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three carbon metabolite. If the reaction is provided with two isotopes of the metabolite in equal proportion, one completely labeled (blue circles), commonly known as uniformly labeled, and one completely unlabeled (white circles). The pathway down the left side of the diagram does not display any change in the metabolites, while the right side shows the split and recombination. As shown, if the metabolite only takes the pathway down the left side, it remains in a 50–50 ratio of uniformly labeled to unlabeled metabolite. If the metabolite only takes the right side new labeling patterns can occur, all in equal proportion. Other proportions can occur depending on how much of the original metabolite follows the left side of the pathway versus the right side of the pathway. Here the proportions are shown for a situation in which half of the metabolites take the left side and half the right, but other proportions can occur. These patterns of labeled atoms and unlabeled atoms in one compound represent
805:
lactating women and children. Other advantages offered by stable isotopes include the ability to study elements having no suitable radioisotopes and to study long-term tracer behavior. Thus the use of stable isotopes became commonplace with the increasing availability of isotopically enriched materials and inorganic mass spectrometers. The use of stable isotopes instead of radioisotopes does have several drawbacks: larger quantities of tracer are required, having the potential of perturbing the naturally existing mineral; analytical sample preparation is more complex and
850:
Enrichment has also been measured in breast milk and intestinal contents. Tracer experiment design sometimes differs between minerals due to differences in their metabolism. For example, iron absorption is usually determined from incorporation of tracer in erythrocytes whereas zinc or calcium absorption is measured from tracer appearance in plasma, urine or feces. The administration of multiple isotope tracers in a single study is common, permitting the use of more reliable measurement methods and simultaneous investigations of multiple aspects of metabolism.
880:, the ratio of the tracer isotope to a reference isotope, by mass spectrometry. Multiple definitions and calculations of enrichment have been adopted by different researchers. Calculations of enrichment become more complex when multiple tracers are used simultaneously. Because enriched isotope preparations are never isotopically pure, i.e. they contain all the element's isotopes in unnatural abundances, calculations of enrichment of multiple isotope tracers must account for the perturbation of each isotope ratio by the presence of the other tracers.
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food, whereas extrinsic labeling refers to the addition of tracer isotope to the food during the study. Because it is a very time-consuming and expensive approach, intrinsic labeling is not routinely used. Studies comparing measurements of absorption using intrinsic and extrinsic labeling of various foods have generally demonstrated good agreement between the two labeling methods, supporting the hypothesis that extrinsic and natural minerals are handled similarly in the human gastrointestinal tract.
189:
258:(MS) are used to investigate the mechanisms of chemical reactions. NMR and MS detects isotopic differences, which allows information about the position of the labeled atoms in the products' structure to be determined. With information on the positioning of the isotopic atoms in the products, the reaction pathway the initial metabolites utilize to convert into the products can be determined. Radioactive isotopes can be tested using the
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in seawater, while Am and Pu are attached to particles. The isotopes dissolved in water are particularly useful in studying global circulation. For example, differences in lateral isotopic ratios within an ocean can indicate strong water fronts or gyres. Conversely, the isotopes attached to particles can be used to study mass transport within water columns. For instance, high levels of Am or Pu can indicate
695:
653:), the MS is coupled to a gas chromatograph to separate the compounds of the hydrolysate. The compounds eluting from the GC column are then ionized and simultaneously fragmented. The benefit in using GC-MS is that not only are the mass isotopomers of the molecular ion measured but also the mass isotopomer spectrum of several fragments, which significantly increases the measured information.
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linearly with depth. Therefore, any changes in this linear pattern can be attributed to the transport of Th on particles. For example, low isotopic ratios in surface water with very high values a few meters down would indicate a vertical flux in the downward direction. Furthermore, the thorium isotope may be traced within a specific depth to decipher the lateral transport of particles.
456:. The compounds produced using stable isotopes are either specified by the percentage of labeled isotopes (that is, 30% uniformly labeled C glucose contains a mixture that is 30% labeled with carbon isotope and 70% naturally labeled carbon) or by the specifically labeled carbon positions on the compound (that is, 1-C glucose which is labeled at the first carbon position of glucose).
