863:
Lieutenant
Colonel Ivo Nutarelli, flying Pony 10, was unable to correct his altitude or lower his speed, and collided with the leading airplane (Pony 1, piloted by Lt. Col. Mario Naldini) of the left formation "inside" the figure, destroying the plane's tail section with the front of his aircraft. Pony 1 then spiralled out of control, hitting the plane on its lower left (Pony 2, piloted by Captain Giorgio Alessio). Lt. Col. Naldini ejected but was killed as he hit the runway before his parachute opened. His plane crashed onto a taxiway near the runway, destroying a medevac helicopter and fatally injuring its pilot, Captain Kim Strader. Pony 2, the third plane involved in the disaster, was severely damaged from the impact with Pony 1, and crashed beside the runway, exploding in a fireball. Its pilot, Captain Alessio, died on impact.
867:
police vehicle parked inside the concertina-wire fence that defined the active runway area. The plane continued, cartwheeling for a distance before picking up the three-strand concertina-wire fence, crossing an emergency access road, slamming into the crowd, and hitting a parked ice cream van. The area of the crash, being centered on the flightline and as close to the airshow as civilian spectators could get, had been considered the "best seats in the house", and was densely packed. The entire incident, from the collision of the first two planes to the crash into the crowd, took less than seven seconds, leaving almost no time for spectators to escape. The low altitude of the maneuver (45 meters above the crowd) also contributed to the short time frame.
749:"At the time we arrived shortly after 5:00 there were no injured people no more. We could see that the last badly injured people were loaded into American helicopters. We could see some pickup trucks with injured people transporting them away. It was not possible to find an officer in charge, a director of operations or even a contact person so we got to the Johannis hospital in Landstuhl by own initiative. Asking several action forces, paramedics, police officers nobody could name a director of operations. I was asking for a managing paramedic of the operation to coordinate the evacuation. But there was none."
713:"We are searching for burnt patients that are pulled and transported unaided away from us by the Americans. They told us nobody from them are here no more. Not all the injured people are transported away by helicopter or ambulance. There is total chaos around us and some of the injured are even transported on pickup trucks that are not leaving on emergency exit, they are driving beside the drifting visitors. It was a terrible sight to see people with burnt clothes and sagging burnt skin, squirming with pain of transfixed and shocked with pain on these vehicles."
305:
448:
763:"We found a large number of severely burnt, badly injured people absolutely unaided. When I arrived in Landstuhl, severely burnt people partly lay on wooden planks and no paramedics were there. After I aided an injured person and left her with a hospital nurse that attended us at the flight, I was treating several injured people at the helicopter landing zone at the military hospital and did not see even one American medic there"
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877:, suggested in an article that the Ramstein disaster could have been caused by some sudden technical problem—or even sabotage—in Nutarelli's plane. No supporting evidence could be collected. Reith pointed out that Lt. Col. Nutarelli and Lt. Col. Naldini were supposed to know details about another air disaster, the 1980
373:) formation. In this formation, two groups of aircraft trace out a heart shape in front of the audience along the runway. As they reach the lower tip of the heart, the two groups pass each other parallel to the runway. The heart is then pierced by a lone aircraft, flying in the direction of spectators.
538:
helicopters and ambulances had already arrived on site and left with patients. American helicopters and ambulances provided the quickest and largest means of evacuating burn victims, but lacked sufficient capacities for treating them, or had difficulty finding them. Further confusion was added by the
554:
A crisis counseling center was immediately established at the nearby
Southside Base Chapel and remained open throughout the week. Base mental health professionals provided group and individual counseling in the following weeks, and they surveyed the response workers two months following the tragedy
529:
The disaster revealed serious shortcomings in the handling of large-scale medical emergencies by German civil and
American military authorities. US military personnel did not immediately allow German ambulances onto the base, and the rescue work was generally hampered by a lack of efficiency and
866:
Pony 10, the aircraft that started the crash, continued on a ballistic trajectory across the runway, completely out of control and in flames, its forward section destroyed by the impact with Pony 1. The plane hit the ground ahead of the spectator stands, exploding in a fireball and destroying a
336:
collided during their display, crashing to the ground in front of a crowd of about 300,000 people. There were 70 fatalities (67 spectators and 3 pilots), and 346 spectators sustained serious injuries in the resulting explosion and fire. Hundreds more had minor injuries. At the time, it was the
870:
An examination of photos and footage from the disaster showed that Pony 10's landing gear came down at some point; it has been suggested that this could have been lowered intentionally as a last second effort by Lt. Col. Nutarelli to slow his plane down and avoid the impact, but there is no
862:
Several different video recordings of the accident were made. They show that the "piercing" aircraft (Pony 10) came in too low and too fast at the crossing point with the other two groups (five aircraft on the left and four on the right) as they completed the heart-shaped figure. Lead pilot
459:
took place as the two heart-forming groups passed each other and the heart-piercing aircraft hit them. One of the pilots finished the maneuver too early. The piercing aircraft crashed onto the runway and consequently both the fuselage and resulting fireball of
881:, citing Italian press sources. Judge Rosario Priore, who was investigating the case at the time, found that they were performing training flights nearby minutes before the Ustica incident, but he definitely rejected their deaths as sabotage.
