533:. In studies of first language acquisition (where the aim is to establish how the human brain processes its native language), one debate among 20th-century linguists revolved around whether small children learn all verb forms as separate pieces of vocabulary or whether they deduce forms by the application of rules. Since a child can hear a regular verb for the first time and immediately reuse it correctly in a different conjugated form which he or she has never heard, it is clear that the brain does work with rules; but irregular verbs must be processed differently. A common error for small children is to conjugate irregular verbs as though they were regular, which is taken as evidence that we learn and process our native language partly by the application of rules, rather than, as some earlier scholarship had postulated, solely by learning the forms. In fact, children often use the most common irregular verbs correctly in their earliest utterances but then switch to incorrect regular forms for a time when they begin to operate systematically. That allows a fairly precise analysis of the phases of this aspect of first language acquisition.
544:
and formal learning, where rules such as verb paradigms are defined, and exceptions (such as irregular verbs) need to be listed and learned explicitly. The importance of irregular verbs is enhanced by the fact that they often include the most commonly used verbs in the language (including verbs such
428:
To some extent it may be a matter of convention or subjective preference to state whether a verb is regular or irregular. In
English, for example, if a verb is allowed to have three principal parts specified (the bare infinitive, past tense and past participle), then the number of irregular verbs
595:
When languages are being compared informally, one of the few quantitative statistics which are sometimes cited is the number of irregular verbs. These counts are not particularly accurate for a wide variety of reasons, and academic linguists are reluctant to cite them. But it does seem that some
233:) may arise in various ways. Sometimes the result of multiple conditional and selective historical sound changes is to leave certain words following a practically unpredictable pattern. This has happened with the strong verbs (and some groups of weak verbs) in English; patterns such as
287:– there is often a tendency for verbs to switch to a different, usually more regular, pattern under the influence of other verbs. This is less likely when the existing forms are very familiar through common use – hence among the most common verbs in a language (like
174:), views may differ as to whether the verbs in question should be considered irregular. Most inflectional irregularities arise as a result of series of fairly uniform historical changes so forms that appear to be irregular from a
476:
sound. However their spelling deviates from the regular pattern: they are not spelt (spelled) "layed" and "payed" (although the latter form is used in some e.g. nautical contexts as "the sailor payed out the anchor chain"), but
441:) are not in fact particularly numerous, and may alternatively be considered to be just another group of similarly behaving irregular verbs. The most unambiguously irregular verbs are often very commonly used verbs such as the
921:
The past tense and past participle forms are the forms most commonly made in irregular fashion. About 200 verbs in normal use have irregularities in one or other (or usually both) of these forms. They may derive from
1889:
584:
the concept of irregular verbs is not so commonly referenced. Since most irregularities can be explained by processes of historical language development, these verbs are only irregular when viewed
417:
In some languages, however, verbs may be considered regular even if the specification of one of their forms is not sufficient to predict all of the rest; they have more than one principal part. In
592:, for example, historical linguists generally distinguish between strong and weak verbs, rather than irregular and regular (although occasional irregularities still arise even in this approach).
206:
which cause differentiation within a single pattern, or through patterns with different derivations coming to be used for the same purpose. An example of the latter is provided by the strong and
241:, although they derive from what were more or less regular patterns in older languages, are now peculiar to a single verb or small group of verbs in each case, and are viewed as irregular.
425:
for details). Specification of all of these four forms for a given verb is sufficient to predict all of the other forms of that verb – except in a few cases, when the verb is irregular.
391:
rules about how those endings are pronounced, and certain rules of spelling (such as the doubling of certain consonants). Verbs which in any way deviate from these rules (there are
414:(complicated slightly by certain rules of spelling). A verb which does not follow the expected pattern based on the form of its infinitive is considered irregular.