918:(SILAC), that provides isotopic labeled forms of amino acid used to estimate protein levels. In protein recombinant, manipulated proteins are produced in large quantities and isotope labeling is a tool to test for relevant proteins. The method used to be about selectively enrich nuclei with C or N or deplete H from them. The recombinant would be expressed in
634:
specialist. Certain metabolites also may require specialized measurement procedures to obtain additional isotopomer data. In addition, specially adapted software tools are needed to determine the precise quantity of peak areas as well as identifying the decomposition of entangled singlet, doublet, and triplet peaks.
993:
Circulation within local systems, such as bays, estuaries, and groundwater, may be examined with radium isotopes. Ra has a half-life of 11 days and can occur naturally at specific locations in rivers and groundwater sources. The isotopic ratio of radium will then decrease as the water from the source
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as a source of nitrogen. The resulting N labeled proteins are then purified by immobilized metal affinity and their percentage estimated. In order to increase the yield of labeled proteins and cut down the cost of isotope labeled media, an alternative procedure primarily increases the cell mass using
872:
When tracer is administered with food for the purpose of observing mineral absorption and metabolism, it may be in the form of an intrinsic or extrinsic label. An intrinsic label is isotope that has been introduced into the food during its production, thus enriching the natural mineral content of the
804:
nutrition and metabolism in humans was first reported in the 1960s. While radioisotopes had been used in human nutrition research for several decades prior, stable isotopes presented a safer option, especially in subjects for which there is elevated concern about radiation exposure, e.g. pregnant and
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to study a wide array of processes. The isotopes used are typically naturally occurring with well-established sources and rates of formation and decay. However, anthropogenic isotopes may also be used with great success. The researchers measure the isotopic ratios at different locations and times to
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Lastly, the natural abundance of other atoms than carbon also leads to a disturbance in the mass isotopomer spectrum. For example, each oxygen atom in the molecule might also be present as a O isotope and as a O isotope. A more significant impact of the natural abundance of isotopes is the effect of
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techniques will allow a more detailed view of the distribution of the isotopomers. A labeled carbon atom will produce different hyperfine splitting signals depending on the labeling state of its direct neighbors in the molecule. A singlet peak emerges if the neighboring carbon atoms are not labeled.
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The aforementioned processes can be measured using naturally occurring isotopes. Nevertheless, anthropogenic isotopes are also extremely useful for oceanographic measurements. Nuclear weapons tests released a plethora of uncommon isotopes into the world's oceans. H, I, and Cs can be found dissolved
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into the body), distribution, storage, excretion and the kinetics of these processes. Isotope tracers are administered to subjects orally (with or without food, or with a mineral supplement) and/or intravenously. Isotope enrichment is then measured in blood plasma, erythrocytes, urine and/or feces.
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Isotopic tracers are used to examine processes in natural systems, especially terrestrial and aquatic environments. In soil science N tracers are used extensively to study nitrogen cycling, whereas C and C, stable and radioisotopes of carbon respectively, are used for studying turnover of organic
626:
A doublet peak emerges if only one neighboring carbon atom is labeled. The size of the doublet split depends on the functional group of the neighboring carbon atom. If two neighboring carbon atoms are labeled, a doublet of doublets may degenerate into a triplet if the doublet splittings are equal.
273:
Isotope tracers are commonly used in the form of isotope ratios. By studying the ratio between two isotopes of the same element, we avoid effects involving the overall abundance of the element, which usually swamp the much smaller variations in isotopic abundances. Isotopic tracers are some of the
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DRI : dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc : a report of the Panel on
Micronutrients ... and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference
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The ocean is an extensive network of particle transport. Thorium isotopes can help researchers decipher the vertical and horizontal movement of matter. Th has a constant, well-defined production rate in the ocean and a half-life of 24 days. This naturally occurring isotope has been shown to vary
542:
The figure demonstrates the ability to use different labels to determine the flux through a certain reaction. Assume the original metabolite, a three carbon compound, has the ability to either split into a two carbon metabolite and one carbon metabolite in one reaction then recombine or remain a
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Various isotopes of lead can be used to study circulation on a global scale. Different oceans (i.e. the
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, etc.) have different isotopic signatures. This results from differences in isotopic ratios of sediments and rocks within the different oceans. Because the different
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isotope tracers. Stable isotope tracers involve only non-radiogenic isotopes and usually are mass-dependent. In theory, any element with two stable isotopes can be used as an isotopic tracer. However, the most commonly used stable isotope tracers involve relatively light isotopes, which readily
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In each case, MS instruments divide a particular isotopomer distribution by its molecular weight. All isotopomers of a particular metabolite that contain the same number of labeled carbon atoms are collected in one peak signal. Because every isotopomer contributes to exactly one peak in the MS
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purposes is that it is different from other NMR applications because it is a rather specialized discipline. An NMR spectrometer may not be directly available for all research teams. The optimization of NMR measurement parameters and proper analysis of peak structures requires a skilled NMR
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in which simulated fluxes are plugged into the stoichiometric model. The simulated fluxes are displayed in a flux map, which shows the rate of reactants being converted to products for each reaction. In most flux maps, the thicker the arrow, the larger the flux value of the reaction.
