20:
251:
The atypical lymphocytes have been best studied from blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis. Early studies suspect that atypical lymphocytes could have both T or B cells features; now it is more suggested that reactive lymphocytes are activated T-lymphocytes produced in response to infected
133:
Downey type II cell is the most common type of reactive lymphocyte. In general, those cells may vary in morphologic detail as well as surface marker characteristics since this is the result of a polyclonal immune response to antigenic stimulation. All three types of Downey cells were observed along
255:
Reactive lymphocytes have been found to accumulate in areas of inflammation like the liver and pharynx of individuals with infectious mononucleosis and skin window preparations. In infectious mononucleosis, the atypical lymphocytes are one component of a normal immune system that helps to control
416:
Cabot, Richard C.; Scully, Robert E.; Mark, Eugene J.; McNeely, William F.; McNeely, Betty U.; Rosenfield, Cathy G.; Kaplan, Mark A. (June 1994). "Case records of the
Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 24-1994. A two-year-old boy with thrombocytopenia,
827:
El Jamal, Siraj M.; Salib, Christian; Stock, Aryeh; Uriarte-Haparnas, Norlita I.; Glicksberg, Benjamin S.; Teruya-Feldstein, Julie; Dembitzer, Francine R.; Nadkarni, Girish N.; Firpo-Betancourt, Adolfo (10 June 2020).
1671:
383:
Some observations even suggest that the presence of particular reactive lymphocytes in some of the infected patients could be an indicator of a better prognosis of the disease.
579:
1279:
976:
129:
Type III cells are large cells with a round to slightly indented nucleus, chromatin mostly immature with diffuse sieve-like arrangements and nucleoli.
948:
134:
with some other variants such as larger cells with deeply convoluted nucleus, cells with crystalline rods and granules in the cytoplasm,
770:
Chong, Vanessa C. L.; Lim, Kian Guan Eric; Fan, Bingwen Eugene; Chan, Stephrene S. W.; Ong, Kiat H.; Kuperan, Ponnudurai (5 May 2020).
1272:
1224:
1097:
580:"Atypical Lymphocytes and Cellular Cannibalism: A Phenomenon, First of its Kind to be Discovered in Chronic Periapical Lesions"
528:"Diverse atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood smear of dengue patients: Crystalline rods, mott cells, and downey cells"
1232:
380:
cases, together with the atypical plasmacytoid lymphocytes (which could be one of the less usual atypical lymphocyte types).
877:
Rodellar, José; Barrera, Kevin; Alférez, Santiago; Boldú, Laura; Laguna, Javier; Molina, Angel; Merino, Anna (2022-05-23).
969:
1553:
1265:
1162:
879:"A Deep Learning Approach for the Morphological Recognition of Reactive Lymphocytes in Patients with COVID-19 Infection"
488:
944:
1590:
1578:
1415:
1361:
1043:
1615:
1676:
1610:
1373:
1190:
962:
397:
349:
100:
76:
1029:
1011:
994:
285:
323:
257:
84:
75:
Reactive lymphocytes were originally described by W. TĂĽrk in 1907 in the peripheral blood of patients with
1512:
1464:
452:
Downey, Hal; McKinlay, C.A. (1 July 1923). "Acute
Lymphadenosis Compared with Acute Lymphatic Leukemia".
1625:
277:
938:
203:
presence of small vacuoles near the edge of the cytoplasm as well as invaginations in the cell surface.
1666:
1469:
1068:
309:
301:
107:
Type I as highly differentiated "leukocytoid lymphocyte", round-to-lobulated nucleus, mature clumped
1620:
1474:
1405:
1112:
305:
103:. They further categorized the atypical lymphocytes of different etiologies under three subtypes:
1438:
691:
669:
557:
341:
79:. Later in 1923 the features of the reactive lymphocytes were characterized in greater detail by
634:"Comparative immunophenotypic features of EBV-positive and EBV-negative atypical lymphocytosis"
1605:
1600:
1147:
1080:
918:
900:
859:
809:
791:
752:
711:
661:
653:
609:
549:
508:
469:
434:
334:
297:
19:
1531:
1453:
1237:
1180:
1157:
1117:
986:
908:
890:
849:
841:
799:
783:
742:
703:
645:
599:
591:
539:
500:
461:
426:
182:
633:
1242:
1202:
1142:
1137:
1102:
527:
328:
261:
213:
88:
1595:
504:
465:
212:
Atypical lymphocyte population often express features of activated CD8+ T cells, such as
1558:
1338:
1297:
913:
878:
854:
829:
804:
771:
604:
139:
707:
122:
Type II as larger cells with round-to-lobulated nucleus, chromatin resembling that of
1660:
1443:
1368:
1212:
1085:
1063:
595:
561:
243:
expression seems to be significantly decreased only in patients with EBV infections.
