1179:. This round trip was essential to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies, which operated at an enormous financial loss only mitigated by the substantial subsidy from New Spain. Spanish dollars were the accepted currency across most of the East Indies, and disruption of this financial system could have profound effects on regional trade; but British sailors had nevertheless been attacking the Manila galleons since
50:
1087:, an old opponent of Britain in Southern India, were seeking French assistance with a renewed outbreak of hostilities. The resources planned for the operation against Manila were therefore retained in India and the operation cancelled, but the protection of the China Fleet was still essential and Rainier diverted some of his squadron eastwards to China.
1202:. Seizing the Spanish vessel, Cooke closely questioned the captain and learned that most of the Spanish squadron in Manila were undergoing extensive repairs at Cavite and were unfit to sail. Cooke rewarded the captain by releasing his vessel with its cargo intact, although he did remove 3,900 silver dollars. The Spanish squadron had suffered badly in a
1442:
in order to storm the landward side of the fort. The boats came under heavy fire, one smashed by a cannonball, killing two and wounding four. Another boat grounded on a sandbar and became stuck; so with his force in disarray, as 250 villagers armed with lances ambushed and drove the
British from the
1429:
grounded on a sandbank at the entrance to the port which raised the suspicions of a guard boat sent by the governor of
Zamboanga, Raymundo Español. The captain of the Spanish boat asked the British ships the names of their captains, and on receiving no answer but a volley of rifle fire, he put the
1395:
shortly afterwards, furious at the seizure of the gunboats and demanding they be returned. Malcolm received him with a tirade of near incomprehensible French and brought him to join the other captured officers in his cabin, while the boat's crew were imprisoned below decks. Shortly afterwards, at
1027:
and other commercial cargo. This convoy was economically significant to
Britain: one convoy in 1804 was valued at over ÂŁ8 million (the equivalent of ÂŁ900,000,000 as of 2024). In January 1797 the convoy had been attacked by the French squadron in the East Indies, comprising six
1454:
With his frigates now requiring repairs, Cooke withdraw half a league from
Zamboanga and spent three days refitting the masts and rigging of the ships. Then he sailed north, scuttling the two remaining gunboats as he did not believe they would survive the return journey to
1154:
With his convoy safely at anchor in Macau and the China Fleet several weeks from sailing, Cooke decided to reconnoitre Manila and make observations on the port and the
Spanish squadron based there. As an added motivation, rumours in Macau suggested that the annual
558:
202:
897:. After completing his mission Cooke decided to investigate the state of readiness of Spanish forces in Manila himself. He was also intrigued by reports that a ship carrying treasure was due to sail from Manila, which would make a valuable prize. Sailing in
1508:
together they may have been able to destroy the disarmed
Spanish warships at Cavite. He also notes however that in this scenario Pakenham would have been commanding officer, a man with considerably less imagination and guile than Cooke. Historian
1495:
Cooke's opportunistic diversion had determined that the
Spanish forces in the Philippines posed no immediate threat, although the mission had cost 18 lives: Admiral Rainier later expressed his satisfaction with the outcome in a letter to the
2294:
1055:
Rainier's initial impulse on learning in
November 1796 of the impending declaration of war between Britain and Spain was to draw up plans for a major invasion of the Philippines, centred on Manila in repetition of the successful British
551:
195:
1416:
Cooke led his small squadron past
Corregidor on 15 January and turned south. Four days later in a storm one of the gunboats broke its tow line and was never seen again, lost with its twelve crew. The frigates subsequently scouted
1047:
and the French admiral retreated, only learning of his error on his return to Ăle de France. There was considerable concern in India that Sercey might try again in 1798, or that the
Spanish, who maintained a powerful squadron at
544:
188:
2299:
1253:
and then sailing across the bay on the morning of 14 January, anchoring between Manila and Cavite. From his vantage point Cooke could see the Spanish squadron dismasted and under repair in Cavite, the ships of the line
1356:, who was not aboard, but who sent a message via an aide in a third boat. Each time, the officers were escorted below to join the festivities whereupon their crews were seized at gunpoint and taken below decks as
1544:
to Manila late in the year to join the repaired Spanish squadron. At the beginning of February 1799, this combined force sailed to Macau, taking the British defences by surprise. The British commander Captain
1090:
A number of merchant ships had gathered at Bombay in the spring of 1797 in preparation for the trip to Macau to load trade goods and join the China Fleet. To escort this force, Rainier provided the 40-gun
960:
and subsequently to declare war on its former ally. In the East Indies this shift of political allegiance meant that the dominant British forces in the region were faced with the threat of attack from the
1206:
in April 1797 and much of the damage had still not been repaired by the time Cooke's small squadron arrived off Manila. Cooke had taken precautions to disguise his ships as French vessels, modelling
1071:
among others, a substantial naval and military forces were earmarked for the operation which was in the advance planning stages, when unexpected news arrived in India in August 1797 announcing the
1325:
operations. The officer offered supplies but cautioned that none of the Spanish ships would be in a position to sail until March at the earliest. Cooke then joined the party on the deck of
1344:
For an hour the officers drank, Malcolm and Cooke learning detailed information about the state of the defences and squadron in the Philippines, until a second boat pulled alongside
1333:
off Sumatra. The Spanish officer was now completely convinced by the ruse, which had been augmented by fake French uniforms. Inviting the visitor below decks, Cooke then passed
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476:
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and that the Spanish squadron was undergoing extensive repairs and thus unavailable for operations, he sent a raiding party against a squadron of gunboats in the mouth of the
1443:
beach, Malcolm called off the operation. After exchanging shot for an hour both frigates cut their anchor cables and retreated out of range, with two dead and one wounded on
1513:
was critical of the mission, considering the operation to have "no glorious outcome" and citing the failure to capture the treasure ships as its greatest short-coming.
1353:
130:
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1360:. In Malcolm's cabin, the captured officers were informed of their situation, promised release before the British frigates sailed, and offered more wine. The crew of
1284:
in dock and unfit for action. Other sourcers says it was frigates Fama and Nuestra Señora del Pilar. To Cooke's disappointment he could also see the Manila galleon,
1404:
now numbering approximately 200. Once the meal was finished, Cooke allowed all of the captives to return to their boats and row for shore without the conditions of
1141:
for the final voyage to Macau. The convoy arrived without incident on 13 December 1797, although the crews had been substantially weakened by tropical illnesses.
873:
853:
to Britain, which was of vital economic importance to Britain. So severe was this threat that a major invasion of the Spanish Philippines had been planned from
1364:
meanwhile forced the captured Spanish sailors to strip and donned their clothing. Climbing into the Spanish boats this party rowed for the mouth of the nearby
782:
1434:
the following morning, ordered a bombardment of the fort protecting the harbour. This had little effect, though later the Spanish recovered at least 450
1299:
under Captain Edward Pakenham was in Philippine waters and had decided to remove the valuable cargo from the treasure ship rather than risk an attack.