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Determining the percent of isotope labeling throughout a reaction. If a 50% labeled and 50% unlabeled metabolite is split in the manner shown, the expected percent of each outcome can be found. The blue circles indicate a labeled atom, while a white circle indicates an unlabeled
857:, is the most common application of isotope tracer methods to nutrition research. Among the purposes of such studies are the investigations of how absorption is influenced by type of food (e.g. plant vs animal source, breast milk vs formula), other components of the diet (e.g.
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The drawback to using MS techniques is that for gas chromatography, the sample must be prepared by chemical derivatization in order to obtain molecules with charge. There are numerous compounds used to derivatize samples. N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA) and
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traveling in diametrically opposite directions. If the positron is produced within a solid object, it is likely to do this before traveling more than a millimeter. If both of these photons can be detected, the location of the decay event can be determined very precisely.
637:
As opposed to nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry (MS) is another method that is more applicable and sensitive to metabolic flux analysis experiments. MS instruments are available in different variants. Different from two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance
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different positional enrichment values, which is only a small fraction of the total isotopomer information. Although the use of proton NMR labeling is limiting, pure proton NMR experiments are much easier to evaluate than experiments with more isotopomer information.
483:(E4P) and a 5,6-C F6P. The unlabeled T3P will react with the S7P to synthesize unlabeled products. The figure demonstrates the use of stable isotope labeling to discover the carbon atom rearrangement through reactions using position specific labeled compounds.
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isotopes of lead have half-lives of 50–200 years, there is not enough time for the isotopic ratios to be homogenized throughout the whole ocean. Therefore, precise analysis of Pb isotopic ratios can be used to study the circulation of the different oceans.
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spectrum, the percentage value can then be calculated for each peak, yielding the mass isotopomer fraction. For a metabolite with n carbon atoms, n+1 measurements are produced. After normalization, exactly n informative mass isotopomer quantities remain.
244:). Because the labeled atom has the same number of protons, it will behave in almost exactly the same way as its unlabeled counterpart and, with few exceptions, will not interfere with the reaction under investigation. The difference in the number of
1010:, the isotopic ratio of strontium (Sr/Sr) can be analyzed within ice cores to examine changes over the earth's lifetime. Differences in this ratio within the ice core would indicate significant alterations in the earth's geochemistry.
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river enters a bay or estuary. By measuring the amount of Ra at a number of different locations, a circulation pattern can be deciphered. This same exact process can also be used to study the movement and discharge of groundwater.
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instrumentation more costly; the presence of tracer in whole bodies or particular tissues cannot be measured externally. Nonetheless, the advantages have prevailed making stable isotopes the standard in human studies.
869:, subject age and homeostatic mechanisms. When results from such studies are available for a mineral, they may serve as a basis for estimations of the human physiological and dietary requirements of the mineral.
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OD), indicating that phenol readily undergoes hydrogen-exchange reactions with water. Only the hydroxyl group is affected, indicating that the other 5 hydrogen atoms do not participate in the exchange reactions.
813:
Most of the minerals that are essential for human health and of particular interest to nutrition researchers have stable isotopes, some well-suited as biological tracers because of their low natural abundance.