785:"5 severely burnt people were inside the bus. There was no paramedic attending this transport. Just a non-German speaking driver unfamiliar with the area, on an odyssey through the town until he was able to find the hospital."
1386:
1766:
739:"Yes, and that is the problem. We don't know yet what had happened, how many injuries and what else. The leading emergency medical did not send any feedback yet. He wants to have a synoptic view first"
521:; the last was the burned and injured helicopter pilot. About 500 people had to seek hospital treatment following the event, and over 600 people reported to the clinic that afternoon to donate blood.
967:
was a 6-year old in the crowd, and was badly burned by the flames. He describes his style as high-tech minimal, as it reflects his subsequent isolation, using the
Venetian Carnival mask as his logo.
2010:
950:
was named after this catastrophe. The second "m" was initially added by mistake, but the band eventually embraced the misspelling as its literal translation is "ramming-stone." Rammstein's
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tumbled into the spectator area, hitting the crowd and coming to rest against a refrigerated trailer being used to dispense ice cream to the various vendor booths in the area.
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substantial evidence pointing to this; the undercarriage could have been lowered by a number of factors. In April 1991, Werner Reith, a German journalist from the newspaper
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from German paramedics. A single standard was codified in 1995, updated with a newer version in 2013 and an amendment to the current standard in 2017.
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ISO 10555-1:2013/ Amd 1:2017 Intravasuclar cathethers - Sterile and single-use cathethers - Part 1: General requirements - Amendment 1.
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helicopter, injuring the helicopter's pilot, Captain Kim
Strader. He died 20 days later, on Saturday, 17 September 1988, at
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At that time the German headquarters for emergencies had no clue of the dimensions, obvious by the radio communication:
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Comprehensive report by
Austrian Aviation Magazine 'AustrianWings' on 30th anniversary of the tragedy (archived)
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opened. The third aircraft disintegrated in the collision and parts of it were strewn along the runway.
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At the same time, one of the damaged aircraft from the heart-forming group crashed into the emergency
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was unaware of the disaster's scale as much as an hour after it occurred, even though several German
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1171:, Hartmut Jatzko, Sybille Jatzko, Heiner Seidlitz, Verlag Stumpf & Kossendey 2. Auflage. 2001,
1158:. Department of Military Psychiatry. p. 12ff – via Defense Technical Information Center.
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Of the 31 people who died on impact, 28 had been hit by debris in the form of airplane parts,
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Katastrophen-Nachsorge – Am
Beispiel der Aufarbeitung der Flugkatastrophe von Ramstein 1988
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Ursano, Robert J.; Fullerton, Carol S.; Wright, Kathy M.; McCarroll, James E (eds.).
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Both
Ramstein Air Force Base and the Ramstein air disaster figure as plot points in
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Dead bodies are transported away from the scene with the two platform trucks
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At that time several medics arrive with helicopters. Later they said:
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Second low platform trailer for transport of the dead bodies arrives
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A similar disaster is portrayed in the German made strategy PC game
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First low platform trailer for transport of the dead bodies arrives
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After the crash, the remaining aircraft regrouped and landed at
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The disaster was featured on the 22 February 2008, episode of
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1345:
Complete aerobatic maneuver including crash analysis (video)
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The airshow disaster memorial with the names of the victims
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and again six months after the disaster to gauge recovery.
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About 10–15 ambulances arrive. Eight medical helicopters (
1123:"Ramstein Air Show Disaster Kills 70, Injures Hundreds"
1737:
Includes both the former East
Germany and West Germany
27:
August 1988 air show mid-air collision in West
Germany
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1350:
Documentazione tecnico-formale relativa all'incidente
1327:
Ramstein – The air show catastrophe and its aftermath
1219:. Berlin: Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf. p. 262.