186:
673:
1583:
1433:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1152:
354:
154:
895:
954:
632:
Hudnall, S. David; Patel, Jyoti; Schwab, Hanna; Martinez, Jose (22 August 2003).
1570:
1479:
1392:
1356:
1346:
1288:
1207:
1003:
430:
360:
123:
56:
1540:
1507:
1489:
1387:
1172:
1092:
845:
365:
165:
135:
99:
Downey and McKinlay first described the atypical lymphocytes seen in cases of
80:
64:
28:
904:
795:
657:
553:
512:
473:
239:
Expressed molecular markers may vary depending on many factors. For example,
1397:
1382:
544:
526:
Acharya, Shreyam; Ningombam, Aparna; Sarkar, Abhirup; Kumar, Kundan (2022).
289:
281:
175:
161:
116:
112:
108:
52:
922:
863:
813:
756:
665:
613:
438:
149:
large than normal size, sometimes with a diameter of more than 30 microns;
1641:
1517:
1351:
1075:
715:
649:
377:
316:
197:
190:
171:
293:
60:
1257:
787:
168:– most often, the cytoplasm is gray, pale blue, or deep blue in color;
1197:
1185:
1129:
1052:
1021:
392:
221:
747:
731:"Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: the new American hemorrhagic fever"
730:
273:
225:
240:
233:
229:
217:
16:
Lymphocytes that become large as a result of antigen stimulation
1261:
958:
941:– International Pediatrics Volume 18, No. 1; Michael W. Simon.
489:"Acute Lymphadenosis Compared with Acute Lymphatic Leukemia"
83:
and C.A. McKinlay, who also discovered the association with
830:"Atypical lymphocyte morphology in SARS-CoV-2 infection"
690:
Shiftan, Thomas A.; Mendelsohn, John (1 January 1978).
63:
stimulation. Typically, they can be more than 30
126:, moderate amount of cytoplasm with mild basophilia.
1672:
Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood
1634:
1569:
1539:
1530:
1500:
1452:
1426:
1331:
1305:
1296:
1223:
1171:
1128:
1051:
1042:
1020:
1002:
993:
376:The presence of Downey cells were observed in many
157:
can be round, elliptic, indented, cleft, or folded;
945:Educational Commentary: Blood Cell Identification
272:Reactive lymphocytes are usually associated with
181:histochemistry shows increased concentrations of
23:Reactive lymphocyte surrounded by red blood cells
772:"Reactive lymphocytes in patients with COVID-19"
276:, but they can also be present as a result of
145:The common features of reactive lymphocytes:
1273:
970:
115:and with varying degree of basophilia in the
8:
584:Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research
1536:
1302:
1280:
1266:
1258:
1048:
999:
977:
963:
955:
912:
894:
853:
803:
746:
603:
543:
67:in diameter with varying size and shape.
196:prominent clusters and rosettes of free
18:
949:American Society for Clinical Pathology
939:Review Article: The Atypical Lymphocyte
692:"The circulating "atypical" lymphocyte"
417:leukocytosis, and hepatosplenomegaly".
408:
7:
685:
683:
627:
625:
623:
573:
571:
505:10.1001/archinte.1923.00110190085006
466:10.1001/archinte.1923.00110190085006
14:
834:Pathology - Research and Practice
236:was on the other hand decreased.
59:that become large as a result of
1098:Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
142:, and some intermediate forms.
776:British Journal of Haematology
1:
896:10.3390/bioengineering9050229
708:10.1016/S0046-8177(78)80007-0
532:Journal of Applied Hematology
493:Archives of Internal Medicine
454:Archives of Internal Medicine
164:is often abundant and can be
596:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16902.7519
729:Peters CJ, Khan AS (2002).