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Bunk, David.M. "Expression of Stable
Isotopically Labeled Proteins for Use as Internal Standards for Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of Clinical Protein Biomarkers." NIST, material measurement laboratory. The
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Strictly speaking, radioisotopic labeling includes only cases where radioactivity is artificially introduced by experimenters, but some natural phenomena allow similar analysis to be performed. In particular,
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oxidizers as both an energy source (ammonia oxidation) and carbon source (chemoautotrophic carbon fixation). Deuterated water is also used for tracing the fate and ages of water in a tree or in an ecosystem.
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Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil.
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has recently published detailed and comprehensive descriptions of stable isotope methods to facilitate the dissemination of this knowledge to researchers beyond western academic centers.
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Hickey-Vargas, R.; Bizimis, M.; Deschamps, A. (2008). "Onset of the Indian Ocean isotopic signature in the
Philippine Sea Plate: Hf and Pb isotope evidence from Early Cretaceous terranes".
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can be observed separately from the other positions. This allows the percentage of isotopomers labeled at that specific position to be known. The limit to proton NMR is that if there are
2302:
Coppola, L.; Roy-Barman, M.; et al. (2006). "Thorium isotopes as tracers of particles dynamics and deep water circulation in the Indian sector of the
Southern Ocean (ANTARES IV)".
523:(the isotopes entering and leaving the cell remain constant with time) or a quasi-steady state (steady state is reached for a given period of time). The isotope pattern of the output
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because they can be used to understand complex mixing processes in earth systems. Further discussion of the application of isotopic tracers in geology is covered under the heading of
1847:
Krebs, Nancy; Miller, Leland; Naake, Vernon; Lei, Sian; Westcott, Jamie; Fennessey, Paul; Hambidge, Michael (1995). "The use of stable isotope techniques to assess zinc metabolism".
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James, Shelley A.; Meinzer, Frederick C.; Goldstein, Guillermo; Woodruff, David; Jones, Timothy; Restom, Teresa; Mejia, Monica; Clearwater, Michael; Campanello, Paula (2003-01-01).
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unlabeled media before introducing it in a minimal amount of labeled media. Another application of isotope labeling would be in measuring DNA synthesis, that is cell proliferation
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Isotopes with extremely long half-lives and their decay products can be used to study multi-million year processes, such as tectonics and extreme climate change. For example, in
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In addition, strong isotope effects observed affect the retention time of differently labeled isotopomers in the GC column. Overloading of the GC column also must be prevented.
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are among the essential minerals having stable isotopes to which isotope tracer methods have been applied. Iron, zinc and calcium in particular have been extensively studied.
2337:
Hougham, A. L.; Moran, S. B.; et al. (2008). "Seasonal changes in submarine groundwater discharge to coastal salt ponds estimated using 226Ra and 228Ra as tracers".
660:), the GC is replaced with a liquid chromatograph. The main difference is that chemical derivatization is not necessary. Applications of LC-MS to MFA, however, are rare.
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Isotopic tracing through reactions in the pentose phosphate pathway. The blue circles indicate a labeled carbon atom, while white circles are an unlabeled carbon atom.
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that can act as tracers used to model several chemical and biochemical systems. The chosen isotope can act as a label on that compound that can be identified through
1962:
Fairweather-Tait, Susan; Fox, Tom (1996). "Intrinsic and
Extrinsic Labelling of Inorganic Nutrients in Food Studies". In Mellon, Fred; Sandstrom, Brittmarie (eds.).
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is 'labeled' by replacing one or more specific atoms with their isotopes. The reactant is then allowed to undergo the reaction. The position of the isotopes in the
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519:. An isotopic label is fed to the cell, then the cell is allowed to grow utilizing the labeled feed. For stationary metabolic flux analysis the cell must reach a
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Fairweather-Tait, Susan; Fox, Tom; Harvey, L; Dainty, Jack (2001). "Methods for
Analysis of Trace-element Absorption". In Lowe, Nicola; Jackson, Malcolm (eds.).
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van Dokkum, Wim; Fairweather-Tait, Susan; Hurrell, Richard; Sandstrom, Brittmarie (1996). "Study
Techniques". In Mellon, Fred; Sandstrom, Brittmarie (eds.).
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Dauner, M., and Sauer, U. (2000). GC-MS analysis of amino acids rapidly provides rich information for isotopomer balancing. Biotechnol. Prog. 16, 642-649.