60:
follows the typical pattern, or one of the typical patterns, of the language to which it belongs. A verb whose conjugation follows a different pattern is called an
1326:
1053:
For regular and irregular verbs in other languages, see the articles on the grammars of those languages. Particular articles include, for example:
331:
or one particular conjugated form), and a set of exact rules which produce, from that principal part, each of the remaining forms in the verb's
1168:) as a matter of design, because inflectional irregularities are considered to increase the difficulty of learning and using a language. Other
807:, etc.), meaning that these forms are not fully predictable, but such verbs are not normally listed among the irregular ones. (The verbs
202:
come to make their inflected forms. The language may develop a number of different regular patterns, either as a result of conditional
1266:
815:, however, are commonly listed as irregular, despite being regular in pronunciation – their past forms have the anomalous spellings
1319:
1161:
946:, etc.). (The past participle often ends in "n", " d" or "ed".) The past and past participle forms change in spelling sometimes.
429:
will be drastically reduced (this is not the conventional approach, however). The situation is similar with the strong verbs in
845:
791:. There is some variation in the application of these spelling rules with some rarer verbs, and particularly with verbs ending
2161:
178:(contemporary) point of view may be seen as following more regular patterns when the verbs are analyzed from a diachronic (
1979:
1971:
1490:
1387:
1312:
1133:
537:
248:– forms of one verb may be taken over and used as forms of another. This has happened in the case of the English word
359:, etc.), all the other inflected forms (which in English are not numerous; they consist of the third person singular
299:, etc.) there is often a greater incidence of irregularity. (Analogy can occasionally work the other way, too – some
1357:
1137:
1100:
2081:
1581:
1279:
say - Definition and pronunciation | Oxford
Advanced American Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com
1207:(which can also function as an imperative). Other common verbs also have irregular present tense forms, namely
1104:
323:
The most straightforward type of regular verb conjugation pattern involves a single class of verbs, a single
166:
in a language is followed by a limited number of verbs, or if it requires the specification of more than one
1893:
1402:
1127:
841:
392:
300:
195:
35:
1172:, however, need not show such regularity, especially if they are designed to look similar to natural ones.
375:
form) can be derived by way of consistent rules. These rules involve the addition of inflectional endings (
2027:
1854:
1763:
1114:
915:
907:
780:
776:
772:
743:
711:
683:
581:
473:
179:
2098:
1989:
1984:
1961:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1723:
1516:
1352:
923:
433:(these may or may not be described as irregular). In French, what are traditionally called the "regular
332:
163:
783:). Certain spelling rules apply, including the doubling of consonants before the ending in forms like
2103:
2037:
1869:
1826:
1728:
1591:
1551:
1169:
1084:
869:
610:
530:
277:
215:
1884:
2187:
1864:
1511:
1123:
1095:
1080:
853:
687:
585:
219:
175:
42:
1278:
1144:
Some grammatical information relating to specific verbs in various languages can also be found in
2050:
2017:
1943:
1928:
1913:
1903:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1596:
1526:
1521:
1075:
1066:
642:
522:
328:
230:
211:
207:
65:
2007:
1933:
1908:
1831:
1696:
1641:
1611:
1571:
1262:
1109:
1090:
1057:
541:
526:
501:. The English present participle is never irregular in pronunciation, with the exception that
422:
2045:
1938:
1918:
1768:
1733:
1651:
1446:
1157:
223:
57:
472:. In terms of pronunciation, these make their past forms in the regular way, by adding the
41:
For specially constructed "irregular verbs" that satirize uncharitably towards others, see
1953:
1874:
1836:
1821:
1701:
1691:
1606:
1601:
1541:
1407:
1377:
1256:
954:
632:
388:
368:
324:
167:
140:
1304:
832:, again with the application of certain spelling rules similar to those that apply with
2135:
2093:
2055:
1957:
1686:
1676:
1666:
1561:
1556:
1536:
1531:
1460:
1335:
1165:
934:, or from weak verbs which have come to deviate from the standard pattern in some way (
852:
The third person singular present tense is formed regularly, except in the case of the
521:
In linguistic analysis, the concept of regular and irregular verbs (and other types of
402:, for example, follow different patterns depending on whether their infinitive ends in
283:
The regularity and irregularity of verbs is affected by changes taking place by way of
123:
are irregular since some of their parts are not made according to the typical pattern:
448:
in
English and its equivalents in other languages, which frequently have a variety of
198:, it normally produces certain typical (regular) patterns by which words in the given
2181:
2060:
2012:
1879:
1859:
1738:
1656:
1636:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1251:
1119:
657:
620:
589:
360:
336:
72:
31:
2149:
2123:
2113:
2086:
1948:
1681:
1646:
1621:
1576:
1397:
1071:
1062:
674:
after certain letters) to the plain form. When the plain form ends with the letter
588:; they often appear regular when seen in their historical context. In the study of
574:
562:
442:
430:
399:
203:
171:
765:
The past tense and past participle are identical; they are formed with the ending
339:– from the one principal part, namely the plain form of a regular verb (the bare
1806:
1616:
1495:
1456:
1421:
1412:
1176:
87:
are regular since they form their inflected parts by adding the typical endings
2166:
2065:
2022:
1999:
1923:
1758:
1661:
1631:
1626:
1480:
1475:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1145:
624:
616:
449:
364:
340:
245:
199:
191:
136:
452:
forms and thus follow an exceptionally unpredictable pattern of conjugation.
