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an "insurrection", rather than an act of desperation. One notable paper recorded a striking worker's perspective that he "had might as well die by the bullet as to starve to death by inches." A day after federal troops had restored order in
Martinsburg, similar protests erupted in Maryland and spread to New York, Pennsylvania, Illinois, and Missouri. The strikes, which lasted six weeks, would come to be known as the
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later passed the
Arbitration Act of 1888, which authorized the creation of arbitration panels with the power to investigate the causes of labor disputes and to issue non-binding arbitration awards. The Act was a complete failure since only one panel was ever convened under the Act: in the case of the
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A union seeking to represent an unorganized group of employees must produce signed and dated authorization cards or other proof of support from at least 50% of the craft or class. A party attempting to oust an incumbent union must produce evidence of support from a majority of the craft or class and
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to restore order but was unsuccessful largely because of militia sympathies with the workers. The governor reluctantly called for federal assistance, which restored peace to
Martinsburg but proved to be controversial, with many newspapers critical of the governor's characterization of the strikes as
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Carriers may lawfully replace strikers engaged in a lawful strike but may not, however, discharge them except for misconduct or eliminate their jobs to retaliate against them for striking. It is not clear whether the employer can discharge workers for striking before all of the RLA's bargaining and
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The RLA was the product of negotiations between the major railroad companies and the unions that represented their employees. Like its predecessors, it relied on boards of adjustment, established by the parties, to resolve labor disputes, with a government-appointed Board of
Mediation to attempt to
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The employer must also allow strikers to replace replacements hired on a temporary basis and permanent replacements who have not completed the training required before they can become active employees. The employer may, on the other hand, allow less senior employees who crossed the picket line to
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Major dispute bargaining is handled through the "Section 6" process, named for the section of the Act that describes the bargaining process. The railroad carriers have formed a coalition for national handling of
Railway Labor Act bargaining under Section 6, named the National Carriers Conference
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The RLA categorizes all labor disputes as either "major" disputes, which concern the making or modification of the collective bargaining agreement between the parties, or "minor" disputes, which involve the interpretation or application of collective bargaining agreements. Unions can strike over
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or resolve their disputes arising under collective bargaining agreements, the RLA specifies both (1) the negotiation and mediation procedures that unions and employers must exhaust before they may change the status quo and (2) the methods for resolving "minor" disputes over the interpretation or
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The NMB has the responsibility for conducting elections when a union claims to represent a carrier's employees. The NMB defines the craft or class of employees eligible to vote, which almost always extends to all of the employees performing a particular job function throughout the company's
259:, enacted in 1916, provided workers with an eight-hour day at the same daily wage they had received previously for a ten-hour day, and it required time-and-a-half pay for overtime work. Another law enacted that year, amid increasing concerns about the war in Europe, gave US President
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Unlike the NLRA, which gives the NLRB nearly exclusive power to enforce the Act, the RLA allows employees to sue in federal court to challenge an employer's violation of the Act. The courts can grant employees reinstatement and backpay, along with other forms of equitable relief.
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The RLA permits strikes over major disputes only after the union has exhausted the RLA's negotiation and mediation procedures and bars almost all strikes over minor disputes. The RLA also authorizes the courts to enjoin strikes if the union has not exhausted those procedures.
236:" (in which an employee agreed not to join a union during employment), and required both sides to maintain the status quo during any arbitration proceedings and for three months after an award was issued. The arbitration procedures were rarely used. A successor statute, the
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Congress strengthened the procedures in the 1934 amendments to the Act, which created a procedure for resolving whether a union had the support of the majority of employees in a particular "craft or class", while turning the Board of
Mediation into a permanent agency, the
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The federal courts likewise have the power to enjoin a union from striking over arbitrable disputes, that is minor disputes. The court may, on the other hand, also require the employer to restore the status quo as a condition of any injunctive relief against a strike.
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dictates the procedures that the court must follow. Once the NMB releases the parties from mediation, however, they retain the power to engage in strikes or lockouts, even if they subsequently resume negotiations or the NMB offers mediation again.
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major disputes only after they have exhausted the RLA's "almost interminable" negotiation and mediation procedures. They cannot, on the other hand, strike over minor disputes, either during the arbitration procedures or after an award is issued.
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its decisions might have had in a series of decisions. In 1921, it ordered a twelve percent reduction in employees' wages, which the railroads were quick to implement. The following year, when shop employees of the railroads launched a
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announced that it was returning the railroad system to its owners. However, Congress tried to preserve, the most successful features of the federal wartime administration, which were the adjustment boards, by creating a
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405:(NLRB), which has historically preferred walk-in elections under the NLRA. The NMB can order a rerun election if it determines that either an employer or union has interfered with employees' free choice.
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resolve those disputes that board of adjustment could not. The RLA promoted voluntary arbitration as the best method for resolving those disputes that the Board of
Mediation could not settle.
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keep the jobs they were given after crossing the line, even if the seniority rules in effect before the strike would have required the employer to reassign their jobs to returning strikers.