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Haley, B. A.; Frank, M.; et al. (2008). "Radiogenic isotope record of Arctic Ocean circulation and weathering inputs of the past 15 million years".
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Stephanopoulos, Gregory; Aristos A. Aristidou (1998). "Chapter 9: Methods for the
Experimental Determination of Metabolic Fluxes by Isotope Labeling".
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Swarzenski, P. W.; Reich, C.; et al. (2007). "Ra and Rn isotopes as natural tracers of submarine groundwater discharge in Tampa Bay, Florida".
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is shown in which the labeled carbon isotope rearranges to different carbon positions throughout the network of reactions. The network starts with
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Radioisotopic labeling is a technique for tracking the passage of a sample of substance through a system. The substance is "labeled" by including
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N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) are two examples of compounds that have been used to derivatize amino acids.
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Sandstrom, Brittmarie (1996). "Overview of isotope methods and inorganic nutrient metabolism". In Mellon, Fred; Sandstrom, Brittmarie (eds.).
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1996:
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Lee, S.-H.; Povinec, P. P.; et al. (2009). "Radionuclides as tracers of water fronts in the South Indian Ocean – ANTARES IV Results".
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Blake, Michael E.; Bartlett, Kevin L.; Jones, Maitland (2003). "Am-Benzyne too-Benzyne
Conversion through a 1,2-Shift of a Phenyl Group".
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German, James. "The pattern of DNA synthesis in the chromosomes of human blood cells ." Rockefeller university press. 20.1 37–65. Print.
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Povinec, P. P.; Breier, R.; et al. (2011). "Tracing of water masses using a multi isotope approach in the southern Indian Ocean".
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Due to the prevalence of mineral deficiencies and their critical impact on human health and well-being in resource-poor countries, the
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was the first technique used for C-labeling experiments. Using this method, each single protonated carbon position inside a particular
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Evaristo, Jaivime; Kim, Minseok; Haren, Joost van; Pangle, Luke A.; Harman, Ciaran J.; Troch, Peter A.; McDonnell, Jeffrey J. (2019).
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Davidsson, Lena (2001). "Trace-element Studies in Infants and Pregnant or Lactating Women". In Lowe, Nicola; Jackson, Malcolm (eds.).
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547:. By measuring the isotopomer distribution of the differently labeled metabolites, the flux through each reaction can be determined.
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2239:"Characterizing the Fluxes and Age Distribution of Soil Water, Plant Water, and Deep Percolation in a Model Tropical Ecosystem"
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Lee, Sang Yup; Park, Jong Myoung, and Kim, Tae Yong (2011). "Application of Metabolic Flux Analysis in Metabolic Engineering".
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Woodhouse, Leslie; Abrams, Steven (2001). "Advances in Stable-isotope Methodology". In Lowe, Nicola; Jackson, Malcolm (eds.).
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Christensen, Bjarke; Nielsen, Jens (2000). "Metabolic network analysis of penicillium chrysogenum using 13c-labeled glucose".
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Patterson, Kristine; Veillon, Claude (2001). "Stable isotopes of minerals as metabolic tracers in human nutrition research".
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is measured to determine what sequence the isotopic atom followed in the reaction or the cell's metabolic pathway. The
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Marley, Jonathan; Lu, Min; Bracken, Clay (2001). "A methode for efficient isotopic labeling and recombinent protein".
1403:"FluxAnalyzer: exploring structure, pathways, and flux distributions in metabolic networks on interactive flux maps"
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is determined. The output isotope pattern provides valuable information, which can be used to find the magnitude of
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silicon with a natural abundance of the isotopes Si and Si. Si is used in derivatizing agents for MS techniques.
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A carbon-13 label was used to determine the mechanism in the 1,2- to 1,3-didehydrobenzene conversion of the
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1878:. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Panel on Micronutrients. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 2001.
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In isotopic labeling, there are multiple ways to detect the presence of labeling isotopes; through their
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detects atoms with different gyromagnetic ratios. The radioactive decay can be detected through an
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471:(F6P), which has 6 carbon atoms with a label C at carbon positions 1 and 2. 1,2-C F6P becomes two
432:(MS). Some of the most common stable isotopes are H, C, and N, which can further be produced into
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de Graaf, A. A. (2000c). Use of 13C labeling and NMR spectroscopy in metabolic flux analysis. In
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Aspects of mineral nutrition/metabolism that are studied include absorption (from the
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labeling is an important tool for explaining the flux of certain elements through the
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595:(MS), have been developed for measuring mass isotopomers in stable isotope labeling.
