145:(ICRP) guidance states that if a personal dosimeter is worn on a position on the body representative of its exposure, assuming whole-body exposure, the value of Personal Dose Equivalent Hp(10), is sufficient to estimate an effective dose value suitable for radiological protection. Personal Dose Equivalent is a radiation quantity specifically designed to be used for radiation measurements by personal dosimeters. Dosimeters are known as "legal dosimeters" if they have been approved for use in recording personnel dose for regulatory purposes. In cases of non-uniform irradiation such personal dosimeters may not be representative of certain specific areas of the body, where additional dosimeters are used in the area of concern.
374:), which is defined as the mean energy imparted (dE) per unit mass (dm) of material (D = dE/dm) The SI unit of absorbed dose is the gray (Gy) defined as one joule per kilogram. Absorbed dose, as a point measurement, is suitable for describing localised (i.e. partial organ) exposures such as tumour dose in radiotherapy. It may be used to estimate stochastic risk provided the amount and type of tissue involved is stated. Localised diagnostic dose levels are typically in the 0–50 mGy range. At a dose of 1 milligray (mGy) of photon radiation, each cell nucleus is crossed by an average of 1 liberated electron track.
33:
253:
953:(the warming of substances when they absorb energy). A user sends their secondary standard to the laboratory, where it is exposed to a known amount of radiation (derived from the primary standard) and a factor is issued to convert the instrument's reading to that dose. The user may then use their secondary standard to derive calibration factors for other instruments they use, which then become tertiary standards, or field instruments.
261:
224:
generated by the decay of uranium, which is present in varying amounts in the Earth's crust. Certain geographic areas, due to the underlying geology, continually generate radon which permeates its way to the Earth's surface. In some cases the dose can be significant in buildings where the gas can accumulate. A number of specialised dosimetry techniques are used to evaluate the dose that a building's occupants may receive.
149:
or a total integrated dose is exceeded. A good deal of information can be made immediately available to the wearer of the recorded dose and current dose rate via a local display. They can be used as the main stand-alone dosimeter, or as a supplement to other devices. EPD's are particularly useful for real-time monitoring of dose where a high dose rate is expected which will time-limit the wearer's exposure.
418:(RBE) of the radiation type, For instance, for the same absorbed dose in Gy, alpha particles are 20 times as biologically potent as X or gamma rays. The measure of ‘dose equivalent’ is not organ averaged and now only used for "operational quantities". Equivalent dose is designed for estimation of stochastic risks from radiation exposures. Stochastic effect is defined for radiation dose assessment as the
960:
is one-sixth that of water and therefore the temperature increase in graphite is 6 times higher than the equivalent in water and measurements are more accurate. Significant problems exist in insulating the graphite from the surrounding environment in order to measure the tiny temperature changes. A
148:
A number of electronic devices known as
Electronic Personal Dosimeters (EPDs) have come into general use using semiconductor detection and programmable processor technology. These are worn as badges but can give an indication of instantaneous dose rate and an audible and visual alarm if a dose rate
584:
It is difficult to compare the stochastic risk from localised exposures of different parts of the body (e.g. a chest x-ray compared to a CT scan of the head), or to compare exposures of the same body part but with different exposure patterns (e.g. a cardiac CT scan with a cardiac nuclear medicine
152:
In certain circumstances, a dose can be inferred from readings taken by fixed instrumentation in an area in which the person concerned has been working. This would generally only be used if personal dosimetry had not been issued, or a personal dosimeter has been damaged or lost. Such calculations
223:
monitoring. The largest single source of radiation exposure to the general public is naturally occurring radon gas, which comprises approximately 55% of the annual background dose. It is estimated that radon is responsible for 10% of lung cancers in the United States. Radon is a radioactive gas
616:
Weighting factors are calculated by the
International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP), based on the risk of cancer induction for each organ and adjusted for associated lethality, quality of life and years of life lost. Organs that are remote from the site of irradiation will only
961:
lethal dose of radiation to a human is approximately 10–20 Gy. This is 10–20 joules per kilogram. A 1 cm piece of graphite weighing 2 grams would therefore absorb around 20–40 mJ. With a specific heat capacity of around 700 J·kg·K, this equates to a temperature rise of just 20 mK.
