31:
1847:
228:
permanent by the board. Bitter labor discord followed, with violence and sabotage of railway equipment. The RLB attempted to mediate an end to the dispute, bringing together union and railroad representatives on July 14 in a joint conference. The conference was unsuccessful and the board declared that its efforts to resolve the stoppage had reached an end.
220:(whereby the railway companies contracted out shop work to non-union subcontractors), seven unions representing the railroad shopmen and maintenance of way workers voted to go on strike. July 1, 1922, was the date set for the launch of a coordinated work stoppage. On that day some 400,000 railway workers walked off the job, in what became known as the
215:
Chairman Hooper found the situation faced by members of the
Railroad Labor Board to be virtually untenable, likening the task of conciliating the demands of the "hardboiled railway executive" and the "radical labor leader" armed only with the "gentle, unenforceable admonitions of the Transportation
206:
The RLB soon destroyed whatever moral authority it might have had in a series of decisions. In 1921 railway companies obtained approval from the board for deep reductions in wage rates for workers across the industry. In 1922 the RLB approved another cut in wages, this time a cut of 7 cents an hour
120:
did establish a more precise mechanism for mediating disputes between employers and those workers engaged in train operation. This voluntary mediation was resisted by the railroad companies and very seldom used until 1906. In the subsequent eight years between 1906 and 1913, a total of 61 disputes
136:
in 1913. This legislation expanded and formalized the mediation and arbitration process, establishing a three-member "Board of
Mediation and Conciliation" and increasing the number of professional arbitrators to six. Although still lacking the power to enforce its decisions, the Newlands Act was
227:
On July 3, Hooper pushed through a so-called "outlaw resolution" which declared that all strikers had forfeited their arbitration rights guaranteed under the
Transportation Act of 1920. Railroads were encouraged by the Railway Labor Board to hire replacement workers, who were to be regarded as
128:
were satisfied with either the process or the decisions rendered. Calls were made for a substantially-sized permanent board of arbitration, with representatives of the railroad companies rather than the unions taking the lead in calling for such a body.
875:
268:(RLA). President Calvin Coolidge signed the law on May 20, 1926, and the Railroad Labor Board was terminated. The RLA repealed Title III of the Transportation Act of 1920 and created a Board of Mediation.
1881:
1653:
1456:
793:
1876:
1701:
1601:
850:
766:
1871:
1587:
256:
obtained a court injunction against the strike on
September 1, and the strike eventually died out as many shopmen made deals with the railroads on the local level.
1658:
277:
1648:
1606:
1336:
1298:
1201:
1891:
720:
1310:
746:
737:
977:
1624:
1617:
1550:
1540:
676:
287:
1811:
1476:
776:
771:
697:
101:, labor disputes increasingly became a focus of turmoil between employers and employees, first evidenced at a large, multi-state scale during the
993:
1530:
1234:
940:
910:
249:, sought a negotiated end to the strike. Harding proposed a settlement on July 28, but this compromise was rejected by the railroad companies.
1343:
756:
150:
1161:
751:
165:
The USRA consolidated railroad operations, eliminated redundant services, standardized equipment, and raised wages for railroad workers.
1563:
1545:
1535:
1522:
1439:
788:
236:
1264:
1155:
519:
137:
successful in resolving 58 of the 71 controversies which were managed by the Board, from the time of the Act's passage through 1917.
1444:
1320:
1275:
1031:
972:
869:
468:
203:
The 1920 law gave the board the power to oversee the wages and working conditions of more than 2 million
American railway workers.
207:
targeted to railway repair and maintenance workers—a reduction representing a loss of an average of 12 percent for these workers.
1886:
243:
188:
1684:
1461:
1099:
920:
905:
881:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
708:
511:
418:
388:
359:
338:
125:
1572:
1178:
1111:
700:
250:
173:
74:
601:
The
Transportation Act, 1920: Its Sources, History, and Text, Together with Its Amendments to the Interstate Commerce Act...
356:
An Act
Providing for mediation, conciliation, and arbitration in controversies between certain employers and their employees
216:
Act" to pacifying a den of lions and tigers with bare hands. In response to the wage cuts, as well as the pressures of the
113:
was created. Such voluntary arbitration had lacked an enforcement mechanism, however, and labor unrest continued unabated.
