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20:
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cause shorter operating life for battery powered devices. Also, using a higher transmit power will make the system more prone to interference with other RF devices, and may in fact possibly cause the device to become illegal depending on the jurisdiction. Correspondingly, increasing the receiver sensitivity will also increase the effective communication range, but will also potentially cause malfunction due to interference from other RF devices.
232:. Superregenerative modules are usually low cost and low power designs using a series of amplifiers to extract modulated data from a carrier wave. Superregenerative modules are generally imprecise as their frequency of operation varies considerably with temperature and power supply voltage. Superheterodyne receivers have a performance advantage over superregenerative; they offer increased accuracy and stability over a large
386:(LGA) and castellated pads. The LGA package allows for small module sizes as the pads are all beneath the module but connections must be X-rayed to verify connectivity. Castellated Holes enable optical inspection of the connection but will make the module footprint physically larger to accommodate the pads.
346:
As with any other RF device, the performance of an RF module will depend on a number of factors. For example, by increasing the transmitter power, a larger communication distance will be achieved. However, this will also result in a higher electrical power drain on the transmitter device, which will
70:
RF modules are widely used in electronic design owing to the difficulty of designing radio circuitry. Good electronic radio design is notoriously complex because of the sensitivity of radio circuits and the accuracy of components and layouts required to achieve operation on a specific frequency. In
236:
and temperature range. This stability comes from a fixed crystal design which in the past tended to mean a comparatively more expensive product. However, advances in receiver chip design now mean that currently there is little price difference between superheterodyne and superregenerative receiver
557:
The RF module is essential in this day’s consumer product but also only a part of the final product. Radio modules have evolved during the years. Onboard voltage regulators, integrated antenna generally try to ensure that the radio phenomena stay the same no matter of their host. You can refer to
353:
Finally, the labeled remote distance of any particular system is normally measured in an open-air line of sight configuration without any interference, but often there will be obstacles such as walls, floors, or dense construction to absorb the radio wave signals, so the effective operational
294:
used in Roving
Networks' modules. Although the module may use a standardized protocol for wireless communication, the commands sent over the microcontroller interface are typically not standardized as each vendor has its own proprietary communications format. The speed of the microcontroller
295:
interface depends on the speed of the underlying RF protocol used: higher speed RF protocols such as Wi-Fi require a high-speed serial interface such as USB whereas protocols with a slower data rate such as
Bluetooth Low Energy may use a UART interface.
71:
addition, reliable RF communication circuit requires careful monitoring of the manufacturing process to ensure that the RF performance is not adversely affected. Finally, radio circuits are usually subject to limits on radiated emissions, and require
382:. Through-hole technology allows the module to be inserted or removed without soldering. Surface-mount technology allows the module to be attached to the PCB without an additional assembly step. Surface-mount connections used in RF modules include
540:
Final regulatory product compliance based on an integrated, compliant RF module (as most IoT devices these day's) is a common misunderstanding. A module compliant to the essential requirements of the countries regulation
553:
etc.) does hardly ever cover the final product. However, this does not mean that full compliance testing is required when integrating a compliant RF module. Integrating a compliant module has a lot of advantages.
266:. This type of module is typically used for designs that require additional processing for compliance with a protocol when the designer does not wish to incorporate this processing into the host microcontroller.
261:
An SoC module is the same as a transceiver module, but it is often made with an onboard microcontroller. The microcontroller is typically used to handle radio data packetisation or managing a protocol such as an
87:(FCC). For these reasons, design engineers will often design a circuit for an application which requires radio communication and then "drop in" a pre-made radio module rather than attempt a
113:
such as 433.92 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2400 MHz. These frequencies are used because of national and international regulations governing the used of radio for communication.
561:
At the end it is the final product that needs to comply with the regulations. Aspects as health, safety, Radiated susceptibility can not be covered on a modular level.
94:
RF modules are most often used in medium and low volume products for consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm or monitoring systems,
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most RF spectrum measurements on a modular level for compliance when testing and certifying your product at an ISO 17025 accredited EMC, RF laboratory.
350:
The performance of the overall system may be improved by using matched antennas at each end of the communication link, such as those described earlier.
51:(RF) communication. For many applications, the medium of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight. RF communications incorporate a
601:
580:
274:
RF modules typically communicate with an embedded system, such as a microcontroller or a microprocessor. The communication protocols include
263:
362:
331:
84:
60:
44:
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RF modules, especially SoC modules, are frequently used to communicate according to a pre-defined wireless standard, including:
148:. It can also be applied to modules across a huge variation of functionality and capability. RF modules typically incorporate a
326:
283:
189:
513:
424:
However, RF modules also frequently communicate using proprietary protocols, such as those used in garage door openers.
19:
35:) is a (usually) small electronic device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an
379:
225:
205:
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An RF transceiver module incorporates both a transmitter and receiver. The circuit is typically designed for
144:
The term RF module can be applied to many different types, shapes and sizes of small electronic sub assembly
620:
375:
109:
Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially available RF modules, including those in the
321:
311:
371:
366:
Module physical connection: land grid array, through-hole, and castellated boardlet (from left to right)
149:
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which will provide data to the module which can be transmitted. RF transmitters are usually subject to
519:
403:
291:
229:
133:
125:
114:
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59:. They are of various types and ranges. Some can transmit up to 500 feet. RF modules are typically
304:
279:
591:
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The detailed description, advantages and disadvantages are listed in the linked articles above.