1006:('Ramstein: The Pierced Heart') was premiered at the
539:
American military's usage of different standards for
1359:
Ramstein 1988: Death falling from the clear blue sky
795:
A map of the airshow facilities and accident details
783:(80 km; 50 miles away). A paramedic later said:
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1266:"Ramstein: Das durchstoĂźene Herz - TV Movie (2022)"
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485:The pilot of the aircraft that hit the helicopter
365:, were performing their "pierced heart" (Italian:
489:, but was killed as he hit the runway before his
451:The flight-paths of the Frecce Tricolori aircraft
530:coordination. The rescue coordination center in
1105:"SL Army officer burned in air show crash dies"
2224:Mid-air collisions involving military aircraft
659:German ambulance helicopter Christoph 16 from
639:First American ambulance helicopter takes off
316:occurred on Sunday, 28 August 1988 during the
308:The memorial set up to commemorate the victims
2214:Aviation accidents and incidents at air shows
1760:
1380:
647:German ambulance helicopter Christoph 5 from
631:Second American ambulance helicopter arrives
8:
623:First American ambulance helicopter arrives
32:
2234:Aviation accidents and incidents in Germany
1395:Aviation accidents and incidents in Germany
1323:– Marc Heesters' photograph of the incident
415:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1767:
1753:
1745:
1387:
1373:
1365:
1355:- Official report of the Italian Air Force
38:
31:
1595:Royal Air Force Jaguar shootdown incident
960:(1995)) is also a reference to the event.
850:Learn how and when to remove this message
711:Doctor on emergency call over the radio:
671:10 American and German ambulances arrive
435:Learn how and when to remove this message
2229:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1988
1725:Swiss International Air Lines Flight 850
1587:LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 hijacking
1333:– Information about 2008 documentary, a
779:A bus full of injured people arrives in
482:from burns he suffered in the accident.
2164:
1317:magazine article from 12 September 1988
1036:
757:An ambulance helicopter arrives at the
1309:West Germany Hellfire from The Heavens
1044:1988 Ramstein air crash stirs memories
987:and the December 10, 2000 episode of
341:in history until a 2002 crash at the
7:
2244:20th century in Rhineland-Palatinate
1821:China Southwest Airlines Flight 4146
832:adding citations to reliable sources
413:adding citations to reliable sources
1831:Trans-Colorado Airlines Flight 2286
1025:1990 Italian Air Force MB-326 crash
565:Central European Summer Time (CEST)
1191:"Tod in Ramstein: Spur in Italien"
1064:"4 held over worst air show crash"
1008:Munich International Film Festival
25:
1089:Ramstein survivor support group.
759:Landstuhl Regional Medical Center
615:First American ambulance arrives
2191:
2179:
2167:
1971:Austral LĂneas AĂ©reas Flight 046
1861:NĂĽrnberger Flugdienst Flight 108
1777:Aviation accidents and incidents
1672:Königs Wusterhausen air disaster
1611:NĂĽrnberger Flugdienst Flight 108
926:'s second Guido Brunetti novel,
808:
699:First medical helicopter of the
385:
1305:– Photo gallery of the incident
1189:Reith, Werner (20 April 1991).
1004:Ramstein: Das durchstoĂźene Herz
819:needs additional citations for
2101:LOT Polish Airlines Flight 703
1881:Talia Airways Boeing 727 crash
1635:1989 Germany mid-air collision
1464:Deutsche Lufthansa Ju 90 crash
1217:Feeling B. Mix mir einen Drink
1155:Trauma, Disasters and Recovery
1010:in June 2022 and broadcast on
563:All times in this article are
334:Italian Air Force display team
1:
2071:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 604
1801:Condor Flugdienst Flight 3782
1427:Helgoland Island air disaster
885:References in popular culture
2249:August 1988 events in Europe
2121:Soviet Air Force Il-76 crash
2021:Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
1851:American Airlines Flight 132
1717:Ăśberlingen mid-air collision
1603:Rhein-Main Starfighter crash
1524:Altensteig mid-air collision
1456:Swissair Tuttlingen accident
1215:Galenza/Havemeister (2003).