909:
gives an overview of dose types and how they are calculated. Exposure to a source of radiation will give a dose which is dependent on many factors, such as the activity, duration of exposure, energy of the radiation emitted, distance from the source and amount of shielding.
929:
in the earth. The largest single source of radiation exposure to the general public is naturally occurring radon gas, which comprises approximately 55% of the annual background dose. It is estimated that radon is responsible for 10% of lung cancers in the United States.
268:
To enable consideration of stochastic health risk, calculations are performed to convert the physical quantity absorbed dose into equivalent and effective doses, the details of which depend on the radiation type and biological context. For applications in
620:
Effective dose is used to estimate stochastic risks for a ‘reference’ person, which is an average of the population. It is not suitable for estimating stochastic risk for individual medical exposures, and is not used to assess acute radiation effects.
580:
Effective dose is the central dose quantity for radiological protection used to specify exposure limits to ensure that the occurrence of stochastic health effects is kept below unacceptable levels and that tissue reactions are avoided.
76:
Radiation dosimetry is extensively used for radiation protection; routinely applied to monitor occupational radiation workers, where irradiation is expected, or where radiation is unexpected, such as in the contained aftermath of the
89:
radiological release incidents. The public dose take-up is measured and calculated from a variety of indicators such as ambient measurements of gamma radiation, radioactive particulate monitoring, and the measurement of levels of
192:. It is often performed by a professional health physicist with specialized training in that field. In order to plan the delivery of radiation therapy, the radiation produced by the sources is usually characterized with
2271:
585:
scan). One way to avoid this problem is to simply average out a localised dose over the whole body. The problem of this approach is that the stochastic risk of cancer induction varies from one tissue to another.
122:. These are specifically designed to record and indicate the dose received. Traditionally, these were lockets fastened to the external clothing of the monitored person, which contained photographic film known as
425:
As dose is averaged over the whole organ; equivalent dose is rarely suitable for evaluation of acute radiation effects or tumour dose in radiotherapy. In the case of estimation of stochastic effects, assuming a
118:
There are several ways of measuring absorbed doses from ionizing radiation. People in occupational contact with radioactive substances, or who may be exposed to radiation, routinely carry personal
2251:
274:
59:
dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by sources of radiation.
945:(NPL) provide calibration factors for ionization chambers and other measurement devices to convert from the instrument's readout to absorbed dose. The standards laboratories operates as a
1671:
Seltzer, S. M.; Bartlett, D. T.; Burns, D. T.; Dietze, G.; Menzel, H.-G.; Paretzke, H. G.; Wambersie, A. (2011). "The
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements".
1002:
1865:"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"
1946:– "The confusing world of radiation dosimetry" – M.A. Boyd, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. An account of chronological differences between USA and ICRP dosimetry systems.
2256:
901:
Radiation dose refers to the amount of energy deposited in matter and/or biological effects of radiation, and should not be confused with the unit of radioactive activity (
238:
is the practice of collecting dose information from radiology equipment and using the data to help identify opportunities to reduce unnecessary dose in medical situations.
599:). Effective dose provides the equivalent whole body dose that gives the same risk as the localised exposure. It is defined as the sum of equivalent doses to each organ (
617:
receive a small equivalent dose (mainly due to scattering) and therefore contribute little to the effective dose, even if the weighting factor for that organ is high.
938:
Because the human body is approximately 70% water and has an overall density close to 1 g/cm, dose measurement is usually calculated and calibrated as dose to water.
142:
2261:
1978:
2137:
1949:
Tim
Stephens and Keith Pantridge, 'Dosimetry, Personal Monitoring Film' (a short article on Dosimetry from the point of view of its relation to photography, in
1804:
Hill, Robin; Mo, Zhao; Haque, Mamoon; Baldock, Clive (2009). "An evaluation of ionization chambers for the relative dosimetry of kilovoltage x-ray beams".
232:
Records of legal dosimetry results are usually kept for a set period of time, depending upon the legal requirements of the nation in which they are used.
995:
1513:
1436:
65:
assessment relies on a variety of monitoring, bio-assay or radiation imaging techniques, whilst external dosimetry is based on measurements with a
2302:
1901:
1788:
988:
219:
Environmental
Dosimetry is used where it is likely that the environment will generate a significant radiation dose. An example of this is
2266:
1594:
Baldock, C.; De Deene, Y.; Doran, S.; Ibbott, G.; Jirasek, A.; Lepage, M.; McAuley, K. B.; Oldham, M.; Schreiner, L. J. (7 March 2010).