2156:
2118:
1898:
1715:
1470:
1416:
1392:
966:
Some examples of common irregular verbs in
English, other than modals, are:
628:
68:, which can also apply to other word classes, such as nouns and adjectives.
17:
460:
It is possible for a verb to be regular in pronunciation, but irregular in
596:
languages have a greater tolerance for paradigm irregularity than others.
315:
have arisen through the influence of existing strong or irregular verbs.)
2145:
2140:
747:
461:
2130:
1846:
1451:
1367:
840:
The irregular verbs of
English are described and listed in the article
664:
The third person singular present tense is formed by adding the ending
284:
1164:
usually have a single regular pattern for all verbs (as well as other
421:, for example, verbs are considered to have four principal parts (see
214:; the strong verbs inherited their method of making past forms (vowel
2108:
1793:
1485:
1465:
1160:, to different extents, have a number of irregular verbs. Artificial
646:
615:, an English verb can have up to five forms: its plain form (or bare
771:, which as in the previous case has three different pronunciations (
418:
1132:
Welsh has five irregular verbs whose conjugations differ between
1431:
1344:
637:
372:
335:. This is generally considered to be the situation with regular
53:
1308:
398:
A language may have more than one regular conjugation pattern.
276:, etc., with various different origins) – this is common for
162:
is to some extent a subjective matter. If some conjugational
222:, while for the weak verbs a different method (addition of
536:
Regular and irregular verbs are also of significance in
256:, but has come to be used instead as the past tense of
949:
The present participle/gerund is formed regularly, in
652:
The rules for the formation of the inflected parts of
395:
such verbs in the language) are classed as irregular.
30:
For information specific to the
English language, see
2074:
2036:
1998:
1970:
1845:
1792:
1714:
1504:
1439:
1430:
1343:
1183:"to be", which has an irregular present tense form
27:
Classification of verbs by regularity of inflection
826:The present participle/gerund is formed by adding
485:. This contrasts with fully regular verbs such as
64:. This is one instance of the distinction between
609:With the exception of the highly irregular verb
714:after a voiced consonant or vowel sound (as in
957:, such as the modals, which lack such a form).
229:Irregularities in verb conjugation (and other
1320:
8:
656:verbs are given in detail in the article on
493:, which have the regularly spelt past forms
874:(which has three present indicative forms:
1436:
1327:
1313:
1305:
1294:. curriculum solutions. pp. 343–344.
464:. Examples of this are the English verbs
252:, which was originally the past tense of
1195:"are", an optional irregular past tense
1244:
529:, and in particular in work related to
264:also has a number of suppletive forms (
1179:has some irregular verbs, principally
190:When a language develops some type of
1223:(also shared by the present tense of
7:
678:following a consonant, this becomes
244:Irregularities may also arise from
111:. On the other hand, verbs such as
660:. In summary they are as follows:
437:verbs" (those that conjugate like
25:
1203:), and a unique subjunctive form
1083:(for verbs in Modern Greek, see
914:(pronounced with a short vowel,
906:(pronounced with a short vowel,
844:(for a more extensive list, see
523:regular and irregular inflection
66:regular and irregular inflection
846:List of English irregular verbs
154:The classification of verbs as
1199:"was/were" (alongside regular
553:in English, their equivalents
1:
1259:: The Ingredients of Language
456:Irregularity in spelling only
75:, for example, verbs such as
301:irregular English verb forms
280:in Indo-European languages.