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576:
460:
176:
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56:
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communication designs as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.
503:
455:
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383:
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99:
95:
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36:
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may also use frequencies available for unlicensed such as 315 MHz and 868 MHz.
477:
436:
614:
497:
413:
316:
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221:
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that wave to carry data. Transmitter modules are usually implemented alongside a
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52:
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modules are available, typically at a higher cost due to the added complexity.
528:
201:
193:
441:
209:
120:
RF modules may comply with a defined protocol for RF communications such as
110:
103:
40:
233:
64:
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418:
398:
287:
121:
408:
361:
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distance will in most practical instances be less than specified.
129:
546:
525:
Many other applications field related to RF wireless controlling
275:
80:
542:
307:
methods commonly used in RF transmitter and receiver modules:
512:
Alarm systems and wireless transmission for various types of
536:
RF module certification in case of final product integration
220:
An RF receiver module receives the modulated RF signal, and
370:
A variety of methods are used to attach an RF module to a
43:. This wireless communication may be accomplished through
39:
it is often desirable to communicate with another device
509:
Industrial remote control, telemetry and remote sensing
111:
industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands
16:
Electronic device to transmit and receive RF signals
163:Most standard, well known types are covered here:
224:it. There are two types of RF receiver modules:
91:design, saving time and money on development.
8:
342:Main factors affecting RF module performance
102:. They are sometimes used to replace older
23:RF module (with a ruler for size reference)
488:Hydrological and meteorological monitoring
192:capable of transmitting a radio wave and
160:for communication to the host processor.
18:
390:Wireless protocols used in RF modules
7:
518:Remote control for various types of
204:which dictate the maximum allowable
188:An RF transmitter module is a small
593:An Introduction to low power radio
468:Industrial data acquisition system
14:
332:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
98:, smart sensor applications, and
85:Federal Communications Commission
482:Wireless fire protection systems
100:wireless home automation systems
327:direct-sequence spread spectrum
284:Serial Peripheral Interface Bus
152:, transmit or receive circuit,
461:Wireless home security systems
270:Host microcontroller interface
264:IEEE 802.15.4 compliant module
212:, and band edge requirements.
1:
531:for elderly people monitoring
506:, such as remote light/switch
485:Biological signal acquisition
257:System on a chip (SoC) module
447:Small-range wireless network
494:Wireless data transmissions
303:There are several types of
230:superregenerative receivers
637:
573:Practical RF System Design
474:RF contactless smart cards
358:Module physical connection
132:, or they may implement a
96:industrial remote controls
571:F. Egan, William (2003).
305:digital signal modulation
226:superheterodyne receivers
522:and electronics projects
380:surface-mount technology
206:transmitter power output
514:low-rate digital signal
504:Digital home automation
478:Wireless data terminals
376:through-hole technology
202:regulatory requirements
75:and certification by a
590:Fairall, John (2002).
451:Wireless meter reading
367:
33:radio-frequency module
24:
372:printed circuit board
365:
150:printed circuit board
79:organization such as
45:optical communication
22:
596:. RF Solutions Ltd.
575:. Wiley-IEEE Press.
520:household appliances
491:Robot remote control
428:Typical applications
404:Bluetooth Low Energy
299:RF signal modulation
292:Universal Serial Bus
249:operation, although
134:proprietary protocol
126:Bluetooth Low Energy
500:/audio transmission
290:'s AIR modules and
241:Transceiver modules
184:Transmitter modules
140:Types of RF modules
115:Short Range Devices
73:Conformance testing
471:Radio tags reading
433:Vehicle monitoring
368:
282:'s X-Bee modules,
280:Digi International
173:transceiver module
167:transmitter module
25:
603:978-0-9537231-0-2
582:978-0-471-20023-9
529:Mobile web server
628:
607:
586:
216:Receiver modules
190:PCB sub-assembly
177:system on a chip
158:serial interface
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384:land grid array
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198:microcontroller
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170:receiver module
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77:standardization
49:radio-frequency
37:embedded system
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621:Remote control
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83:or the U.S.
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67:technology.
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28:
26:
465:Area paging
251:full-duplex
247:half-duplex
222:demodulates
53:transmitter
47:or through
31:(short for
278:, used in
194:modulating
61:fabricated
41:wirelessly
442:Telemetry
237:modules.
210:harmonics
29:RF module
615:Category
286:used in
104:infrared
89:discrete
57:receiver
454:Access
234:voltage
179:module.
154:antenna
65:RF CMOS
600:
579:
551:ANATEL
545:, CE,
419:Z-Wave
399:Zigbee
288:Anaren
156:, and
122:Zigbee
63:using
55:and a
409:Wi-Fi
130:Wi-Fi
128:, or
598:ISBN
577:ISBN
547:ICES
276:UART
228:and
81:ETSI
543:FCC
378:or
322:FSK
317:OOK
312:ASK
27:An
617::
549:,
208:,
136:.
124:,
606:.
585:.
541:(
334:.
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