1693:
1481:
1139:
1126:
1121:
1116:
962:
945:
915:
221:
102:
70:
34:
1293:
1229:
1173:
732:
669:
232:
1184:
1753:
1451:
1419:
1414:
1304:
988:
886:
1224:
1219:
405:
375:
109:
had attempted to solve wage disputes through legislation as early as 1888, when an initial mechanism for voluntary
863:
1777:
1582:
1382:
1325:
1195:
803:
265:
149:, operation of the American railway system was brought under national control to ensure efficient operation. The
81:
1611:
1471:
1407:
1258:
1166:
1081:
999:
54:
132:
The result this desire for permanent, professional mediation of railway wage disputes was the passage of the
1850:
1816:
1765:
1747:
1637:
1356:
1057:
967:
957:
893:
761:
662:
1189:
1106:
1018:
711:
282:
1771:
1759:
1643:
1577:
1315:
1281:
1240:
1207:
952:
435:
1388:
1330:
1269:
58:
1789:
1593:
1366:
1012:
983:
566:
W.N. Doak, "Labor
Policies of the Transportation Act from the Point of View of Railroad Employees,"
461:
History of the Labor
Movement in the United States: Volume 9: The TUEL to the End of the Gompers Era
1830:
1783:
1361:
1288:
1094:
1062:
38:
1735:
1676:
1251:
1246:
1149:
1144:
1075:
493:
253:
133:
98:
1837:
1401:
1038:
1025:
464:
172:), which returned control to the railroad companies, gave additional regulatory powers to the
168:
Following the end of the war, Congress passed the
Transportation Act of 1920 (also called the
264:
Negotiations between the major railroad companies and the unions led to the enactment of the
798:
246:
169:
66:
30:
1806:
1509:
1068:
1049:
930:
925:
617:
158:
77:
62:
783:
685:
239:
180:
154:
1865:
1708:
1631:
1349:
1006:
551:
184:
106:
42:
1741:
1371:
858:
642:
H.D. Wolf, "Criticisms of the Railroad Labor Board and an Evaluation of Its Work,"
414:
384:
17:
105:. With the continued functioning of the railways seen as a vital public interest,
523:
61:. This nine-member panel was designed as means of settling wage disputes between
1466:
1213:
935:
899:
146:
116:
Various attempts at stopgap legislation proved largely unfruitful, although the
110:
1376:
1133:
117:
1088:
217:
192:
633:
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York,
622:
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York,
579:
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York,
568:
Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York,
497:
647:
636:
625:
611:
593:
582:
571:
515:
422:
392:
363:
342:
577:
Frank H. Dixon, "Functions and Policies of the Railroad Labor Board,"
544:
631:
T. W. van Metre, "Railroad Regulation under the Transportation Act,"
124:
Despite this seeming success, neither the railroad companies nor the
1717:
484:
Hooper, Ben W. (January 1923). "Labor, Railroads and the Public".
29:
654:
510:
United States. Railway Labor Act, May 20, 1926, ch. 347, 44
65:
and their employees. The Board's approval of wage reductions for
658:
561:
Power at Odds: The 1922 National Railroad Shopmen's Strike.
161:
in 1917, and Congress affirmed the action in 1918 with the
153:(USRA) was created to manage the entire system. President
1602:
Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
97:
Following major expansion of American railways after the
539:
E.G. Buckland, "Three Years of the Transportation Act,"
436:"Wages of a Million Railway Workers Will Be Cut July 1"
1702:
Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century
1882:
History of rail transportation in the United States
1799:
1728:
1667:
1559:
1521:
1490:
1432:
1048:
849:
731:
374:United States. Railway Administration Act of 1918,
588:A.R. Ellingwood, "The Railway Labor Act of 1926,"
406:
376:
606:Edgar J. Rich, "The Transportation Act of 1920,"
1588:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
337:United States. Arbitration Act of 1888, 25
73:. The Board was terminated on May 20, 1926 when
610:vol. 10, no. 3 (Sept. 1920), pp. 507–527.
187:as board chairman in 1921. Hooper was a former
145:During the period of American participation in
1659:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill
358:(Newlands Act). July 15, 1913, ch. 6, 38
278:History of rail transport in the United States
1649:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
670:
543:vol. 32, no. 7 (May 1923), pp. 658–675.
126:various unions representing railway employees
8:
624:vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 15–18.
592:vol. 36, no. 1 (Feb. 1928), pp. 53–82.
581:vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 19–28.
570:vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 39–48.
176:, and established the Railroad Labor Board.
53:(RLB) was an institution established in the
1877:1926 disestablishments in the United States
1337:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education
1202:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
635:vol. 10, no. 1 (July 1922), pp. 3–12.
563:Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
846:
677:
663:
655:
646:vol. 5, no. 1 (Jan. 1927), pp. 1–34.
620:, "Railroad Labor and the Labor Problem,"
121:were settled by mediation or arbitration.
1311:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916
1872:1920 establishments in the United States
1618:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
1812:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
777:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination
454:
452:
298:
1531:1910 New Jersey gubernatorial election
941:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
463:. New York: International Publishers.
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
1344:United States Railroad Administration
288:Railway Labor Executives' Association
151:United States Railroad Administration
7:
1162:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914
876:Occupation of the Dominican Republic
199:Authority and decisions of the board
27:Defunct US federal board (1920–1926)
1546:1916 Democratic National Convention
1536:1912 Democratic National Convention
1440:Birthplace and Presidential Library
1235:Federal Employees' Compensation Act
1082:Board of Mediation and Conciliation
603:New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1923.
69:was instrumental in triggering the
45:of the Railroad Labor Board in 1921
1265:Fraudulent Advertising Act of 1916
1156:Emergency Internal Revenue Tax Act
411:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
381:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
25:
1892:United States railroad regulation
1321:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916
1276:National Park Service Organic Act
1174:Glacier National Park Act of 1914
973:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
721:President of Princeton University
404:United States. Esch–Cummins Act,
211:Role in the 1922 Shopmen's Strike
1846:
1845:
1367:Acadia National Park Act of 1919
486:American Bar Association Journal
1551:1916 U.S. presidential election
1541:1912 U.S. presidential election
1467:Summer White House (Harlakenden
921:Committee on Public Information
882:Army Appropriations Act of 1916
811:State of the Union Address 1913
644:University Journal of Business,
231:Members of President Harding's
1462:Princeton University president
1457:Boyhood home in South Carolina
701:President of the United States
327:. University of Chicago Press.
251:United States Attorney General
174:Interstate Commerce Commission
1:
1750:(daughter, acting first lady)
1694:Backstairs at the White House
1612:Woodrow Wilson Junior College
1372:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919
1179:Legislative Reference Service
1140:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
963:Selective Service Act of 1917
946:Armistice of 11 November 1918
590:Journal of Political Economy,
553:The Transportation Act, 1920.
222:Great Railroad Strike of 1922
103:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
71:Great Railroad Strike of 1922
1294:Rural Post Roads Act of 1916
1230:Federal Aid Road Act of 1916
1504:When a Man Comes to Himself
1420:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920
1415:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
1305:Stock-Raising Homestead Act
989:Wartime Measure Act of 1918
887:Council of National Defense
163:Railway Administration Act.
1908:
1225:Cotton Futures Act of 1916
1220:Brush Disposal Act of 1916
1145:Cotton Futures Act of 1914
1058:Federal racial segregation
59:Transportation Act of 1920
1825:
1583:Woodrow Wilson Foundation
1383:Wheat Price Guarantee Act
1326:Flood Control Act of 1917
1196:Locomotive Inspection Act
804:Woman Suffrage Procession
692:
608:American Economic Review,
556:n.c.: n.p., October 1922.
459:Foner, Philip S. (1991).
266:Railway Labor Act of 1926
1738:(wife, 1885–1914, death)
1498:Congressional Government
1408:Federal Power Commission
1167:Federal Trade Commission
1000:Racial Equality Proposal
978:National War Labor Board
445:. 1921-05-18. p. 1.
325:The Railroad Labor Board
55:United States of America
1887:United States labor law
1817:Woodrow Wilson and race
1638:Woodrow Wilson Monument
1452:Boyhood home in Georgia
1357:War Revenue Act of 1917
1252:Federal Farm Loan Board
1185:Smith–Lever Act of 1914
1107:Rivers and Harbors Acts
968:Immigration Act of 1918
958:Immigration Act of 1917
894:Philippine Autonomy Act
323:Wolf, Harry D. (1927).
1445:papers and manuscripts
1190:War Risk Insurance Act
994:Paris Peace Conference
789:1919 Nobel Peace Prize
772:Supreme Court nominees
712:Governor of New Jersey
425:. Approved 1920-02-28.
395:. Approved 1918-03-21.