2246:
1971:
1651:
86:
444:
131:
1935:
942:
919:
2287:
1496:
1944:
2069:
1783:(Report). Vol. 1. New York: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2010. p. 40.
1544:"Why is Medical Dosimetry a profession only in the United States and what does this mean for Medical Physicists worldwide?"
400:. This is taken into account by the equivalent dose (H), which is defined as the mean dose to organ T by radiation type R (
2392:
2352:
2297:
2292:
1964:
1458:
1029:
235:
388:
The absorbed dose required to produce a certain biological effect varies between different types of radiation, such as
1448:
965:
193:
127:
2377:
2340:
2079:
1337:
575:
321:
78:
32:
2026:
91:
1864:
956:
The NPL operates a graphite-calorimeter for absolute photon dosimetry. Graphite is used instead of water as its
2387:
2382:
2336:
2323:
2318:
1847:
1777:
2114:
1453:
1385:
1308:
592:
is designed to account for this variation by the application of specific weighting factors for each tissue (
549:
363:
units are still used, particularly in the USA, where dose is often reported in rads and dose equivalent in
2344:
2241:
2174:
957:
364:
207:
In radiation therapy, three-dimensional dose distributions are often evaluated using a technique known as
2372:
2348:
2157:
1706:
Feinendegen, L E (1 May 1990). "The cell dose concept; potential application in radiation protection".
905:, Bq) of the source of radiation, or the strength of the radiation field (fluence). The article on the
2169:
2162:
2001:
1987:
270:
123:
70:
52:
2184:
2094:
2031:
2021:
2016:
1123:
969:
183:
167:
162:
135:
62:
56:
1950:
2074:
1907:
1897:
1829:
1821:
1784:
1723:
1688:
1633:
1615:
1573:
1095:
1037:
430:, this averaging out should make no difference as the total energy imparted remains the same.
337:
201:
189:
17:
2215:
2210:
1813:
1715:
1680:
1623:
1607:
1563:
1555:
1439:
required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.
946:
922:
1891:
252:
188:
Medical dosimetry is the calculation of absorbed dose and optimization of dose delivery in
2109:
2084:
1939:
1269:
1156:
849:
688:
397:
383:
352:
331:
307:
260:
2200:
2147:
2064:
2011:
1932:
1628:
1568:
1543:
1433:
555:
171:
48:
1424:
Although the United States
Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units
97:
Other significant radiation dosimetry areas are medical, where the required treatment
2366:
2054:
1719:
1611:
1192:
286:
208:
98:
1514:"Avo Photonics Develops Next Generation Radiation Detecting Instrument for LANDAUER"
349:
a deprecated unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad = 0.01 Gy = 0.01 J/kg
2179:
2099:
2036:
1893:
The 2007 Recommendations of the
International Commission on Radiological Protection
1425:
1066:
359:
Each measure is often simply described as ‘dose’, which can lead to confusion. Non-
197:
1479:
918:
The worldwide average background dose for a human being is about 3.5 mSv per year
277:(ICRU) have published recommendations and data which are used to calculate these.
2220:
2152:
2089:
1202:
1164:
950:
672:
297:
2104:
1429:
1250:
784:
346:
36:
Joanna
Izewska gives Ambassador Frank Recker and his delegation a tour of the
1911:
1825:
1727:
1692:
1619:
2142:
2059:
1047:
902:
544:
476:
427:
119:
82:
66:
1833:
1684:
1637:
1595:
1577:
101:
and any collateral absorbed dose is monitored, and environmental, such as
2205:
1137:
481:
393:
2236:
2119:
1956:
1559:
1394:
1356:
1347:
1317:
1288:
1279:
1133:
980:
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units.
926:
906:
800:
752:
720:
498:
389:
315:
247:
1817:
285:
There are a number of different measures of radiation dose, including
736:
655:
527:
1210:
865:
768:
472:
301:
220:
102:
31:
832:
816:
704:
531:
485:
449:
37:
1960:
1224:
606:), each multiplied by its respective tissue weighting factor (
415:
126:. These have been largely replaced with other devices such as
1863:
The
Council of the European Communities (21 December 1979).
