiral
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While Swedish troops were being deployed at the Russian border, near
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120:
1303:(in Swedish). Tryckt uti Berlingska boktryckeriet. pp. 124–125.
1030:
The territory ceded to Russia was added to the Russian gains in the
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tremendous resentment around the country and hatred towards Russia.
1456:
1300:
Bidrag till historien om Sveriges krig med Ryssland, åren 1741–1743
1943:
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623:. The coup did take place in December, but the new empress,
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As soon as hostilities ceased and the Russian army entered
1390:] (in Finnish). Jyväskylä: K. J. Gummerus Osakeyhtiö.
1223:
1221:
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when the army started its withdrawal. Galleys sailed to
725:
a major defeat on the Swedish garrison led by General
1357:
Civilians and military supply in early modern Finland
1189:"671 (Bonniers litterära magasin / Årgång XII. 1943)"
2208:
18th-century military history of the Russian Empire
1984:
1905:
1813:
1715:
1600:
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1079:, the area that Russia gained from Sweden in war
1359:(Helsinki University Press, 2021) pp. 177–202.
1046:. This was later incorporated into the Russian
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780:they refused to follow Lewenhaupt's orders.
1911:
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1425:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
605:The Swedish war plan was to first capture
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627:, reneged on her promises to return the
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549:, which lost more territory to Russia.
1418:
1067:(1716–1789), a Finnish prisoner of war
56:A 1742 map of the location of the war.
1415:] (in Russian). Saint-Petersburg.
7:
1131:The Swedish-Russian War of 1741–1743
972:Adolf Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp
1073:, a Russo-Swedish war in 1808–1809
791:) (25 km SSE from modern-day
25:
2188:Wars involving the Russian Empire
609:and then advance further towards
2203:Sweden during the Age of Liberty
2183:Russia–Sweden military relations
1297:Tengberg, Niklas August (1857).
995:in order to effect a landing in
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1440:The history of the Russian Army
1371:Hungarian Geographical Bulletin
1147:Hungarian Geographical Bulletin
1587:History of independent Finland
1405:Shpilevskaya, Natalya (1859).
543:War of the Austrian Succession
519:Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743
107:acquires the land east of the
68:8 August 1741 – 18 August 1743
40:War of the Austrian Succession
27:18th Century military conflict
1:
2158:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
664:Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock
545:. The war was a disaster for
229:Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock
1388:Sea safeguarding our country
980:offered the crown of Finland
2168:1740s in the Russian Empire
1434:Егоршина, Петрова (2023).
797:Vasily Yakovlevich Levashov
763:Capitulation at Helsingfors
246:The exact number is unknown
18:Russo-Swedish War (1741–43)
2264:
2228:1743 in the Russian Empire
2223:1742 in the Russian Empire
2218:1741 in the Russian Empire
1842:Government-owned companies
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961:Erik Mathias von Nolcken
525:) was instigated by the
309:Swedish–Novgorodian Wars
1560:Finland in World War II
1550:Independence of Finland
1065:Anna Margareta Salmelin
1060:Battle of Villmanstrand
1025:Sweden as a great power
974:—that is, the uncle of
723:Battle of Villmanstrand
681:Battle of Villmanstrand
595:Charles Emil Lewenhaupt
2248:18th century in Sweden
2198:Wars involving Finland
1373:66.4 (2017): 283–293.
1149:66.4 (2017): 283–293.
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1436:История русской армии
1135:World History at KMLA
1044:Governorate of Vyborg
1042:) in 1721, under the
1007:, news came that the
976:her own heir apparent
768:under the command of
251:Casualties and losses
111:with the fortress of
2090:World Heritage Sites
1027:in Northern Europe.
957:Alexander Rumyantsev
553:Swedish preparations
1384:Meri maamme turvana
874:Jean Louis Bousquet
727:Carl Henrik Wrangel
523:The War of the Hats
1883:Telecommunications
1523:Great Northern War
819:Beryozovye Islands
735:Beryozovye Islands
625:Elizaveta Petrovna
600:Great Northern War
535:Great Northern War
435:Russo–Swedish Wars
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217:Charles Lewenhaupt
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1365:10.33134/HUP-10-6
1343:, pp. 72–73.