431:10.1056/NEJM199406163302408
178:are also sometimes present;
1693:
487:Downey, Hal (1923-07-01).
1579:Hypersegmented neutrophil
1486:Hemoglobin precipitation
1416:Hereditary stomatocytosis
1362:Hereditary elliptocytosis
1163:Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
846:10.1016/j.prp.2020.153063
372:Association with COVID-19
319:-related causes include:
1611:Critical green inclusion
1402:Sickle cell/drepanocyte
1374:Hereditary spherocytosis
1191:High endothelial venules
578:Kalele, Ketki P (2016).
398:Infectious mononucleosis
350:Streptococcus agalactiae
101:infectious mononucleosis
77:infectious mononucleosis
1343:Membrane abnormalities
1012:Hematopoietic stem cell
545:10.4103/joah.joah_33_21
1513:Red cell agglutination
24:
22:
1616:Alder–Reilly anomaly
1470:Basophilic stippling
1030:Hassall's corpuscles
650:10.1002/cyto.b.10043
310:rheumatoid arthritis
306:autoimmune disorders
176:azurophilic granules
41:atypical lymphocytes
33:reactive lymphocytes
1591:Pelger–Huët anomaly
1549:Reactive lymphocyte
1475:Pappenheimer bodies
1406:Sickle cell disease
1113:Trabecular arteries
304:), as well as some
189:, and non-specific
37:variant lymphocytes
1439:Hypochromic anemia
342:Treponema pallidum
324:Epstein–Barr virus
258:Epstein-Barr virus
256:potentially fatal
25:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1606:Toxic vacuolation
1601:Toxic granulation
1532:White blood cells
1526:
1525:
1465:Howell–Jolly body
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1081:Cords of Billroth
1038:
1037:
788:10.1111/bjh.16690
335:Toxoplasma gondii
302:Addison's disease
208:Molecular markers
1684:
1621:Jordans' anomaly
1537:
1454:Inclusion bodies
1303:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1259:
1181:Lymphatic vessel
1158:Tonsillar crypts
1118:Trabecular veins
1049:
1044:Secondary organs
1000:
987:lymphatic system
979:
972:
965:
956:
927:
926:
916:
898:
874:
868:
867:
857:
824:
818:
817:
807:
767:
761:
760:
750:
726:
720:
719:
687:
678:
677:
629:
618:
617:
607:
575:
566:
565:
547:
523:
517:
516:
484:
478:
477:
449:
443:
442:
413:
232:. Expression of
183:acid phosphatase
111:with or without
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1677:Hematopathology
1657:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1630:
1565:
1522:
1496:
1448:
1422:
1327:
1298:Red blood cells
1292:
1286:
1256:
1247:
1243:Germinal center
1219:
1203:Germinal center
1167:
1124:
1103:Germinal center
1034:
1016:
989:
983:
935:
930:
876:
875:
871:
826:
825:
821:
769:
768:
764:
735:Clin Infect Dis
728:
727:
723:
696:Human Pathology
689:
688:
681:
631:
630:
621:
577:
576:
569:
525:
524:
520:
486:
485:
481:
451:
450:
446:
425:(24): 1739–46.
419:N. Engl. J. Med
415:
414:
410:
406:
389:
374:
329:Cytomegalovirus
294:hormonal causes
274:viral illnesses
270:
262:B-cell lymphoma
252:B-lymphocytes.
249:
210:
97:
73:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:Russell bodies
1551:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:Developmental
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1339:Poikilocytosis
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1109:Blood vessels
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1006:
997:
995:Primary organs
991:
990:
985:Organs of the
984:
982:
981:
974:
967:
959:
953:
952:
942:
934:
933:External links
931:
929:
928:
883:Bioengineering
869:
819:
762:
748:10.1086/339864
741:(9): 1224–31.
721:
679:
619:
567:
518:
479:
444:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
395:
388:
385:
373:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
346:
338:
331:
326:
278:drug reactions
269:
266:
248:
245:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
194:
179:
169:
158:
151:
150:
131:
130:
127:
120:
96:
93:
72:
69:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1689:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:Polychromasia
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Peyer's patch
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1213:Marginal zone
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:Marginal zone
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
992:
988:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
960:
957:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
932:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
840:(9): 153063.