275:
International
Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements
360:
153:
would take a pessimistic view of the likely received dose.
968:
in external beam therapy) are routinely calibrated using
256:
External radiation protection dose quantities in SI units
174:
due to the intake of radionuclides into the human body.
355:
a legacy unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays
264:
Graphic showing relationship of SI radiation dose units
343:
dose length product (DLP) measured in gray centimeters
55:
is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the
367:. By definition, 1 Gy = 100 rad and 1 Sv = 100 rem.
2311:
2280:
2229:
2193:
2128:
2045:
1994:
1666:
1664:
934:Calibration standards for measuring instruments
370:The fundamental quantity is the absorbed dose (
143:International Committee on Radiation Protection
1953:, volume 2, number 2, 2011, pp. 153–158.)
1652:"The DOE Ionizing Radiation Dose Ranges Chart"
69:, or inferred from measurements made by other
1972:
996:
8:
941:National standards laboratories such as the
273:and dosimetry assessment the (ICRP) and the
2138:Airborne radioactive particulate monitoring
1548:Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics
949:, which is normally calibrated by absolute
1979:
1965:
1957:
1003:
989:
982:
27:Measurement of absorbed ionizing radiation
1852:. US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2009.
1778:Sources and effects of ionizing radiation
1627:
1589:
1587:
1567:
414:. This designed to take into account the
1764:
1752:
1740:
1526:
1437:European units of measurement directives
623:
432:
422:of cancer induction and genetic damage.
259:
251:
1470:
972:or diode technology or gel dosimeters.
625:Weighting factors for different organs
300:(Gy) energy absorbed per unit of mass (
1542:Graham, Sasha; Mills, Michael (2021).
1480:"Basic Concepts of Internal Dosimetry"
984:Ionizing radiation related quantities
2303:Radiation Protection Convention, 1960
236:Medical radiation exposure monitoring
7:
1537:
1535:
897:Dose versus source or field strength
407:), multiplied by a weighting factor
71:radiological protection instruments
1497:"Radiation Dosimetry-Introduction"
340:(DAP) measured in gray centimeters
136:Fluorescent Nuclear Tract Detector
25:
445:relative biological effectiveness
132:optically stimulated luminescence
943:National Physical Laboratory, UK
1708:Physics in Medicine and Biology
1600:Physics in Medicine and Biology
2070:Computed tomography dose index
18:Radiation monitoring equipment
1:
1459:Radiation dose reconstruction
228:Radiation exposure monitoring
976:Radiation-related quantities
964:Dosimeters in radiotherapy (
434:Radiation weighting factors
194:percentage depth dose curves
1449:Computational human phantom
966:linear particle accelerator
128:Thermoluminescent dosimetry
2409:
2334:
1720:10.1088/0031-9155/35/5/001
1612:10.1088/0031-9155/55/5/R01
576:Effective dose (radiation)
573:
441:(formerly termed Q factor)
381:
245:
181:
160:
2332:
2027:Radioactive contamination
1951:Philosophy of Photography
1890:Valentin, J, ed. (2007),
1336:
1268:
1191:
1122:
1036:
633:Tissue weighting factors
632:
629:
497:
105:monitoring in buildings.
92:radioactive contamination
2335:See also the categories
2324:Radiation-induced cancer
2319:Acute radiation syndrome
1432:alongside SI units, the
550:Nuclear fission products
416:biological effectiveness
170:is used to evaluate the
109:Measuring radiation dose
1938:29 October 2017 at the
1596:"Polymer gel dosimetry"
1454:Health effects of radon
215:Environmental dosimetry
2175:Semiconductor detector
2131:measurement techniques
1386:röntgen equivalent man
1309:röntgen equivalent man
958:specific heat capacity
328:) measured in sieverts
265:
257:
41:
2194:Protection techniques
2158:Scintillation counter
334:(K) measured in grays
263:
255:
124:film badge dosimeters
40:Dosimetry Laboratory.
