54:
77:. With these controlled genetic groups, we might cultivate each variety (genotype) in a range of environments. This range might be either natural or controlled variations in environment. For example, an individual plant might receive either more or less water during its growth cycle, or the average temperature the plants are exposed to might vary across a range.
106:
Popular non-scientific or lay-scientific audiences frequently misunderstand or simply fail to recognize the existence of norms of reaction. A widespread conception is that each genotype gives a certain range of possible phenotypic expressions. In popular conception, something which is "more genetic"
97:
One advantage of plants is that the same genotype, such as a recombinant inbred line (RIL), can be repeatedly evaluated in multiple environments, or a multi-environmental trial (MET). The reaction norm can then be explored based on the geographic location, mean trait value summarized from the whole
80:
A simplification of the norm of reaction might state that seed line A is good for "high water conditions" while a seed line B is good for "low water conditions". But the full complexity of the norm of reaction is a function, for each genotype, relating environmental factor to phenotypic trait. By
61:
Scientifically analyzing norms of reaction in natural populations can be very difficult, simply because natural populations of sexually reproductive organisms usually do not have cleanly separated or superficially identifiable genetic distinctions. However, seed crops produced by humans are often
143:
norm of reaction. Rather, by reducing the picture from two dimensions to just one, it focuses only on discrete, non-overlapping phenotypic expressions, and hides the more common pattern of local minima and maxima in phenotypic expression, with overlapping ranges of phenotypic expression between
135:
TRAIT SCALE <--6----------5----------4----------3----------2----------1----------0--> ^ (Genotype A) ^ ^ (Genotype B) ^ | | | | Environ <------> Other
Environ
35:
across a range of environments. One use of reaction norms is in describing how different species—especially related species—respond to varying environments. But differing genotypes within a single species may also show differing reaction norms relative to a particular phenotypic trait and
40:
genotype, phenotypic trait, and environmental variable, a different reaction norm can exist; in other words, an enormous complexity can exist in the interrelationships between genetic and environmental factors in determining traits. The concept was introduced by
107:
gives a narrower range, while something which is "less genetic (more environmental)" gives a wider range of phenotypic possibilities. This limited conceptual framework is especially prevalent in discussions of human traits such as
66:. Accordingly, distinct seed lines present ideal examples of differentiated norms of reaction. In fact, agricultural companies market seeds for use in particular environments based on exactly this.
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population at each environment, or an explicit performance-free index capturing relevant environment inputs.
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136:<------> Other extreme extreme extreme extreme
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314:"Genomic and environmental determinants and their interplay underlying phenotypic plasticity"
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Pattern of phenotypic expression caused by a given genotype across a range of environments
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The problem with this common simplified image is not that it does not represent a
53:
89:, for example, are common. Of course, the distributions need not be bell-curves.
73:
a, and a seed line B of the same crop species contains an allele b, for the same
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539:
359:
318:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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engineered to contain specific genes, and in some cases seed stocks consist of
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seeds are cultivated, one can concretely observe norms of reaction.
70:
293:
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (2000).
52:
727:
74:
363:
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controlling for or measuring actual environments across which
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195:
Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature
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Popular conception of genotype/phenotype interaction
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Misunderstanding genetic/environmental interactions
270:The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism, and Environment
295:"Norm of reaction and phenotypic distribution"
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57:Approximately linear norms at opposite slopes
8:
312:Li X, Guo T, Mu Q, Li X, Yu J (June 2018).
656:
382:
368:
360:
339:
329:
245:Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA
185:
93:Reaction norm from an inbred population
872:Index of evolutionary biology articles
193:Lewontin R, Rose S, Kamin LJ (1984).
7:
69:Suppose the seed line A contains an
299:An Introduction to Genetic Analysis
682:Evolutionary developmental biology
14:
639:Evolution of sexual reproduction
410:Genotype–phenotype distinction
1:
667:Regulation of gene expression
218:Lewontin R, Levins R (1985).
837:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
617:Evolution of genetic systems
425:Gene–environment correlation
420:Gene–environment interaction
272:. Harvard University Press.
222:. Harvard University Press.
816:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
159:Differential susceptibility
36:environment variable. For
27:, describes the pattern of
19:In ecology and genetics, a
907:
692:Hedgehog signaling pathway
569:Developmental architecture
869:
519:Transgressive segregation
297:. In Griffiths AJ (ed.).
220:The Dialectical Biologist
697:Notch signaling pathway
672:Gene regulatory network
555:Dual inheritance theory
331:10.1073/pnas.1718326115
154:Canalisation (genetics)
31:expression of a single
745:cis-regulatory element
653:Control of development
533:Non-genetic influences
499:evolutionary landscape
58:
856:Nature versus nurture
760:Cell surface receptor
677:Evo-devo gene toolkit
576:Developmental biology
514:Polygenic inheritance
440:Quantitative genetics
174:Phenotypic plasticity
169:Nature versus nurture
125:Nature versus nurture
56:
765:Transcription factor
480:Genetic assimilation
467:Genetic architecture
87:Normal distributions
49:A monoclonal example
861:Morphogenetic field
778:Influential figures
268:Lewontin R (2000).
243:Lewontin R (1991).
164:Genetic determinism
550:Genomic imprinting
113:sexual orientation
59:
878:
877:
811:Eric F. Wieschaus
773:
772:
591:Pattern formation
495:Fitness landscape
324:(26): 6679–6684.
43:Richard Woltereck
898:
821:William McGinnis
790:Richard Lewontin
785:C. H. Waddington
657:
634:Neutral networks
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25:norm of reaction
23:, also called a
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831:Sean B. Carroll
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545:Maternal effect
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301:(7th ed.).
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795:François Jacob
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524:Sequence space
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799:Jacques Monod
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713:Homeotic gene
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581:Morphogenesis
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415:Reaction norm
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279:0-674-00159-1
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254:0-06-097519-9
250:
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229:0-674-20283-X
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204:0-394-72888-2
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121:schizophrenia
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22:
21:reaction norm
835:
728:eyeless gene
624:Evolvability
598:Segmentation
475:Canalisation
445:Heterochrony
435:Heritability
414:
403:Key concepts
321:
317:
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298:
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60:
37:
24:
20:
18:
826:Mike Levine
735:Distal-less
560:Polyphenism
540:Epigenetics
392:development
144:genotypes.
804:Lac operon
629:Robustness
608:Modularity
603:Metamerism
509:Plasticity
504:Pleiotropy
457:Heterotopy
180:References
83:monoclonal
29:phenotypic
755:Morphogen
740:Engrailed
723:Pax genes
644:Tinkering
490:Epistasis
485:Dominance
396:phenotype
45:in 1909.
885:Category
718:Hox gene
706:Elements
687:Homeobox
350:29891664
148:See also
141:possible
117:altruism
33:genotype
891:Ecology
849:Debates
660:Systems
586:Eyespot
450:Neoteny
341:6042117
750:Ligand
430:Operon
348:
338:
276:
251:
226:
201:
71:allele
64:clones
123:(see
119:, or
38:every
390:The
346:PMID
274:ISBN
249:ISBN
224:ISBN
199:ISBN
75:gene
394:of
336:PMC
326:doi
322:115
127:).
887::
797:+
344:.
334:.
320:.
316:.
247:.
197:.
115:,
111:,
109:IQ
497:/
383:e
376:t
369:v
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328::
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232:.
207:.
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