682:. The ending is pronounced
641:form that serves as both a
619:), a third person singular
538:second language acquisition
231:inflectional irregularities
151:(not "haves" and "haved").
2204:
2162:Syntax–semantics interface
1187:"is" (instead of expected
898:, which produce the forms
40:
29:
1101:Japanese verb conjugation
864:, etc.) which do not add
848:). In the case of these:
387:), together with certain
373:present participle/gerund
1582:Exceptional case-marking
1105:Japanese irregular verbs
505:irregularly retains the
1175:The auxiliary language
1128:Spanish irregular verbs
886:), and the three verbs
842:English irregular verbs
540:, and in particular in
509:to distinguish it from
36:English irregular verbs
1388:Initial-stress-derived
1290:Hacker, Diana (2017).
1191:), an optional plural
1115:Portuguese conjugation
962:Common irregular verbs
582:historical linguistics
99:to give forms such as
1899:Inclusive / Exclusive
1170:constructed languages
1152:Constructed languages
1138:the literary language
924:Germanic strong verbs
525:) commonly arises in
226:suffixes) developed.
180:historical linguistic
1292:The Bedford Handbook
1085:Modern Greek grammar
531:language acquisition
143:, not "hitted") and
1779:Relative subsective
1672:Regular / Irregular
1517:Andative / Venitive
1353:Abstract / Concrete
1162:auxiliary languages
1124:Spanish conjugation
1096:Italian conjugation
1081:Ancient Greek verbs
936:teach–taught–taught
688:voiceless consonant
220:Proto-Indo-European
172:German strong verbs
43:Emotive conjugation
1338:and their features
1336:Lexical categories
1076:German conjugation
1067:French conjugation
953:(except for those
643:present participle
389:morphophonological
212:Germanic languages
2175:
2174:
1980:Casally modulated
1885:Formal / Informal
1774:Pure intersective
1724:Anti-intersective
1710:
1709:
1657:Preterite-present
1158:natural languages
1110:Latin conjugation
1091:Irish conjugation
1058:Dutch conjugation
944:build–built–built
542:language teaching
527:psycholinguistics
423:Latin conjugation
239:stand–stood–stood
131:(not "drinked");
16:(Redirected from
2195:
1754:Non-intersective
1437:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1249:
917:
909:
782:
778:
774:
745:
713:
685:
517:Linguistic study
475:
319:Types of pattern
21:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2070:
2032:
1994:
1966:
1894:Gender-specific
1841:
1788:
1706:
1592:Germanic strong
1500:
1426:
1339:
1333:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1257:Words and Rules
1250:
1246:
1241:
1166:parts of speech
1154:
1051:
1049:Other languages
1046:
964:
955:defective verbs
932:rise–rose–risen
633:past participle
607:
602:
519:
458:
369:past participle
321:
194:, such as verb
188:
141:past participle
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2136:Procedure word
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2094:Complementizer
2091:
2090:
2089:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:Gender-neutral
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Bound variable
1851:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Ambitransitive
1508:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1271:
1252:Pinker, Steven
1243:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1153:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
963:
960:
959:
958:
947:
940:keep–kept–kept
928:sing–sang–sung
919:
838:
837:
824:
801:zinc–zinc(k)ed
797:panic–panicked
763:
606:
603:
601:
598:
590:Germanic verbs
586:synchronically
518:
515:
457:
454:
325:principal part
320:
317:
235:sing–sang–sung
187:
184:
168:principal part
62:irregular verb
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Interrogative
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Interrogative
2016:
2014:
2013:Demonstrative
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:Prepositional
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Strong / Weak
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1914:Interrogative
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1860:Demonstrative
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Prepositional
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Interrogative
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:Demonstrative
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Germanic weak
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Frequentative
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:Autocausative
1525:
1523:
1522:Anticausative
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:Transgressive
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:0-06-095840-5
1264:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Spanish verbs
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
967:
961:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
835:
831:
830:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
770:
769:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:sound (as in
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
662:
661:
659:
658:English verbs
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
621:present tense
618:
614:
613:
604:
599:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
516:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
447:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
424:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:present tense
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:English verbs
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
278:copular verbs
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:verbs of the
209:
205:
204:sound changes
201:
197:
193:
185:
183:
182:) viewpoint.