35:
2393:Radiation protection
2353:Radiation protection
2170:Radiation monitoring
2163:Proportional counter
2048:quantities and units
2002:Background radiation
1988:Radiation protection
1685:10.1093/jicru/ndr011
914:Background radiation
428:linear dose response
271:radiation protection
53:radiation protection
2185:Whole-body counting
2095:Mean glandular dose
2032:Radioactive sources
1673:Journal of the ICRU
1010:
970:ionization chambers
626:
588:The effective dose
453:
45:Radiation dosimetry
2022:Internal dosimetry
2017:Ionizing radiation
1933:Ionization chamber
1560:10.1002/acm2.13362
983:
624:
443:used to represent
433:
266:
258:
184:Treatment planning
168:Internal dosimetry
163:Internal dosimetry
63:Internal dosimetry
57:ionizing radiation
42:
2378:Radiation therapy
2360:
2359:
2341:Radiation effects
2312:Radiation effects
2075:Counts per minute
1903:978-0-7020-3048-2
1818:10.1118/1.3183820
1790:978-92-1-142274-0
1422:
1421:
1393:100 erg⋅g ×
1316:100 erg⋅g ×
894:
893:
881:Remainder of body
567:
566:
338:dose area product
202:medical physicist
190:radiation therapy
178:Medical dosimetry
79:Three Mile Island
47:in the fields of
16:(Redirected from
2400:
2216:Radon mitigation
2211:Potassium iodide
2129:Instruments and
1981:
1974:
1967:
1958:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1896:, vol. 37,
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1812:(9): 3971–3981.
1801:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1767:, p. 63-64.
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1657:. December 2017.
1656:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1245:
1243:
1187:
1185:
1174:
1172:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1011:
1005:
998:
991:
947:primary standard
923:cosmic radiation
627:
454:
281:Units of measure
242:Measures of dose
21:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2388:Medical physics
2383:Nuclear physics
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2337:Medical physics
2328:
2307:
2276:
2225:
2189:
2130:
2124:
2085:Equivalent dose
2047:
2041:
1990:
1985:
1940:Wayback Machine
1929:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1806:Medical Physics
1803:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1445:
1411:
1402:
1373:
1364:
1325:
1296:
1270:Equivalent dose
1258:100 erg⋅g
1241:
1239:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1168:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1009:
978:
936:
916:
899:
850:Salivary glands
649:
644:
639:
612:
605:
598:
578:
572:
553:
548:
480:
466:
447:
442:
440:
413:
406:
398:alpha particles
386:
384:equivalent dose
380:
378:Equivalent dose
308:Equivalent dose
293:) measured in:
283:
250:
244:
230:
217:
186:
180:
165:
159:
138:(FNTD) badges.
116:
111:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Lead shielding
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Geiger counter
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Effective dose
2077:
2072:
2067:
2065:Committed dose
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Health physics
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1928:
1927:External links
1925:
1923:
1922:
1902:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1855:
1849:10 CFR 20.1004
1839:
1796:
1789:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1714:(5): 597–612.
1698:
1679:(1): NP.1–NP.
1660:
1643:
1583:
1531:
1519:
1505:
1488:
1478:Toohey, R. E.
1469:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1434:European Union
1420:
1419:
1418:0.010 Sv
1416:
1413:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1338:Effective dose
1334:
1333:
1332:0.010 Sv
1330:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1266:
1265:
1264:0.010 Gy
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1176:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1007:
1000:
993:
985:
977:
974:
935:
932:
921:, mostly from
915:
912:
898:
895:
892:
891:
888:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
871:
868:
862:
861:
858:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
839:
836:
829:
828:
825:
822:
819:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
717:
716:
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
685:
684:
681:
678:
675:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
652:
651:
646:
641:
635:
634:
631:
610:
603:
596:
574:Main article:
571:
570:Effective dose
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
541:
540:
537:
534:
524:
523:
520:
516:
515:
512:
511:1 MeV – 50 MeV
508:
507:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
488:
469:
468:
464:
461:
458:
438:
411:
404:
382:Main article:
379:
376:
357:
356:
350:
344:
341:
335:
329:
322:Effective dose
319:
314:) measured in
305:
282:
279:
246:Main article:
243:
240:
229:
226:
216:
213:
200:measured by a
182:Main article:
179:
176:
172:committed dose
161:Main article:
158:
155:
115:
112:
110:
107:
49:health physics
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2405:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:Radioactivity
2342:
2338:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:Organisations
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2055:Absorbed dose
2053:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:Main articles
1993:
1989:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:Valentin 2007
1761:
1758:
1755:, p. 65.