1577:
1068:
644:
1549:
counterattacked, advancing on the Franco-Spanish force which retreated during the day and disappeared under cover of darkness that evening in the
442:
251:
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on its way to Manila. Depositing its dollars in the Philippines, the ship then loaded trade goods from the East Indies for the return journey to
872:
To ensure the safety of the merchant ships gathering at Macau in the winter of 1797â1798, the British commander in the East Indies, Rear Admiral
1425:
on 22 January. There Cooke raised Spanish colours in an attempt to deceive the authorities into supplying food and water to his squadron but
594:
407:
916:, Cooke pretended that his ships were French vessels and successfully lured successive boatloads of Spanish officials aboard, taking them
838:
into an enemy in 1796. Thus, the presence of a powerful Spanish squadron at Manila posed a threat to the China Fleet, an annual convoy of
2304:
1984:
1267:
212:
2270:
2248:
2229:
2190:
2154:
2131:
2108:
894:
236:
124:
1036:
928:. Capturing the gunboats in a bloodless attack, Cooke then released his prisoners and sailed southwards, unsuccessfully assaulting
1064:
286:
1532:. This diversion of British resources created gaps in the coverage in merchant shipping and Sercey was able to send the frigate
2178:
920:
in turn. Once he had determined from his captives the state of defences in Manila, that the treasure ship had been unloaded at
775:
1471:. Two were killed and nine others taken captive and dragged into the forest before rescuers could arrive. Cooke complained to
2314:
1533:
1221:
953:
507:
392:
1273:
755:
1539:
619:
1211:
614:
589:
437:
397:
382:
1198:, Cooke's ships encountered a small Spanish merchant vessel, which was lured towards the frigates, which were flying
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2289:
1597:
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276:
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807:
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358:
333:
328:
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256:
231:
41:
452:
422:
2221:
1460:
957:
831:
469:
271:
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aground in the harbour. The Spanish had learned only shortly before Cooke's arrival that the British frigate
412:
1313:
fluently and with Bernard translating was able to persuade the officer in charge that the new arrivals were
1057:
716:
711:
706:
701:
691:
686:
681:
377:
241:
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2200:
1501:
1368:, where they had learned that three heavy gunboats were moored. Taking the crews by surprise, the British
1072:
945:
858:
827:
604:
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402:
323:
296:
261:
111:
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in 1804, at which a French squadron was again driven off in confusion. The frigates Cooke had mimicked,
1329:, claiming to be Commodore Latour, a French officer who, unknown to the Spanish, had been killed in the
1293:
1117:
949:
639:
493:
447:
417:
338:
2098:
1459:. Four days later, on 27 January the squadron halted at a village named "Pullock" in the north of the
536:
2094:
1106:
1040:
929:
732:
654:
629:
599:
348:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1381:
1377:
1261:
962:
815:
749:
291:
246:
79:
2164:
1655:
1439:
1124:
1113:
1095:
1020:
965:
to the east. Britain dominated the East Indies in 1796, controlling the trade routes through the
880:
862:
457:
353:
143:
1451:, in addition to those lost in the boats. The defenders lost a single man killed and 4 wounded.
2266:
2244:
2225:
2186:
2150:
2127:
2104:
1497:
1102:
1084:
1044:
990:
986:
866:
659:
266:
2205:
2116:
1565:
were sent to operate independently against British trade in the Indian Ocean in early 1799.
1553:. The combined squadron then dispersed and the China Fleet was not attacked again until the
1430:
town on alert. With the defenders forewarned, Cooke abandoned his ruse and after refloating
1396:
16:00, Cooke and Malcolm hosted a large dinner for their officer captives and sent food and
1357:
1322:
1199:
1180:
1138:
1043:
the commander deceived Sercey into believing that the unescorted convoy contained disguised
902:
432:
1524:, and the majority of Rainier's forces were focused on disrupting the French occupation of
2258:
1546:
1510:
1310:
1160:
917:
1348:
containing more officers keen to greet the French arrivals. This vessel was the personal
2143:
1666:
1422:
1369:
1156:
1131:
887:
819:
150:
1305:
was the first British ship into the anchorage, and was consequently approached by the
993:
had been captured in 1795, and the French presence in the region had been confined to
2283:
1521:
1476:
1468:
1338:
1168:
1033:
1016:
854:
839:
106:
17:
1009:
982:
966:
847:
823:
49:
1015:. Early in each year a large convoy known as the "China Fleet", composed of large
1661:
1376:. These vessels normally carried crews of thirty and were well-armed, one with a
1385:
1365:
1186:
Leaving the heavier warships at Macau, Cooke sailed on 5 January 1798 only with
1080:
1079:
to an end. Britain now faced France and Spain alone, while emissaries from the
925:
1662:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
956:. The secret terms of this treaty required Spain to renounce its alliance with
180:
1516:
The 1798 China Fleet sailed without further incident. During the ensuing year
1435:
1306:
1250:
1246:
913:
803:
800:
522:
509:
2263:
The Sea Warriors: Fighting Captains and Frigate Warfare in the Age of Nelson
1456:
1372:
drove off the Spanish without a fight and brought all three boats alongside
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1001:
861:
in Europe and the possibility of a major war in India between the British
1589:
1418:
1164:
1029:
978:
877:
1479:
and the captured sailors were eventually recovered, although not before
1529:
1203:
1194:, the latter carrying a Mr. Bernard, an experienced linguist. Passing
1092:
172:
2295:
Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars involving Great Britain
1288:
being unloaded at the Cavite docks and another valuable merchant ship
1159:
was due to arrive. This ship brought up to two million Spanish silver
1593:
1405:
1049:
974:
970:
921:
811:
75:
2100:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV
1112:, which sailed with the convoy in July, taking passage through the
1487:
had sailed for China to escort the merchant convoy back to India.
1349:
1195:
1012:
1005:
850:
843:
168:
None at Manila; 6 killed, 16 wounded and a boat sunk at Zamboanga
1525:
1500:. More might have been achieved with reinforcements: Historian
1397:
1334:
1172:
2218:
Nelson Against Napoleon: from the Nile to Copenhagen, 1798â1801
540:
184:
2300:
Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars involving Spain
1024:
2241:
The Victory of Seapower: Winning the Napoleonic War 1806-1814
1883:
1881:
1879:
1851:
1849:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1603:
was captured but Cooke mortally wounded, dying on 25 May.
997:
and a few subsidiary islands in the Western Indian Ocean.
2220:. London, England: Chatham Pub. in association with the
1520:
was destroyed by an accidental explosion in July in the
909:, Cooke reached the Spanish capital on 13 January 1798.
2183:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 2, 1797â1799
2002:
2000:
1998:
1944:
1942:
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to collect fresh water. On the beach a boat party from
1438:
from different calibres, and Malcolm then attempted an
175:
captured at Manila; 1 killed and 4 wounded at Zamboanga
1352:
of the Spanish commander at Cavite, Rear-Admiral Don
1309:, whose crew came aboard. Malcolm, like Cooke, spoke
2124:
Shipwrecks of the Revolutionary & Napoleonic Era
1400:
to the crew, the total number of Spanish sailors on
2239:Woodman, Richard (2001b) . Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
2216:Woodman, Richard (2001a) . Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
1023:, sailed westwards to Europe from Macau laden with
857:during 1797, but had been called off following the
2204:
2142:
810:intended to scout the strength of the defences of
1000:Some of the most important trade routes began at
2211:. London, England: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
1321:seeking supplies and Spanish reinforcements for
1504:suggests that had Cooke's squadron united with
54:Journey of Cooke around the Philippines in 1798
34:
1408:, although he retained the captured gunboats.
1249:, slipping unchallenged past the fortress of
776:
552:
196:
8:
2169:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1019:merchant ships in the employ of the British
1337:around and together they drank a series of
2185:. London, England: Conway Maritime Press.
1237:Late in the afternoon of 13 January 1798,
783:
769:
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559:
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203:
189:
181:
31:
2078:
2042:
1933:
1899:
1887:
1855:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1748:
1731:
1719:
1658:inflation figures are based on data from
1642:
1630:
1618:
876:, sent a convoy to China escorted by the
2054:
2018:
1690:
1116:, joined there by the ships of the line
2030:
1611:
1341:, including "the downfall of England".
741:
724:
673:
2310:History of the Philippines (1565â1898)
2162:
1760:
1686:
1684:
1052:, might make an attempt of their own.