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Chemical and biochemical technique to follow reactions through using atomic isotopes
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1800:. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
475:(G3P), one 2,3-C T3P and one unlabeled T3P. The 2,3-C T3P can now be reacted with
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Assessment of iron bioavailability in humans using stable iron isotope techniques
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emitted by them. Radioisotopic labeling is a special case of isotopic labeling.
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Klamt, Steffen; Jorg Stelling, Martin Ginkel, and Ernst Dieter Gilles (2003).
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Stephanopoulos, Gregory (1999). "Metabolic Fluxes and Metabolic Engineering".
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Assessment of Zinc Metabolism in Humans Using Stable Zinc Isotope Techniques
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Assessment of Zinc Metabolism in Humans Using Stable Zinc Isotope Techniques
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Assessment of Zinc Metabolism in Humans Using Stable Zinc Isotope Techniques
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The measurement of mineral absorption from the diet, often conceived of as
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(20000620)68:6<652::AID-BIT8>3.0.CO;2-J
167:), the substitution of deuterium for the hydrogen is observed in phenol's
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Stable isotopes in human nutrition : inorganic nutrient metabolism
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For these purposes, a particularly useful type of radioactive decay is
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Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man
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Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man
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Advances in Isotope Methods for the Analysis of Trace Elements in Man
1176:"The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway: structure and organisation"
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is constructed that contains the stoichiometry of the reactions. The
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1505:(J.-N. Barbotin and J.-C. Portais, Eds.), Horizon Scientific Press.
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provide the thermodynamic constraints needed to find the fluxes. A
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Synthetic Biology, Part B - Computer Aided Design and DNA Assembly
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Stable Isotopes in Human Nutrition: Inorganic Nutrient Metabolism
1720:
Stable Isotopes in Human Nutrition: Inorganic Nutrient Metabolism
954:. For example, Marsh et al. (2005) used dual labeled (N- and C)
955:
865:), the reproductive cycle, quantity of mineral in diet, chronic
819:
815:
528:
221:
89:
42:
550:
MFA combines the data harvested from isotope labeling with the
298:. A radiogenic isotope tracer involves an isotope produced by
688:
309:
160:
976:
infer information about the physical processes of the ocean.
285:
Isotopic tracers are usually subdivided into two categories:
420:
Stable isotope labeling involves the use of non-radioactive
208:, (also "isotopic marker" or "isotopic label"), is used in
123:
An example of the use of isotopic labeling is the study of
108:
detects the difference in the isotope's vibrational modes.
1564:"The use of stable isotopes in mineral nutrition research"
1467:
Wiechert, Wolfgang (2001). "13C Metabolic Flux Analysis".
1248:
Wiechert, Wolfgang (2001). "13C Metabolic Flux Analysis".
558:, and an optimization procedure resolve a flux map. The ir
1923:"Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for zinc"
1876:
Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine
1290:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 498. pp. 67–93.
609:
carbon atoms in a metabolite, there can only be at most
220:
and interactions. In this technique, one or more of the
916:
stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture
487:
Metabolic flux analysis using stable isotope labeling
763:, their presence can be determined by detecting the
1343:
Metabolic engineering: principles and methodologies
294:undergo fractionation in natural systems. See also
228:of interest is substituted for an atom of the same
104:detects the difference in an isotope's mass, while
583:Any technique in measuring the difference between
876:Enrichment is quantified from the measurement of
37:) is a technique used to track the passage of an
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
796:Applications in human mineral nutrition research
1772:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 167–186.
1345:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 356–404.
2100:National Institute of Standards and Technology
958:to demonstrate utilization of the compound by
1747:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 59–80.
1503:NMR in Biotechnology: Theory and Applications
1174:Kruger, Nicholas; Antje von Schaewen (2003).
81:. In the latter case, the labeling is called
8:
1828:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1610:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 1–22.