1754:
1753:Valentin 2007
1749:
1746:
1743:, p. 51.
1742:
1741:Valentin 2007
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:, p. 71.
1528:
1527:Valentin 2007
1523:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:Absorbed dose
1190:
1180:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
992:
987:
986:
981:
975:
973:
971:
967:
962:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
933:
931:
928:
924:
920:
913:
911:
908:
904:
896:
889:
886:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
863:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
830:
826:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
674:
670:
669:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
647:
642:
637:
636:
628:
622:
618:
614:
609:
602:
595:
591:
586:
582:
577:
569:
562:
559:
557:
551:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
533:
529:
526:
525:
522:2.5 + 3.25·e
521:
518:
517:
514:5.0 + 17.0·e
513:
510:
509:
506:2.5 + 18.2·e
505:
502:
500:
496:
492:
489:
487:
483:
478:
474:
471:
470:
467:(formerly Q)
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:according to
446:
437:
431:
429:
423:
421:
417:
410:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
377:
375:
373:
368:
366:
362:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
295:
294:
292:
288:
287:absorbed dose
280:
278:
276:
272:
262:
254:
249:
241:
239:
237:
233:
227:
225:
222:
214:
212:
210:
209:gel dosimetry
205:
203:
199:
198:dose profiles
195:
191:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
164:
157:Internal dose
156:
154:
150:
146:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
114:External dose
113:
108:
106:
104:
100:
99:absorbed dose
95:
93:
88:
84:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2373:Radiobiology
2349:Radiobiology
2180:Survey meter
2100:Monitor unit
2046:Measurement
2037:Radiobiology
2006:
1915:, retrieved
1892:
1868:. Retrieved
1858:
1848:
1842:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1676:
1672:
1646:
1606:(5): R1–63.
1603:
1599:
1551:
1547:
1522:
1516:. July 2021.
1508:
1491:
1473:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1341:
1322:
1318:
1293:
1289:
1273:
1196:
1186:10 C/kg
1145:C⋅kg of air
1127:
1041:
979:
963:
955:
940:
937:
925:and natural
917:
900:
619:
615:
607:
600:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
435:
424:
419:
408:
401:
387:
371:
369:
358:
325:
311:
290:
284:
267:
234:
231:
218:
206:
187:
166:
151:
147:
140:
117:
96:
75:
61:
44:
43:
29:
2221:Respirators
2153:Ion chamber
1428:, rad, and
1090:10 Bq
1032:equivalent
1023:Derivation
951:calorimetry
673:Bone Marrow
648:ICRP103(I6)
638:ICRP30(I36)
519:> 50 MeV
452:report 103
420:probability
2367:Categories
2281:Regulation
1883:References
1554:(8): 4–5.
1244:10 Gy
1103:10 s
1096:rutherford
785:Oesophagus
643:ICRP60(I3)
545:alpha rays
530:, charged
503:< 1 MeV
477:gamma rays
134:(OSL), or
120:dosimeters
2293:NRC (USA)
2242:HPS (USA)
2143:Dosimeter
2060:Becquerel
2007:Dosimetry
1917:11 August
1912:0146-6453
1826:0094-2405
1728:0031-9155
1693:1473-6691
1620:1361-6560
1227:per gram
1118: Bq
1079:10 s
1048:becquerel
1014:Quantity
903:becquerel
482:beta rays