2066:
2006:
1960:
1948:
1914:
1870:
1775:
1702:
27:Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
7:
2243:. London, England: Caxton Editions.
2207:War in the Eastern Seas, 1793 â 1815
2126:. London, England: Caxton Editions.
1101:, captured from the French at the
940:In 1796, after three years of the
25:
826:squadron maintained in the port.
1588:under Cooke on 28 February near
830:had transformed from an ally of
822:and assess the condition of the
48:
2141:Henderson, James, CBE (1994) .
1992:, No 161, June 1908, p. VIIIâX.
1060:in 1762. Co-operating with the
2265:. London, England: Constable.
2103:. London: Chatham Publishing.
1985:Recuerdos de un hecho glorioso
1037:Pierre CĂ©sar Charles de Sercey
806:military operation during the
488:
1:
1391:The harbour captain reached
1384:, each supplemented by four
92:Spanish victory at Zamboanga
932:before returning to Macau.
901:and accompanied by Captain
2331:
2305:Military history of Manila
2122:Grocott, Terence (2002) .
1580:near Southern Africa, and
1331:action of 9 September 1796
1077:War of the First Coalition
836:War of the First Coalition
1578:Action of 9 February 1799
1062:Governor-General of India
942:French Revolutionary Wars
893:and commanded by Captain
808:French Revolutionary Wars
585:
577:French Revolutionary Wars
222:
162:
136:
117:
100:
90:British victory at Manila
58:
47:
42:French Revolutionary Wars
39:
2222:National Maritime Museum
1461:Sultanate of Maguindanao
1275:Santa Maria de la Cabeza
1150:Reconnaissance of Manila
1105:in 1794, and the 50-gun
2201:Parkinson, C. Northcote
1660:Clark, Gregory (2017).
1584:was intercepted by HMS
1210:on the powerful 40-gun
1130:and the 32-gun frigate
954:Treaty of San Ildefonso
717:Battle of Manila (1945)
712:Battle of Manila (1899)
707:Battle of Manila (1898)
702:Battle of Manila (1896)
692:Battle of Manila (1762)
687:Battle of Manila (1574)
682:Battle of Manila (1570)
2149:. London: Leo Cooper.
1502:C. Northcote Parkinson
1354:Ignacio MarĂa de Ălava
1073:Treaty of Campo Formio
859:Treaty of Campo Formio
799:of January 1798 was a
443:Colonia del Sacramento
131:Ignacio Maria de Ălava
118:Commanders and leaders
2315:False flag operations
2095:Clowes, William Laird
1473:Sultan Kibab Sahriyal
1447:and eight wounded on
1144:
697:Raid on Manila (1798)
163:Casualties and losses
18:Raid on Manila (1798)
1382:24-pounder long guns
1041:Bali Strait Incident
842:merchant ships from
733:Battle of Manila Bay
2224:, Caxton Editions.