839:
835:
831:
823:
820:
815:
811:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
763:
758:
754:
749:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
615:
611:
606:
601:
597:
593:
590:(4): ZC01-4.
589:
585:
581:
574:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
483:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
460:(1): 82–112.
459:
455:
448:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
409:
403:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
381:
379:
371:
367:
364:
362:
359:
356:
352:
351:
347:
344:
343:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
320:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:immunizations
283:
279:
275:
267:
265:
263:
259:
253:
246:
244:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
207:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
187:phosphorylase
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
146:
143:
141:
137:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:
104:
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
1596:Döhle bodies
1584:Arneth count
1571:Granulocytes
1548:
1434:Anisochromia
1412:Stomatocyte
1323:Microcytosis
1318:Macrocytosis
1313:Anisocytosis
886:
882:
872:
837:
833:
822:
779:
775:
765:
738:
734:
724:
702:(1): 51–61.
699:
695:
644:(1): 22–28.
641:
637:
587:
583:
535:
531:
521:
496:
492:
482:
457:
453:
447:
422:
418:
411:
382:
375:
355:streptococci
348:
340:
333:
314:
271:
254:
250:
238:
211:
144:
132:
124:plasma cells
98:
74:
48:
45:Downey cells
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
1667:Lymphocytes
1554:Smudge cell
1541:Lymphocytes
1480:Cabot rings
1393:Schistocyte
1357:Elliptocyte
1347:Acanthocyte
1208:Mantle zone
1173:Lymph nodes
1004:Bone marrow
361:Hepatitis C
136:flame cells
57:lymphocytes
1661:Categories
1626:Left shift
1508:Haemoconia
1490:Heinz body
1388:Echinocyte
1369:Spherocyte
1289:Blood film
1148:Pharyngeal
1093:White pulp
1069:Trabeculae
889:(5): 229.
782:(5): 844.
538:(3): 163.
404:References
366:Hantavirus
345:(syphilis)
264:in human.
166:basophilic
140:Mott cells
95:Morphology
81:Hal Downey
49:TĂĽrk cells
29:immunology
1398:Degmacyte
1383:Dacrocyte
905:2306-5354
796:0007-1048
658:0196-4763
638:Cytometry
562:252315586
554:1658-5127
513:0003-9926
499:(1): 82.
474:0003-9926
353:(group B
308:(such as
296:(such as
290:radiation
282:phenytoin
280:(such as
260:-induced
162:cytoplasm
117:cytoplasm
109:chromatin
71:Discovery
53:cytotoxic
1642:Auer rod
1518:Rouleaux
1352:Codocyte
1291:findings
1138:Palatine
1076:Red pulp
951:article.
923:35621507
864:32825937
814:32297330
757:11941549
674:10321688
666:12949956
614:27190937
387:See also
378:COVID-19
317:pathogen
247:Function
198:ribosome
191:esterase
172:vacuoles
113:nucleoli
1198:B cells
1186:T cells
1143:Lingual
1130:Tonsils
914:9137554
855:7284261
805:7262365
605:4866235
439:8190136
174:and/or
155:nucleus
61:antigen
1427:Colour
1060:Parts
1053:Spleen
1022:Thymus
921:
911:
903:
862:
852:
812:
802:
794:
755:
716:631844
714:
672:
664:
656:
612:
602:
560:
552:
511:
472:
437:
393:T cell
298:stress
292:, and
268:Causes
226:CD45RO
222:HLA-DR
55:(CD8)
1635:Other
1501:Other
1332:Shape
1153:Tubal
1064:Hilum
670:S2CID
558:S2CID
315:Some
1306:Size
1233:GALT
1225:MALT
919:PMID
901:ISSN
860:PMID
810:PMID
792:ISSN
753:PMID
712:PMID
662:PMID
654:ISSN
610:PMID
550:ISSN
509:ISSN
470:ISSN
435:PMID
300:and
241:CD57
234:CD25
230:CD95
228:and
218:CD38
214:CD29
160:the
87:and
51:are
909:PMC
891:doi
850:PMC
842:doi
838:216
800:PMC
784:doi
780:189
743:doi
704:doi
646:doi
642:55B
600:PMC
592:doi
540:doi
501:doi
462:doi
427:doi
423:330
312:).
284:),
89:CMV
85:EBV
47:or
27:In
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947:–
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119:.
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