283:American Railway Union
210:
46:
1831:← William Howard Taft
1772:Joseph Ruggles Wilson
1760:Eleanor Wilson McAdoo
1644:Woodrow Wilson Bridge
1578:Woodrow Wilson Awards
1316:Warehouse Act of 1916
1282:National Park Service
1241:Federal Farm Loan Act
1208:Occupancy Permits Act
953:Espionage Act of 1917
864:Bryan–Chamorro Treaty
767:Judicial appointments
237:Secretary of Commerce
88:Institutional history
33:
1742:Edith Bolling Wilson
1594:The Wilson Quarterly
1477:Woodrow Wilson House
1395:Railroad Labor Board
1013:Treaty of Versailles
984:Sedition Act of 1918
157:issued an order for
51:Railroad Labor Board
1838:Warren G. Harding →
1786:(cousin, secretary)
1784:Helen Woodrow Bones
1754:Jessie Wilson Sayre
1686:Profiles in Courage
1654:U.S. Postage stamps
1362:Revenue Act of 1918
1289:Revenue Act of 1916
1095:Revenue Act of 1913
1063:Federal Reserve Act
870:Occupation of Haiti
18:Railway Labor Board
1736:Ellen Axson Wilson
1705:(2002 documentary)
1247:Farm Credit System
1150:Cutter Service Act
1100:Federal income tax
1076:Newlands Labor Act
345:, October 1, 1888.
254:Harry M. Daugherty
244:Secretary of Labor
218:Open Shop Movement
134:Newlands Labor Act
118:Erdman Act of 1898
99:American Civil War
47:
1859:
1858:
1766:Francis Sayre Jr.
1744:(wife, 1915–1924)
1697:(1979 miniseries)
1428:
1427:
1402:Federal Power Act
1039:Wilsonian Armenia
1026:League of Nations
757:1917 inauguration
752:1913 inauguration
599:Rogers MacVeagh,
541:Yale Law Journal,
82:Railway Labor Act
63:railway companies
16:(Redirected from
1899:
1849:
1848:
1389:Esch–Cummins Act
1331:Smith–Hughes Act
1270:Keating–Owen Act
847:
799:Silent Sentinels
724:
715:
704:
679:
672:
665:
656:
559:Colin J. Davis,
527:
508:
502:
501:
481:
475:
474:
456:
447:
446:
440:
432:
426:
412:
408:
402:
396:
382:
378:
372:
366:
352:
346:
335:
329:
328:
320:
170:Esch-Cummins Act
67:railroad shopmen
21:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1821:
1807:Progressive Era
1795:
1748:Margaret Wilson
1724:
1669:
1663:
1628:(Austin statue)
1561:
1555:
1517:
1511:The New Freedom
1486:
1424:
1069:Federal Reserve
1044:
931:Fourteen Points
926:Four Minute Men
845:
735:
727:
718:
707:
696:
688:
683:
653:
618:Henry R. Seager
535:
533:Further reading
530:
509:
505:
483:
482:
478:
471:
458:
457:
450:
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434:
433:
429:
410:
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373:
369:
354:United States.
353:
349:
336:
332:
322:
321:
300:
296:
274:
262:
213:
201:
159:nationalization
143:
95:
90:
78:Calvin Coolidge
41:, and Chairman
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1903:
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1889:
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1842:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1790:William McAdoo
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:(2022 musical)
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1671:
1665:
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1656:
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1635:
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1625:Woodrow Wilson
1621:
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1034:
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1021:
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1002:
991:
986:
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950:
949:
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943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
897:
891:
890:
889:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:
853:
851:Foreign policy
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
807:
806:
801:
794:19th Amendment
791:
786:
781:
780:
779:
774:
764:
762:Roosevelt desk
759:
754:
749:
743:
741:
729:
728:
726:
725:
716:
705:
693:
690:
689:
686:Woodrow Wilson
684:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
652:
651:
640:
629:
615:
604:
597:
586:
575:
564:
557:
550:A.B. Cummins,
548:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:
520:45 U.S.C.