1555:Battle of Pulo Aura
1551:Wanshan Archipelago
1378:32-pounder long gun
963:Spanish Philippines
816:Spanish Philippines
750:Battle of Bangkusay
570:East Indies theatre
519: /
80:Spanish Philippines
1656:Retail Price Index
1440:amphibious landing
1114:Straits of Malacca
1075:which brought the
1021:East India Company
969:from the ports of
863:East India Company
756:La Naval de Manila
523:14.517°N 120.933°E
158:Defences of Manila
2290:Conflicts in 1798
1272:and the frigates
1257:San Pedro ApĂłstol
1103:Battle of Mykonos
1085:Kingdom of Mysore
1058:capture of Manila
1045:ships of the line
1039:. In the ensuing
991:Dutch East Indies
989:and parts of the
987:Dutch Cape Colony
867:Kingdom of Mysore
814:, capital of the
793:
792:
674:Battles of Manila
668:
667:
502:
501:
393:St. George's Caye
213:Anglo-Spanish War
179:
178:
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
2322:
2276:
2259:Woodman, Richard
2254:
2235:
2212:
2210:
2196:
2174:
2168:
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2148:
2137:
2117:Internet Archive
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2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1981:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1937:
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1918:
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1679:
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1674:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
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1616:
1569:was captured by
1467:was set upon by
1421:before reaching
1370:boarding parties
1358:prisoners of war
1323:commerce raiding
1200:French tricolors
1181:Thomas Cavendish
1139:Pulteney Malcolm
903:Pulteney Malcolm
785:
778:
771:
671:
650:28 February 1799
580:
578:
571:
561:
554:
547:
538:
534:
533:
531:
530:
529:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
463:3rd Buenos Aires
423:2nd Buenos Aires
413:1st Buenos Aires
344:10 December 1800
314:19 December 1796
277:25 November 1804
272:Cape Santa Maria
237:Cape St. Vincent
217:
205:
198:
191:
182:
60:
59:
52:
32:
21:
2330:
2329:
2325:
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2320:
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2111:
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2090:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2045:, p. .147.
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1990:Por esos mundos
1982:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
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1932:
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1637:
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1617:
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1609:
1547:William Hargood
1511:Richard Woodman
1493:
1469:Lumad tribesmen
1414:
1235:
1220:on the smaller
1152:
1147:
1137:under Captain
1069:Arthur Welleley
950:French Republic
938:
789:
669:
664:
645:9 February 1799
581:
576:
573:
569:
567:
565:
528:14.517; 120.933
527:
525:
521:
518:
513:
510:
508:
506:
505:
503:
498:
408:RĂo de la Plata
334:6 February 1799
329:19 January 1799
309:13 October 1796
287:Cape Finisterre
282:7 December 1804
257:16 October 1799
232:25 January 1797
218:
214:
211:
209:
91:
82:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2326:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2213:
2197:
2191:
2179:James, William
2175:
2155:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2109:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:Henderson 1994
2071:
2069:, p. 319.
2059:
2057:, p. 161.
2047:
2043:Parkinson 1954
2035:
2023:
2021:, p. 114.
2011:
2009:, p. 216.
1994:
1965:
1963:, p. 215.
1953:
1951:, p. 214.
1938:
1934:Henderson 1994
1919:
1917:, p. 212.
1904:
1900:Henderson 1994
1892:
1890:, p. 138.
1888:Parkinson 1954
1875:
1873:, p. 213.
1860:
1858:, p. 139.
1856:Parkinson 1954
1845:
1841:Henderson 1994
1833:
1829:Henderson 1994
1821:
1817:Parkinson 1954
1809:
1805:Parkinson 1954
1797:
1793:Henderson 1994
1780:
1778:, p. 211.
1765:
1763:, p. 486.
1753:
1751:, p. 119.
1749:Parkinson 1954
1736:
1734:, p. 117.
1732:Parkinson 1954
1724:
1722:, p. 137.
1720:Parkinson 1954
1707:
1695:
1680:
1667:MeasuringWorth
1647:
1643:Parkinson 1954
1635:
1631:Parkinson 1954
1623:
1621:, p. 104.
1619:Henderson 1994
1610:
1608:
1605:
1598:ensuing battle
1492:
1489:
1413:
1410:
1234:
1228:
1157:Manila galleon
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1065:Sir John Shore
937:
934:
820:Manila galleon
797:raid on Manila
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
773:
765:
762:
761:
760:
759:
753:
744:
743:
739:
738:
737:
736:
727:
726:
722:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
676:
675:
666:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
583:
582:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
500:
499:
497:
496:
491:
486:
480:
479:
473:
472:
470:23 August 1806
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
405:
400:
398:Puerto Cabello
395:
390:
385:
380:
374:
373:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
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321:
316:
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305:
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279:
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228:
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220:
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210:
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193:
185:
177:
176:
169:
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139:
138:
134:
133:
127:
120:
119:
115:
114:
109:
103:
102:
98:
97:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
45:
44:
37:
36:
35:Raid on Manila
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2327:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2274:
2272:1-84119-183-3
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2250:1-84067-359-1
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2231:1-86176-026-4
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:0-85177-906-9
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2158:
2156:0-85052-432-6
2152:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2133:1-84067-164-5
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2110:1-86176-013-2
2106:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2081:, p. 60.