181:
177:
173:
170:(as with the
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
37:
33:
32:English verbs
19:
2150:Pro-sentence
2124:Onomatopoeia
2114:Interjection
2087:Measure word
1870:Distributive
1764:Postpositive
1744:Intersective
1697:Unaccusative
1671:
1642:Performative
1612:Intransitive
1572:Ditransitive
1398:Noun adjunct
1301:
1291:
1285:
1274:
1255:
1247:
1232:
1231:"to have" —
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1155:
1143:
1134:spoken Welsh
1072:German verbs
1063:French verbs
1052:
965:
950:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
911:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
839:
833:
828:
827:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:arc–arc(k)ed
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
767:
766:
759:
755:
751:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
679:
675:
671:
666:
665:
653:
651:
636:
611:
608:
594:
579:
570:
566:
558:
554:
550:
546:
535:
520:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
469:
465:
459:
445:
443:copular verb
438:
434:
427:
416:
411:
407:
403:
400:French verbs
397:
384:
380:
376:
356:
352:
348:
344:
322:
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
288:
282:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
243:
238:
234:
228:
189:
159:
155:
153:
148:
144:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
70:
61:
50:regular verb
49:
47:
18:Regular verb
2099:Conjunction
1865:Disjunctive
1802:Conjunctive
1749:Nominalized
1652:Predicative
1496:Verbal noun
1447:Attributive
1177:Interlingua
868:, the verb
854:modal verbs
600:By language
357:interchange
260:. The verb
196:conjugation
186:Development
58:conjugation
2188:Verb types
2167:Yes and no
2082:Classifier
2066:Possessive
2028:Quantifier
2023:Possessive
2000:Determiner
1972:Adposition
1944:Resumptive
1929:Reciprocal
1924:Possessive
1904:Indefinite
1832:Pronominal
1784:Subsective
1759:Possessive
1729:Collateral
1702:Unergative
1692:Transitive
1607:Inchoative
1602:Impersonal
1542:Catenative
1481:Participle
1476:Infinitive
1408:Relational
1378:Collective
1358:Adjectival
1239:References
1219:"to go" —
1211:"to go" —
1146:Wiktionary
926:, as with
635:, and the
625:past tense
617:infinitive
450:suppletive
393:around 200
371:, and the
365:past tense
343:, such as
341:infinitive
246:suppletion
192:inflection
176:synchronic
137:past tense
2157:Prop-word
2119:Ideophone
2046:Discourse
1985:Inflected
1934:Reflexive
1909:Intensive
1716:Adjective
1687:Stretched
1677:Separable
1667:Reflexive
1562:Denominal
1557:Defective
1537:Captative
1532:Auxiliary
1471:Gerundive
1461:Nonfinite
1383:Countable
789:preferred
629:preterite
577:, etc.).
160:irregular
2182:Category
2146:Pro-verb
2141:Pro-form
2038:Particle
1990:Stranded
1939:Relative
1919:Personal
1837:Relative
1822:Locative
1812:Genitive
1637:Negative
1567:Deponent
1547:Compound
1261:, 1999.