1441:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1326:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1169:
1167:
656:In liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (
1092:The organic chemistry of isotopic labelling
941:Applications for ecosystem process analysis
800:The use of stable isotope tracers to study
723:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1966:. London: Academic Press. pp. 15–21.
1832:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1722:. London: Academic Press. pp. 23–42.
629:The drawbacks to using NMR techniques for
2270:
1938:
1579:
1548:
1546:
1418:
1281:
1279:
1094:. Cambridge: Royal society of chemistry.
861:), disease and metabolic disorders (e.g.
743:Learn how and when to remove this message
649:In gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (
642:), the MS instruments work directly with
400:Learn how and when to remove this message
2432:
2430:
1689:. London: Harcourt Brace. pp. 3–9.
1117:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1072:Infrared spectroscopy of metal carbonyls
759:in its chemical composition. When these
490:
459:A network of reactions adopted from the
411:
187:
1921:European Food Safety Authority (2014).
1082:
1899:
1821:
1434:
1319:
587:can be used. The two primary methods,
2018:
2016:
1791:
1789:
1680:
1678:
1601:
1599:
1002:Tectonic processes and climate change
971:Tracers are also used extensively in
579:Isotope labeling measuring techniques
7:
1796:Davidsson, L. (Lena), 1957- (2012).
721:adding citations to reliable sources
338:adding citations to reliable sources
2582:Synthesis of Radiolabeled Compounds
2474:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2401:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1849:Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
1014:Isotopes related to nuclear weapons
1296:10.1016/B978-0-12-385120-8.00004-8
1023:when observed at great depths, or
885:International Atomic Energy Agency
787:uses a closely related principle.
25:
1641:Experimental Biology and Medicine
863:environmental enteric dysfunction
570:fluxes are estimated by using an
135:OH) in water by replacing common
73:used in isotopic labeling may be
2114:Journal of Biomolecular Labeling
2027:. Vienna: IAEA. pp. 50–58.
1991:. Vienna: IAEA. pp. 34–36.
1517:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
1183:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
693:
314:
1420:10.1093/bioinformatics/19.2.261
899:, the study of the full set of
325:needs additional citations for
45:with a detectable variation in
1027:when observed at the surface.
1:
2386:10.1016/j.marchem.2006.08.001
2351:10.1016/j.marchem.2007.08.001
2324:10.1016/j.marchem.2005.10.019
1203:10.1016/s1369-5266(03)00039-6
1161:, Cambridge University Press.
967:Applications for oceanography
2572:Resources in other libraries
1861:10.1016/0955-2863(95)00043-Y
1090:Hanson, James Ralph (2011).
946:compounds and fixation of CO
216:to help understand chemical
196:substituted aryne precursor
479:(S7P) to form an unlabeled
159:O in addition to the usual
2643:
2494:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.026
2421:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.003
1653:10.1177/153537020122600403
1159:Radiogenic Isotope Geology
891:Applications in proteomics
682:
589:nuclear magnetic resonance
531:, rate of conversion from
473:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
426:nuclear magnetic resonance
252:Nuclear magnetic resonance
110:Nuclear magnetic resonance
2567:Resources in your library
2529:10.1007/s10872-009-0035-7
2200:10.1007/s00442-002-1080-8
1562:Turnlund, Judith (1989).
1008:rubidium–strontium dating
914:can involve the usage of
539:, through each reaction.
477:sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
465:pentose phosphate pathway
151:). Upon adding phenol to
2243:Water Resources Research
1940:10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3844
1042:Radioactivity in biology
924:with media containing N-
274:most important tools in
2509:Journal of Oceanography
2486:2011E&PSL.302...14P
2413:2008E&PSL.268..255H
2126:10.1023/a:1011254402785
631:metabolic flux analysis
501:Metabolic flux analysis
306:Stable isotope labeling
1906:: CS1 maint: others (
1481:10.1006/mben.2001.0187
1380:10.1006/mben.1998.0101
1262:10.1006/mben.2001.0187
1235:April 4, 2012, at the
847:gastrointestinal tract
679:Radioisotopic labeling
497:
417:
201:
18:Radioisotopic labeling
2602:Laboratory techniques
1469:Metabolic Engineering
1368:Metabolic Engineering
1250:Metabolic Engineering
1157:Dickin, A. P., 2005.