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2055:Woodman 2001a
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2033:, p. 58.
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:Woodman 2001c
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1936:, p. 52.
1935:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:, p. 51.
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:, p. 50.
1842:
1837:
1834:
1831:, p. 48.
1830:
1825:
1822:
1819:, p. 43.
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:, p. 42.
1806:
1801:
1798:
1795:, p. 49.
1794:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:, p. 79.
1704:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:Woodman 2001b
1687:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1645:, p. 98.
1644:
1639:
1636:
1633:, p. 13.
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1538:and corvette
1537:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Bangka Strait
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:and two with
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:Pacific Ocean
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:Cooke's raids
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:Contre-amiral
1032:commanded by
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:East Indiaman
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
995:Ăle de France
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
958:Great Britain
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
884:
879:
875:
874:Peter Rainier
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:British India
852:
849:
845:
841:
840:East Indiaman
837:
833:
832:Great Britain
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
798:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
766:
764:
763:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
742:Around Manila
740:
734:
731:
730:
729:
728:
723:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
584:
579:
572:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
539:
535:
532:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
303:Mediterranean
302:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
242:26 April 1797
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:
216:
206:
201:
199:
194:
192:
187:
186:
183:
174:
170:
167:
166:
161:
157:
155:
154:
148:
147:
141:
140:
135:
132:
129:Rear Admiral
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
113:
110:
108:
107:Great Britain
105:
104:
99:
89:
86:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2262:
2240:
2217:
2206:
2182:
2145:The Frigates
2144:
2123:
2099:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2031:Grocott 2002
2026:
2014:
1989:
1983:
1956:
1895:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1756:
1727:
1698:
1693:, p. 32
1671:. Retrieved
1665:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1600:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1541:Brûle-Gueule
1540:
1534:
1517:
1515:
1505:
1494:
1484:
1480:
1464:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1426:
1415:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1373:
1361:
1345:
1343:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1171:stopping at
1153:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1108:
1097:
1089:
1067:and Colonel
1054:
1010:Qing Dynasty
999:
983:Dutch Ceylon
967:Indian Ocean
939:
912:Anchored in
911:
906:
898:
895:Edward Cooke
889:
882:
871:
848:Qing Dynasty
824:Spanish Navy
818:, capture a
796:
794:
696:
634:
620:Saldanha Bay
595:Sunda Strait
504:
483:
403:Diamond Rock
378:Newfoundland
324:15 July 1798
297:4 April 1808
262:7 April 1800
152:
145:
125:Edward Cooke
101:Belligerents
66:January 1798
40:Part of the
29:
1761:Clowes 1997
1436:cannonballs
1386:swivel guns
1366:Pasig River
1286:Marquesetta
1281:Santa LucĂa
1245:arrived in
1167:across the
1081:Tipu Sultan
952:signed the
926:Pasig River
630:Bali Strait
615:Cape Colony
590:Pondicherry
526: /
477:East Indies
448:2 June 1807
339:7 July 1799
215:(1796â1808)
2284:Categories
2088:References
2067:James 2002
2007:James 2002
1961:James 2002
1949:James 2002
1915:James 2002
1871:James 2002
1776:James 2002
1703:James 2002
1518:Resistance
1506:Resistance
1307:guard boat
1296:Resistance
1290:Rey Carlos
1251:Corregidor
1247:Manila Bay
1230:Dinner on
1120:Victorious
936:Background
914:Manila Bay
804:false flag
801:Royal Navy
655:Port Louis
600:5 May 1794
438:Montevideo
349:6 May 1801
252:Santa Cruz
2261:(2001c).