1331:, pp. 69–70.
1287:, pp. 67–68.
1275:, pp. 64–67.
1260:, pp. 63–64.
1245:, pp. 62–63.
1230:, pp. 61–62.
1119:Shpilevskaya 1859
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633:Aleksey Bestuzhev
539:Habsburg monarchy
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1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
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1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1646:
1644:National parks
1641:
1639:Municipalities
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1619:Extreme points
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Finlandization
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
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1496:
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1448:
1431:
1402:
1396:
1378:
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1367:
1351:
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1346:
1345:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1289:
1277:
1262:
1247:
1232:
1217:
1205:
1180:
1154:
1138:
1123:
1121:, p. 267.
1111:
1100:
1098:, p. 180.
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1052:
937:Main article:
934:
931:
901:
898:
761:Main article:
758:
755:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
671:
668:
567:Constantinople
563:Ottoman Empire
554:
551:
512:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
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396:
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366:
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277:
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239:
235:
234:
232:
231:
219:
206:
204:
202:
201:
189:
187:Peter von Lacy
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
155:
154:
153:
145:Russian Empire
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
102:
96:
95:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
47:
46:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2174:
2171:
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2159:
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2153:
2138:
2135:
2133:
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2106:
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2101:
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2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
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1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
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1904:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Ship-building
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
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1428:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1397:951-99487-0-8
1393:
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1379:
1376:
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1368:
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1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1316:, p. 69.
1315:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:, p. 60.
1214:
1209:
1206:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:Егоршина 2023
1092:
1089:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:Treaty of Åbo
1006:
1002:
998:
997:Sweden proper
994:
989:
987:
986:
982:by the local
981:
977:
973:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
939:Treaty of Åbo
933:Treaty of Åbo
932:
930:
928:
927:"Hat" faction
923:
919:
914:
912:
908:
899:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
865:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:
809:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:Villmanstrand
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
682:
674:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:Frederikshamn
649:
645:
641:
640:Villmanstrand
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
603:
601:
596:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
507:
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492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
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459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
436:
430:
427:
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420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
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390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
305:
300:
290:
285:
283:
278:
276:
271:
270:
267:
258:
255:
254:
249:
245:
242:
241:
236:
230:
220:
218:
208:
207:
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:
183:
178:
177:
175:
174:
169:
166:
156:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
129:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
98:
97:
94:
93:Treaty of Åbo
90:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2123:Bibliography
2040:The Kalevala
2039:
2014:Coat of arms
1999:Architecture
1934:Demographics
1858:Nordic model
1832:Central bank
1754:Human rights
1734:Constitution
1439:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1370:
1356:
1350:Bibliography
1341:Mattila 1983
1336:
1329:Mattila 1983
1314:Mattila 1983
1309:
1299:
1292:
1285:Mattila 1983
1280:
1273:Mattila 1983
1258:Mattila 1983
1243:Mattila 1983
1228:Mattila 1983
1213:Mattila 1983
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1195:(in Swedish)
1193:runeberg.org
1192:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1170:(in Swedish)
1168:runeberg.org
1167:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1114:
1103:
1091:
1040:Uusikaupunki
1029:
1001:Baltic Fleet
990:
983:
942:
915:
903:
886:Lesser Wrath
885:
870:
866:
843:
839:
782:
766:
731:
719:Lappeenranta
684:
648:Lappeenranta
637:
614:
604:
592:
579:Zielona Góra
556:
522:
518:
516:
495:
434:
433:
308:
243:70,000 total
136:
131:Belligerents
117:Lappeenranta
38:Part of the
1827:Agriculture
1671:Urban areas
1575:Lapland War
1540:Grand Duchy
1535:Finnish War
1077:Old Finland
1071:Finnish War
999:. When the
964: [
811: [
800: [
789:Haapasaaret
778:Helsingfors
616:coup d'état
533:during the
501:(1788–1790)
496:(1741–1743)
491:(1700–1721)
486:(1656–1658)
476:(1610–1617)
471:(1590–1595)
466:(1558–1583)
461:(1554–1557)
451:(1495–1497)
446:(1479–1482)
441:(1475–1476)
256:10,000 dead
199:James Keith
113:Olavinlinna
99:Territorial
2152:Categories
2034:Literature
1949:Healthcare
1786:Parliament
1749:Government
1565:Winter War
1518:Cudgel War
1508:Prehistory
1199:2020-12-20
1174:2020-12-20
1084:References
1021:Kymi River
918:Peter Lacy
709:) towards
687:Peter Lacy
109:Kymi River
2058:Mythology
1954:Languages
1939:Education
1893:Transport
1796:President
1759:Judiciary
1739:Elections
1696:Jyväskylä
1649:Provinces
1602:Geography
1555:Civil War
1421:cite book
1050:in 1812.