1037:Uses of radionuclides
494:
481:erythrose 4-phosphate
415:
232:, but of a different
191:
106:infrared spectroscopy
2612:Biochemistry methods
2459:10.1029/2007PA001486
2263:10.1029/2018WR023265
1568:Journal of Nutrition
717:improve this section
560:reversible reactions
469:fructose 6-phosphate
334:improve this article
280:isotope geochemistry
2521:2009JOce...65..397L
2451:2008PalOc..23.1S13H
2378:2007MarCh.104...69S
2316:2006MarCh.100..299C
2255:2019WRR....55.3307E
2192:2003Oecol.134...37J
1195:2003COPB....6..236K
503:(MFA) using stable
349:"Isotopic labeling"
264:gel electrophoresis
242:radioactive tracing
155:(water containing D
2607:Physical chemistry
1581:10.1093/jn/119.1.7
1220:on April 15, 2012.
1047:Radioactive tracer
980:Particle transport
867:mineral deficiency
785:radiometric dating
685:Radioactive tracer
554:of each reaction,
509:metabolic pathways
498:
461:glycolysis pathway
418:
296:isotopic signature
202:
200:to acenaphthylene.
149:deuterium labeling
114:ionization chamber
35:isotopic labelling
2617:Mass spectrometry
2558:Isotopic labeling
2553:Library resources
2067:978-92-0-108418-7
2034:978-92-0-108418-7
1998:978-92-0-108418-7
1807:978-92-0-126510-4
1352:978-0-12-666260-3
1129:10.1021/ja0213672
1123:(21): 6485–6490.
1101:978-1-84973-188-1
1062:Isobaric labeling
926:ammonium chloride
807:mass spectrometry
772:positron emission
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268:photographic film
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332:Please help
327:verification
324:
289:tracers and
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214:biochemistry
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2164:42:137-145.
1574:(1): 7–14.
1374:(1): 1–11.
1021:downwelling
989:Circulation
644:hydrolysate
585:isotopomers
556:constraints
545:isotopomers
450:metabolites
438:amino acids
262:of gels in
238:radioactive
2591:Categories
2076:1108521498
2043:1108521498
2007:1108521498
1078:References
1052:Isotopomer
952:autotrophs
912:biomarkers
897:proteomics
840:molybdenum
733:March 2020
619:Proton NMR
599:Proton NMR
591:(NMR) and
525:metabolite
428:(NMR) and
360:newspapers
291:radiogenic
254:(NMR) and
2537:131348352
2289:134528977
2281:1944-7973
2208:1432-1939
2180:Oecologia
1949:1831-4732
1902:cite book
1824:cite book
1816:819377220
1322:cite book
1137:0002-7863
1025:upwelling
832:magnesium
765:radiation
704:does not
533:reactants
515:within a
513:reactions
448:, common
218:reactions
210:chemistry
145:deuterium
120:of gels.
2597:Isotopes
2224:17676269
2216:12647177
2134:11430757
1894:52777031
1705:35224694
1669:41966154
1661:11368418
1626:44579072
1537:10799990
1489:11461141
1429:12538248
1388:10935750
1314:21601674
1270:11461141
1233:Archived
1211:12753973
1145:12785789
1031:See also
933:. Uses H
931:in vitro
909:diseases
901:proteins
836:selenium
621:, using
537:products
463:and the
422:isotopes
246:neutrons
236:(like a
226:molecule
137:hydrogen
71:nuclides
67:products
63:reactant
2517:Bibcode
2482:Bibcode
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2409:Bibcode
2374:Bibcode
2312:Bibcode
2251:Bibcode
2188:Bibcode
2142:7811948
1590:2643698
1191:Bibcode
960:ammonia
859:phytate
824:calcium
802:mineral
776:photons
725:removed
710:sources
505:isotope
374:scholar
276:geology
234:isotope
224:of the
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640:2D-NMR
564:matrix
446:lipids
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194:phenyl
125:phenol
61:. The
2533:S2CID
2285:S2CID
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2138:S2CID
1665:S2CID
1218:(PDF)
1179:(PDF)
761:decay
658:LC-MS
651:GC-MS
623:C NMR
496:atom.
454:media
381:JSTOR
367:books
222:atoms
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2130:PMID
2072:OCLC
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1890:OCLC
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