2181:(2002) .
2165:cite book
2097:(1997) .
1607:Citations
1596:. In the
1498:Admiralty
1491:Aftermath
1477:Kuta Wato
1423:Zamboanga
1412:Zamboanga
1183:in 1587.
1177:New Spain
1109:Centurion
930:Zamboanga
605:Ăle Ronde
489:Zamboanga
453:San Pedro
428:Maldonado
354:Algeciras
292:Trafalgar
142:Frigates
2203:(1954).
1590:Balasore
1573:Daedalus
1567:Prudente
1563:Prudente
1535:Preneuse
1419:Mindanao
1319:Prudente
1269:Montañés
1223:Prudente
1165:Acapulco
1030:frigates
979:Calcutta
948:and the
918:prisoner
878:frigates
865:and the
725:See also
514:120°56âČE
458:Miserere
418:Perdriel
388:San Juan
383:Trinidad
372:Americas
226:Atlantic
173:gunboats
137:Strength
123:Captain
71:Location
1586:Sybille
1576:at the
1530:Red Sea
1528:in the
1481:Sybille
1465:Sybille
1445:Sybille
1432:Sybille
1427:Sybille
1239:Sybille
1232:Sybille
1208:Sybille
1204:typhoon
1188:Sybille
1161:dollars
1127:Trident
1098:Sybille
1093:frigate
1083:of the
899:Sybille
883:Sybille
834:in the
625:Sumatra
574:of the
511:14°31âČN
319:Menorca
146:Sybille
2269:
2247:
2228:
2189:
2153:
2130:
2107:
1594:Bengal
1457:Canton
1406:parole
1339:toasts
1311:French
1263:Europa
1050:Cavite
1002:Canton
985:, the
975:Madras
971:Bombay
922:Cavite
812:Manila
758:(1646)
752:(1571)
735:(1898)
635:Manila
610:Ceylon
484:Manila
433:Cardal
267:Ferrol
87:Result
76:Manila
1673:7 May
1601:Forte
1582:Forte
1559:Forte
1350:barge
1315:Forte
1213:Forte
1196:Luzon
1163:from
1013:China
1006:Macau
946:Spain
851:China
844:Macau
828:Spain
640:Macau
494:Macau
247:CĂĄdiz
112:Spain
2267:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2226:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2171:link
2151:ISBN
2128:ISBN
2105:ISBN
1675:2024
1571:HMS
1561:and
1526:Suez
1483:and
1398:grog
1335:wine
1317:and
1294:HMS
1278:and
1266:and
1241:and
1216:and
1190:and
1173:Guam
1132:HMS
1125:HMS
1123:and
1118:HMS
1107:HMS
1096:HMS
1004:and
977:and
888:HMS
886:and
881:HMS
795:The
660:Mahé
151:HMS
149:and
144:HMS
63:Date
2115:at
1654:UK
1592:in
1485:Fox
1475:at
1449:Fox
1402:Fox
1393:Fox
1374:Fox
1362:Fox
1346:Fox
1327:Fox
1303:Fox
1243:Fox
1218:Fox
1192:Fox
1134:Fox
1025:tea
1008:in
907:Fox
905:in
890:Fox
846:in
364:2nd
359:1st
153:Fox
2286::
2167:}}
2163:{{
1997:^
1988:,
1968:^
1941:^
1922:^
1907:^
1878:^
1863:^
1848:^
1783:^
1768:^
1739:^
1710:^
1683:^
1664:.
1388:.
1260:,
1226:.
981:.
973:,
944:,
869:.
171:3
78:,
2275:.
2253:.
2234:.
2195:.
2173:)
2159:.
2136:.
2113:.
1677:.
784:e
777:t
770:v
560:e
553:t
546:v
204:e
197:t
190:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