993:Kronstadt
894:Pikkuviha
571:Stockholm
506:(1808–09)
399:1350–1351
394:1348–1349
389:1338–1339
384:1321–1323
374:1311–1314
369:1300–1301
364:1293–1295
359:1283–1284
354:1256–1257
349:1249–1250
339:1236–1237
329:1227–1228
91:victory;
2132:Category
2029:Folklore
1971:Religion
1919:Abortion
1878:Taxation
1868:Startups
1848:Industry
1774:Military
1717:Politics
1703:Wildlife
1676:Helsinki
1492:articles
1054:See also
872:General
858:Pellinki
850:Pellinge
835:Koivisto
751:Koivisto
238:Strength
73:Location
2109:Outline
2019:Cuisine
1986:Culture
1964:Swedish
1959:Finnish
1907:Society
1888:Tourism
1815:Economy
1681:Tampere
1654:Regions
1629:Islands
1624:Geology
1500:History
1488:Finland
1036:Finnish
1013:Finnish
985:lantdag
949:Swedish
890:Finnish
854:Finnish
831:Finnish
823:Swedish
785:Finnish
747:Finnish
739:Swedish
715:Finnish
707:Viipuri
703:Finnish
695:Swedish
656:Finnish
644:Finnish
587:Münnich
583:Prudnik
541:in the
101:changes
89:Russian
2137:Portal
2009:Cinema
1994:Anthem
1846:
1837:Energy
1666:Rivers
1490:
1446:
1394:
1375:online
1151:online
827:Björkö
743:Björkö
699:Viborg
691:Vyborg
660:Hamina
650:) and
607:Vyborg
547:Sweden
531:Russia
481:(1656)
456:(1499)
165:Sweden
121:Hamina
105:Russia
85:Result
2116:Index
2085:Sport
2080:Sauna
2053:Music
2048:Media
1944:Finns
1924:Crime
1686:Turku
1659:Åland
1634:Lakes
1438:[
1411:[
1386:[
1017:Turku
968:]
945:Turku
911:Korpo
878:Åland
862:Borgå
846:Hangö
815:]
804:]
793:Kotka
774:Reval
2024:Flag
1779:NATO
1691:Oulu
1444:ISBN
1427:link
1392:ISBN
1005:Umeå
959:and
900:1743
896:).
882:Kemi
776:and
757:1742
675:1741
527:Hats
517:The
429:1448
424:1444
419:1411
414:1399
409:1396
404:1395
379:1318
344:1240
334:1229
324:1187
319:1164
314:1142
119:and
65:Date
2004:Art
1764:Law
1361:doi
953:Åbo
670:War
2154::
1423:}}
1419:{{
1321:^
1265:^
1250:^
1235:^
1220:^
1191:.
1166:.
1133:–
1038::
1015::
966:sv
951::
929:.
892::
856::
833::
829:,
825::
813:ru
802:ru
787::
749::
745:,
741::
717::
705::
701:,
697::
666:.
658::
646::
635:.
573:,
1480:e
1473:t
1466:v
1452:.
1429:)
1400:.
1363::
1202:.
1177:.
1034:(
1011:(
947:(
888:(
852:(
821:(
737:(
713:(
693:(
654:(
642:(
288:e
281:t
274:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