748:sibilant
746:after a
686:after a
503:singeing
462:spelling
333:paradigm
303:such as
164:paradigm
105:entering
2131:Preverb
2008:Article
1954:Subject
1847:Pronoun
1682:Stative
1647:Phrasal
1622:Lexical
1577:Dynamic
1552:Copular
1452:Converb
1368:Animacy
1227:), and
910:), and
760:marches
742:), but
654:regular
605:English
511:singing
285:analogy
218:) from
156:regular
73:English
52:is any
2109:Coverb
2104:Copula
1958:Object
1875:Donkey
1794:Adverb
1769:Proper
1734:Common
1617:Labile
1486:Supine
1466:Gerund
1457:Finite
1422:Verbal
1413:Strong
1403:Proper
1265:
1201:esseva
785:conned
756:pushes
752:passes
710:), or
708:laughs
704:bluffs
647:gerund
575:German
563:French
499:stayed
495:swayed
439:vendre
431:German
363:, the
349:happen
309:caught
224:dental
216:ablaut
107:, and
83:, and
56:whose
2075:Other
2056:Modal
1880:Dummy
1632:Modal
1627:Light
1505:Types
1440:Forms
1363:Agent
1229:haber
1225:vader
1209:vader
1181:esser
1156:Most
1043:drive
1040:catch
1031:drink
1025:think
971:arise
916:/sɛz/
908:/dĘŚz/
862:shall
740:sighs
736:flies
732:thaws
728:sings
720:lends
700:packs
696:halts
631:), a
571:haben
559:avoir
419:Latin
327:(the
305:shown
200:class
129:drunk
125:drank
113:drink
109:liked
101:plays
81:enter
2061:Noun
1807:Flat
1662:Pure
1432:Verb
1417:Weak
1393:Mass
1373:Bare
1345:Noun
1263:ISBN
1189:esse
1136:and
1126:and
1103:and
1074:and
1065:and
1028:wear
1022:take
1010:make
1007:lend
1004:know
1001:hear
998:have
992:give
986:fall
977:come
951:-ing
912:says
904:does
894:and
888:have
882:and
829:-ing
821:paid
819:and
817:laid
811:and
787:and
781:/ÉŞd/
744:/ÉŞz/
724:begs
716:robs
692:hops
680:-ies
670:(or
645:and
638:-ing
627:(or
623:, a
569:and
567:sein
557:and
555:ĂŞtre
551:have
549:and
497:and
491:stay
489:and
487:sway
483:paid
481:and
479:laid
468:and
385:-ing
367:and
353:skim
345:play
329:root
313:spat
311:and
293:have
254:wend
250:went
237:and
208:weak
147:and
139:and
135:(as
127:and
121:have
119:and
95:and
93:-ing
85:like
77:play
54:verb
34:and
1205:sia
1197:era
1193:son
1037:cut
1034:put
1019:see
1016:say
1013:run
989:get
983:eat
930:or
900:has
896:say
884:are
858:can
834:-ed
813:pay
809:lay
777:/d/
773:/t/
768:-ed
712:/z/
684:/s/
672:-es
580:In
573:in
561:in
545:as
474:/d/
470:pay
466:lay
435:-re
412:-re
410:or
408:-ir
404:-er
274:was
158:or
149:had
145:has
133:hit
117:hit
97:-ed
71:In
2184::
2148:/
1960:/
1956:/
1892:/
1459:/
1415:/
1254:.
1235:.
1233:ha
1221:va
1217:ir
1215:,
1213:va
1185:es
1148:.
1122:,
995:go
980:do
974:be
942:,
938:,
918:).
902:,
892:do
890:,
880:is
878:,
876:am
871:be
866:-s
860:,
823:.)
803:,
799:,
793:-c
779:,
775:,
762:).
758:,
754:,
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
676:-y
667:-s
649:.
612:be
565:,
547:be
513:.
446:be
406:,
383:,
381:-d
379:,
377:-s
355:,
351:,
347:,
307:,
297:go
295:,
291:,
289:be
272:,
270:is
268:,
266:be
262:be
258:go
115:,
103:,
91:,
89:-s
79:,
48:A
1328:e
1321:t
1314:v
1269:.
1140:.
1087:)
856:(
836:.
795:(
750:(
507:e
45:.
38:.
20:)
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