457:Radiation
87:Fukushima
83:Chernobyl
67:dosimeter
2298:ONR (UK)
2288:IRR (UK)
2267:SRP (UK)
2206:Glovebox
2110:Roentgen
1936:Archived
1834:19810470
1638:20150687
1578:34272815
1443:See also
1380:SI unit
1303:SI unit
1219:SI unit
1151:SI unit
1138:kilogram
1124:Exposure
1061:SI unit
1038:Activity
927:isotopes
499:neutrons
394:neutrons
353:Roentgen
316:sieverts
2272:UNSCEAR
2237:Euratom
2120:Sievert
1629:3031873
1569:8364271
1355:J⋅kg ×
1348:sievert
1287:J⋅kg ×
1280:sievert
1175:of air
1173: g
1157:röntgen
1134:coulomb
1020:Symbol
907:sievert
835:surface
801:Thyroid
753:Bladder
737:Breasts
721:Stomach
528:protons
390:photons
248:sievert
130:(TLD),
2351:, and
1910:
1900:
1870:19 May
1832:
1824:
1787:
1726:
1691:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1576:
1566:
1233:erg⋅g
1230:erg/g
656:Gonads
630:Organs
560:
556:nuclei
554:heavy
536:
490:
473:x-rays
460:Energy
1781:(PDF)
1655:(PDF)
1500:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1465:Notes
1426:curie
1415:1971
1377:1977
1329:1971
1300:1977
1261:1953
1236:1950
1216:1974
1178:1928
1169:0.001
1148:1974
1142:C/kg
1106:1946
1083:1953
1067:curie
1058:1974
1026:Year
1017:Unit
890:0.12
876:0.01
866:Brain
860:0.01
844:0.01
827:0.01
811:0.04
795:0.04
779:0.04
769:Liver
763:0.04
747:0.12
731:0.12
715:0.12
699:0.12
689:Colon
683:0.12
666:0.08
650:2008
532:pions
486:muons
332:Kerma
221:radon
103:radon
2262:IRPA
2257:ICRP
2252:ICRU
2247:IAEA
2090:Gray
1919:2024
1908:ISSN
1898:ISBN
1872:2012
1830:PMID
1822:ISSN
1785:ISBN
1724:ISSN
1689:ISSN
1634:PMID
1616:ISSN
1574:PMID
1390:rem
1313:rem
1255:rad
1213:⋅kg
1203:gray
1182:2.58
1136:per
1004:edit
997:talk
990:view
887:0.05
884:0.30
841:0.01
838:0.03
833:Bone
824:0.01
817:Skin
808:0.05
805:0.03
792:0.05
776:0.05
760:0.05
744:0.05
741:0.15
728:0.12
712:0.12
709:0.12
705:Lung
696:0.12
680:0.12
677:0.12
671:Red
663:0.20
660:0.25
645:1991
640:1979
450:ICRP
365:rems
347:rads
318:(Sv)
304:·kg)
298:gray
196:and
141:The
51:and
38:IAEA
2115:Rem
2105:Rad
1814:doi
1716:doi
1681:doi
1624:PMC
1608:doi
1564:PMC
1556:doi
1430:rem
1352:Sv
1284:Sv
1251:rad
1240:1.0
1225:erg
1207:Gy
1171:293
1165:esu
1115:000
1112:000
1100:Rd
1086:3.7
1075:3.7
1071:Ci
1052:Bq
613:).
563:20
405:T,R
396:or
85:or
2369::
2347:,
2343:,
2339:,
1906:,
1828:.
1820:.
1810:36
1808:.
1722:.
1712:35
1710:.
1687:.
1677:11
1675:.
1663:^
1632:.
1622:.
1614:.
1604:55
1602:.
1598:.
1586:^
1572:.
1562:.
1552:22
1550:.
1546:.
1534:^
1403:×
1365:×
1344:)
1276:)
1199:)
1167:/
1161:R
1130:)
1055:s
1044:)
1030:SI
539:2
493:1
484:,
475:,
392:,
361:SI
211:.
204:.
94:.
81:,
73:.
1980:e
1973:t
1966:v
1874:.
1836:.
1816::
1793:.
1730:.
1718::
1695:.
1683::
1640:.
1610::
1580:.
1558::
1502:.
1485:.
1409:T
1405:W
1400:R
1396:W
1371:T
1367:W
1362:R
1358:W
1342:E
1340:(
1323:R
1319:W
1294:R
1290:W
1274:H
1272:(
1242:×
1211:J
1197:D
1195:(
1184:×
1128:X
1126:(
1110:1
1088:×
1077:×
1042:A
1040:(
873:–
870:–
857:–
854:–
821:–
789:–
773:–
757:–
725:–
693:–
611:T
608:W
604:T
601:H
597:T
594:W
590:E
552:,
547:,
479:,
465:R
463:W
439:R
436:W
412:R
409:W
402:D
372:D
326:E
324:(
312:H
310:(
302:J
291:D
289:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