906:Emergency: Fighters for Life
44:The three aircraft colliding
2061:Vietnam Airlines Flight 831
2051:Delta Air Lines Flight 1141
1981:British Army Lynx shootdown
1656:F-84 Thunderstreak incident
1579:Paninternational Flight 112
990:World's Most Amazing Videos
761:. The paramedic said later:
2265:
2091:Indian Airlines Flight 113
2081:Uganda Airlines Flight 775
2031:Ramstein air show disaster
1619:Ramstein air show disaster
1331:Same description in German
929:Death in a Strange Country
562:
476:Brooke Army Medical Center
314:Ramstein air show disaster
33:Ramstein air show disaster
2140:
1941:Aloha Airlines Flight 243
1931:Kuwait Airways Flight 422
1792:
1735:
1435:Johannisthal air disaster
1299:– extensive photo gallery
1142:- accessed 26 August 2023
993:as well as an episode of
58:August 28, 1988
37:
18:Ramstein airshow disaster
2011:BIH Sikorsky S-61N crash
332:. Three aircraft of the
1664:T-39 shootdown incident
963:DJ and record producer
232:Lt. Col. Mario Naldini
190:Lt. Col. Ivo Nutarelli
1991:Air France Flight 296Q
1091:"Ramstein-Katastrophe"
894:
796:
452:
309:
1841:Aeroflot Flight 29674
1680:Interflug Flight 1107
892:
794:
607:Fire fighters arrive
450:
307:
274:Cpt. Giorgio Alessio
2239:1988 in West Germany
2111:Remscheid A-10 crash
1911:Aeroflot Flight 3739
1696:Interflug Flight 102
1627:Remscheid A-10 crash
1563:Lufthansa Flight 005
1516:Sabena Convair Crash
1294:Le crash de Ramstein
828:improve this article
409:improve this section
266:Aeronautica Militare
224:Aeronautica Militare
181:Aeronautica Militare
114:49.43833°N 7.60361°E
89:Rhineland-Palatinate
2149:► 1989
2143:1987 ◄
2001:Iran Air Flight 655
1811:Aeroflot Flight 699
1688:Aeroflot Flight 892
1532:Munich air disaster
985:The History Channel
944:Neue Deutsche Härte
248:Aermacchi MB-339PAN
206:Aermacchi MB-339PAN
110: /
34:
2219:Mid-air collisions
2146:
1951:Widerøe Flight 710
1921:Avianca Flight 410
1547:Munich C-131 crash
1485:Gatow air disaster
1241:on 7 December 2017
1049:2011-08-26 at the
895:
797:
504:Emergency response
469:medical evacuation
453:
371:DurchstoĂźenes Herz
357:PAN jets from the
310:
2155:
2154:
2131:Pan Am Flight 103
1891:Comair Flight 206
1871:AVAir Flight 3378
1742:
1741:
1571:Pan Am Flight 708
1303:Robert-Stetter.de
1053:, www.stripes.com
1002:A German TV film
860:
859:
852:
789:
788:
701:Rettungsflugwacht
457:mid-air collision
445:
444:
437:
359:Italian Air Force
339:air show accident
322:Ramstein Air Base
302:
301:
287:Ground fatalities
282:Ground casualties
256:Callsign "Pony 2"
214:Callsign "Pony 1"
119:49.43833; 7.60361
85:Ramstein Air Base
74:Mid-air collision
16:(Redirected from
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1682:(September 1975)
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1658:(September 1961)
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1581:(September 1971)
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1475:Occupied Germany
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1429:(September 1913)
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1237:. Archived from
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1195:Die Tageszeitung
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1066:. Archived from
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952:self-titled song
874:Die Tageszeitung
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590:Frecce Tricolori
588:Take-off of the
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498:Sembach Air Base
472:UH-60 Black Hawk
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363:Frecce Tricolori
355:Aermacchi MB-339
345:that killed 77.
343:Sknyliv air show
320:airshow at USAF
277:
264:Frecce Tricolori
235:
222:Frecce Tricolori
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177:Frecce Tricolori
155:Aermacchi MB-339
130:Total fatalities
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2041:CAAC Flight 301
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2003:
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1961:TACA Flight 110
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1694:
1690:(December 1986)
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1678:
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1662:
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1647:
1641:
1633:
1629:(December 1988)
1625:
1617:
1613:(February 1988)
1609:
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1573:(November 1966)
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1561:
1553:
1549:(December 1960)
1545:
1534:(February 1958)
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1498:and West Berlin
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1491:
1483:
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1470:
1466:(November 1940)
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1411:Otto Lilienthal
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1071:
1070:on 3 April 2013
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1061:
1057:
1051:Wayback Machine
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1038:
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1021:
887:
879:Ustica massacre
856:
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691:) at the scene
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515:concertina wire
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138:Total injuries
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1321:Airliners.net
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972:In television
971:
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965:Boris Brejcha
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917:In literature
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875:
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822:
817:This section
815:
811:
806:
805:
800:Investigation
799:
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766:
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462:aviation fuel
458:
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394:This section
392:
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36:
30:
19:
2174:West Germany
2030:
1646:East Germany
1618:
1557:(March 1961)
1510:(March 1952)
1496:West Germany
1487:(April 1948)
1446:Nazi Germany
1353:(in Italian)
1312:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1260:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:the original
1234:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1109:Deseret News
1108:
1099:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:the original
1058:
1039:
1003:
994:
988:
978:
955:
927:
910:
904:
872:
869:
865:
861:
846:
837:
826:Please help
821:verification
818:
781:Ludwigshafen
681:US Air Force
649:Ludwigshafen
553:
528:
519:severe burns
512:
495:
484:
466:
454:
431:
422:
407:Please help
395:
370:
366:
352:
330:West Germany
317:
313:
311:
93:West Germany
29:
1727:(July 2002)
1719:(July 2002)
1698:(June 1989)
1648:(1949-1991)
1500:(1949-1991)
1477:(1945-1949)
1458:(July 1934)
1448:(1933-1945)
1421:(July 1910)
1403:(1871-1918)
1297:(in French)
1251:Quote from
1200:17 November
1014:in October.