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then the NMB must conduct an election. If the employees are unrepresented and the employer agrees, the NMB may certify the union based on the authorization cards alone.
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against other RLA-regulated carriers and permits employees to engage in other types of strikes, such as intermittent strikes, that might be unprotected under the NLRA.
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On the other hand, the RLA imposes fewer restrictions on the tactics that unions may use when they do have the right to strike. The RLA, unlike the NLRA, allows
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to resolve labor disputes. Its provisions were originally enforced under the Board of
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Committee (NCCC). The railroad unions also form coalitions of various unions to increase bargaining power in the
Section 6 process.
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obtained an injunction that carried out that declaration. From then on, railway unions refused to have anything to do with the RLB.
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the power to "take possession of and assume control of any system of transportation" for transportation of troops and war material.
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of 1913, which created the Board of Mediation, proved to be more effective. It was largely superseded when the federal government
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a strike over a major dispute if the union has not exhausted the RLA's negotiation and mediation procedures. The
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Wilner, Frank N, "Understanding the Railway Labor Act", Omaha, Nebraska, Simmons-Boardman Books 2009, $ 39.95,
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industries. The Act, enacted in 1926 and amended in 1934 and 1936, seeks to substitute bargaining,
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Leslie, Douglas (editor), "The Railway Labor Act", Washington, D.C., BNA Books 1995
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operations, rather than just those at a particular site or in a particular region.
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Goodin v. Clinchfield Railroad Company, 125 F. Supp. 441 (E.D. Tenn. 1954)
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The NMB usually uses mail ballots to conduct elections, unlike the
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Category:Rail transportation labor disputes in the United States
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Congress extended the RLA to cover airline employees in 1936.
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617:"Wages of a Million Railway Workers Will Be Cut July 1"
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Congress attempted to correct the shortcomings in the
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Erdman Act of 1898, June 1, 1898, Ch. 370, 30
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1147:United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
636:Railway Labor Act, May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44
606:Presidential Proclamation 1419, December 26, 1917.
912:Lieutenant Governor and Governor of Massachusetts
794:Description of Coalition Bargaining pages 9 to 20
332:application of collective bargaining agreements.
1459:United States federal transportation legislation
1041:Federal Corrupt Practices Act Amendments of 1925
564:Adamson Act, Sept. 3, 5, 1916, ch. 436, 39
513:United States. Arbitration Act of 1888, 25
445:History of rail transport in the United States
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547:Newlands Act, July 15, 1913, ch. 6, 38
244:the railroads in 1917, after the US entered
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1199:1919 Massachusetts gubernatorial election
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1161:Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover
784:Critique of the RLA's election procedures
381:mediation processes have been exhausted.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1219:1924 United States presidential election
1209:1920 United States presidential election
1176:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
890:Boyhood home and first inauguration site
472:1877: America's Year of Living Violently
1454:United States federal labor legislation
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376:Discipline and replacement of strikers
1139:United States occupation of Nicaragua
355:The federal courts have the power to
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1236:The Autobiography of Calvin Coolidge
1110:Brave Little State of Vermont speech
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1214:1924 Republican National Convention
1204:1920 Republican National Convention
1020:World War Adjusted Compensation Act
856:Vice President of the United States
1070:State of the Union Addresses (1926
750:As codified in 45 U.S.C. chapter 8
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774:Statute Compilations collection
469:Bellesiles, Michael A. (2010).
178:In 1877, protests broke out in
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999:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
845:President of the United States
403:National Labor Relations Board
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885:Early life and family history
197:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1259:Sesquicentennial half dollar
1116:McSweeney-McNary Act of 1928
1026:Opposition to farm subsidies
409:Protecting employees' rights
347:"Major" and "minor" disputes
325:National Labor Relations Act
312:(NMB), with broader powers.
217:, backed by federal troops.
1449:69th United States Congress
1254:Things named after Coolidge
661:Railway Labor Act, 49
496:Caplinger, Michael (2003).
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184:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
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1469:1926 in economic history
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626:. 1921-05-18. p. 1.
389:Representation elections
310:National Mediation Board
293:US Department of Justice
232:activities, prohibited "
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1151:Washington Naval Treaty
1005:Immigration Act of 1924
1444:1926 in rail transport
1081:I do not choose to run
521:. Approved 1888-10-01.
319:Bargaining and strikes
228:against employees for
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1036:Judiciary Act of 1925
902:Calvin Coolidge House
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1051:Passport Act of 1926
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917:Boston police strike
769:) as amended in the
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361:Norris-LaGuardia Act
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174:US labor law history
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1333:Charles A. Coolidge
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984:Revenue Act of 1928
980:Revenue Act of 1926
976:Revenue Act of 1924
962:Second inauguration
192:Charles J. Faulkner
69:"Railway Labor Act"
1404:Charles G. Dawes â
1343:Arthur W. Coolidge
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754:United States Code
597:, August 29, 1916.
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341:secondary boycotts
238:Newlands Labor Act
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1046:Railway Labor Act
1010:ClarkeâMcNary Act
763:Railway Labor Act
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503:. pp. 40â45.
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