503:
476:
469:
448:
443:New York Times
427:
397:
367:
347:
330:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
273:
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261:
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240:Herbert Hoover
212:
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181:Warren Harding
155:Woodrow Wilson
142:
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26:
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2:
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1813:
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1802:
1798:
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1788:
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1782:
1780:(grandfather)
1779:
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1703:
1699:
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1689:(1965 series)
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1683:
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1632:Wilson Square
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1600:
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1514:
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1508:
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1499:
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1378:
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1350:USRA standard
1347:
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1128:
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1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:Pueblo speech
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
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992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
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966:
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951:
947:
944:
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934:
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914:
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909:
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901:
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895:
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883:
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877:
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871:
868:
865:
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860:
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848:
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839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
790:
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770:
769:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
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748:
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742:
739:
734:
730:
722:
717:
713:
710:
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687:
680:
675:
673:
668:
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661:
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649:
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638:
634:
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627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
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595:
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587:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
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546:
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538:
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532:
525:
521:
517:
513:
507:
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499:
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491:
487:
480:
477:
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470:9780717806744
466:
462:
455:
453:
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437:
431:
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409:
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379:
371:
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225:
223:
219:
208:
204:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:Ben W. Hooper
182:
177:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
141:Establishment
140:
138:
135:
130:
127:
122:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
87:
85:
83:
80:signed a new
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
43:Ben W. Hooper
40:
36:
35:G.W.W. Hanger
32:
19:
1836:
1829:
1792:(son-in-law)
1778:James Wilson
1716:
1709:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1623:
1616:
1607:High schools
1592:
1573:Bibliography
1510:
1503:
1497:
1472:Shadow Lawn)
1394:
859:Wilsonianism
643:
632:
621:
607:
600:
589:
578:
567:
560:
552:
540:
506:
492:(1): 15–18.
489:
485:
479:
460:
442:
430:
400:
370:
355:
350:
333:
324:
263:
230:
226:
214:
205:
202:
191:governor of
178:
167:
162:
144:
131:
123:
115:
96:
50:
48:
1713:(2013 book)
1681:(1944 film)
1214:Adamson Act
1050:New Freedom
998:1919–1920;
936:The Inquiry
904:1917–1918;
900:World War I
878:(1916–1924)
872:(1915–1934)
723:(1902–1910)
714:(1911–1913)
703:(1913–1921)
260:Termination
147:World War I
111:arbitration
39:R.M. Barton
1866:Categories
1768:(grandson)
1762:(daughter)
1756:(daughter)
1377:Red Summer
1134:Sabath Act
916:home front
747:Transition
733:Presidency
524:§ 151
417:, 41
387:, 40
247:John Davis
189:Republican
183:appointed
179:President
93:Background
84:into law.
1564:memorials
1523:Elections
1482:Gravesite
1299:Smith Act
1089:Raker Act
911:campaigns
294:Footnotes
193:Tennessee
75:President
1851:Category
1774:(father)
1640:(Prague)
1634:(Warsaw)
1259:Flag Day
1019:Big Four
738:timeline
648:In JSTOR
637:In JSTOR
626:In JSTOR
612:In JSTOR
594:In JSTOR
583:In JSTOR
572:In JSTOR
545:In JSTOR
498:25711112
272:See also
107:Congress
1800:Related
1670:culture
1668:Popular
1032:charter
784:Cabinet
526:et seq.
407:Pub. L.
377:Pub. L.
233:cabinet
57:by the
1729:Family
1710:Wilson
1678:Wilson
1560:Legacy
1513:(1913)
1506:(1901)
1500:(1900)
1406:1920;
1393:1920;
1385:(1919)
1379:(1919)
1348:1917;
1335:1917;
1307:(1916)
1301:(1916)
1280:1916;
1272:(1916)
1261:(1916)
1245:1916;
1237:(1916)
1216:(1916)
1210:(1915)
1204:(1915)
1198:(1915)
1192:(1914)
1181:(1914)
1158:(1914)
1152:(1914)
1136:(1913)
1091:(1913)
1080:1913;
1067:1913;
1041:(1920)
1030:1920;
1017:1919;
1009:(1919)
980:(1918)
896:(1916)
866:(1914)
522:
514:
496:
467:
421:
415:66–152
413:
391:
385:65–107
383:
362:
341:
1718:Suffs
1491:Books
906:entry
719:13th
512:Stat.
494:JSTOR
439:(PDF)
419:Stat.
389:Stat.
360:Stat.
339:Stat.
1433:Life
1127:1916
1122:1915
1117:1914
1112:1913
841:1920
836:1918
831:1917
826:1916
821:1915
816:1914
709:34th
698:28th
465:ISBN
242:and
49:The
516:577
423:456
393:451
364:103
343:501
1868::
518:.
488:.
451:^
441:.
301:^
235:,
224:.
195:.
37:,
1566:)
1562:(
740:)
736:(
678:e
671:t
664:v
650:.
639:.
628:.
614:.
596:.
585:.
574:.
547:.
500:.
490:9
473:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