840:August 2011
661:SaarbrĂĽcken
541:intravenous
425:August 2019
318:Flugtag '88
117: /
105:007°36′13″E
2208:Categories
1605:(May 1983)
1597:(May 1982)
1255:interview.
1245:23 January
1031:References
924:Donna Leon
911:Mission 22
599:Collision
369:, German:
349:Background
337:deadliest
102:49°26′18″N
62:1988-08-28
1275:28 August
1235:Herzeleid
1012:Das Erste
980:Shockwave
957:Herzeleid
948:Rammstein
544:catheters
525:Criticism
491:parachute
396:does not
377:The crash
367:Cardioide
168:"Pony 10"
50:Collision
2186:Aviation
1539:template
1270:imdb.com
1074:24 March
1047:Archived
1019:See also
937:In music
898:In games
703:arrives
663:arrives
651:arrives
580:Details
559:Timeline
276:(killed)
261:Operator
234:(killed)
219:Operator
192:(killed)
173:Operator
166:Callsign
2160:Portals
1781: (
1779:in 1988
1709:(1991-)
1707:Germany
1419:Erbslöh
996:Real TV
550:Actions
536:medevac
487:ejected
417:removed
402:sources
70:Summary
60: (
2127:Dec 21
2117:Dec 11
2087:Oct 19
2077:Oct 17
2067:Sep 15
2047:Aug 31
2037:Aug 31
2027:Aug 28
2017:Aug 17
2007:Jul 13
1987:Jun 26
1977:Jun 23
1967:Jun 12
1957:May 24
1937:Apr 28
1917:Mar 17
1877:Feb 27
1867:Feb 19
1837:Jan 24
1827:Jan 19
1817:Jan 18
1807:Jan 18
1175:
932:(1993)
776:18:30
768:18:20
754:18:05
744:17:00
734:16:47
726:16:45
718:16:40
708:16:35
696:16:33
676:16:28
668:16:13
656:16:11
644:16:10
636:15:54
628:15:52
620:15:51
612:15:48
604:15:46
596:15:44
585:15:40
2198:1980s
2107:Dec 8
2097:Nov 2
2057:Sep 9
1997:Jul 3
1947:May 6
1927:Apr 5
1907:Mar 8
1897:Mar 4
1887:Mar 1
1857:Feb 8
1847:Feb 3
1797:Jan 2
1231:"FAQ"
1127:Wired
983:, on
946:band
577:Time
569:UTC+2
509:Scope
480:Texas
324:near
83:USAF
1783:1988
1337:and
1314:Time
1277:2024
1247:2019
1202:2022
1173:ISBN
1076:2011
942:The
685:ADAC
455:The
400:any
398:cite
353:Ten
312:The
271:Crew
253:Name
245:Type
229:Crew
211:Name
203:Type
187:Crew
162:Name
151:Type
80:Site
55:Date
1339:SWR
1335:WDR
1253:MTV
909:as
830:by
689:SAR
478:in
411:by
298:500
157:PAN
141:502
2210::
1329:,
1311:–
1268:.
1233:.
1193:.
1125:.
1107:.
687:,
683:,
571:).
500:.
328:,
290:67
133:70
2162::
1785:)
1768:e
1761:t
1754:v
1388:e
1381:t
1374:v
1279:.
1249:.
1204:.
1179:.
1111:.
1093:.
1078:.
999:.
853:)
847:(
842:)
838:(
824:.
567:(
438:)
432:(
427:)
423:(
419:.
405:.
64:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
