98:– to manage the risks associated with AI. The companies committed to ensure AI products undergo both internal and external security testing before public release; to share information on the management of AI risks with the industry, governments, civil society, and academia; to prioritize cybersecurity and protect proprietary AI system components; to develop mechanisms to inform users when content is AI-generated, such as watermarking; to publicly report on their AI systems' capabilities, limitations, and areas of use; to prioritize research on societal risks posed by AI, including bias, discrimination, and privacy concerns; and to develop AI systems to address societal challenges, ranging from cancer prevention to
51:"to consider the methods and means necessary to advance the development of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and associated technologies to comprehensively address the national security and defense needs of the United States." Steering on regulating security-related AI is provided by the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. The Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act (S.1558) is a proposed bill that would establish a federal initiative designed to accelerate research and development on AI for,
79:
these advances could lead to inflection points or leaps in capabilities. Such advances may also introduce new concerns and risks and the need for new policies, recommendations, and technical advances to assure that systems are aligned with goals and values, including safety, robustness and trustworthiness. The US should monitor advances in AI and make necessary investments in technology and give attention to policy so as to ensure that AI systems and their uses align with our goals and values."
182:'s study of Americans revealed that only 18% of respondents are more excited than they are concerned about AI. Biases in AI algorithms and methods that lead to discrimination are causes for concern among many activist organizations and academic institutions. Recommendations include increasing diversity among creators of AI algorithms and addressing existing systemic bias in current legislation and AI development practices.
91:
protections
Americans should have in the AI age: 1. Safe and Effective Systems, 2. Algorithmic Discrimination Protection, 3.Data Privacy, 4. Notice and Explanation, and 5. Human Alternatives, Consideration, and Fallback. The Bill was introduced in October 2021 by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), a US government department that advises the president on science and technology.
127:
the
Department of Consumer and Worker Protection's (DCWP) proposed rules to clarify the requirements of the legislation. It eventually became effective on July 5, 2023. From this date, the companies that are operating and hiring in New York City are prohibited from using automated tools to hire candidates or promote employees, unless the tools have been independently audited for bias.
118:
Additionally, Biden’s
Executive Order mandates that AI must “advance equity and civil rights”, and cannot disadvantage marginalized groups. It also called for foundation models to include "watermarks" to help the public discern between human and AI-generated content, which has raised controversy and criticism from deepfake detection researchers.
146:. This legislation's success was hoped by its supporters to inspire similar actions in other states, contributing to a unified approach to copyright and privacy in the digital age, and to reinforce the importance of safeguarding artists' rights against unauthorized use of their voices and likenesses.
126:
In
January 2023, the New York City Bias Audit Law (Local Law 144) was enacted by the NYC Council in November 2021. Originally due to come into effect on 1 January 2023, the enforcement date for Local Law 144 has been pushed back due to the high volume of comments received during the public hearing on
39:
set a precedent to allow researchers to continue to develop new AI technologies with few restrictions. It is stated within the report that "the approach to regulation of AI-enabled products to protect public safety should be informed by assessment of the aspects of risk....". These risks would be the
78:
In March 2021, the
National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence released their final report. In the report, they stated that "Advances in AI, including the mastery of more general AI capabilities along one or more dimensions, will likely provide new capabilities and applications. Some of
113:
The
Executive Order builds on the Administration’s earlier agreements with AI companies to instate new initiatives to "red-team" or stress-test AI dual-use foundation models, especially those that have the potential to pose security risks, with data and results shared with the federal government.
74:
Other specific agencies working on the regulation of AI include the Food and Drug
Administration, which has created pathways to regulate the incorporation of AI in medical imaging. National Science and Technology Council also published the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development
105:
The Biden administration, in
October 2023 signaled that they would release an executive order leveraging the federal government's purchasing power to shape AI regulations, hinting at a proactive governmental stance in regulating AI technologies. On October 30, 2023, President Biden released this
90:
introduced the Global
Catastrophic Risk Mitigation Act. The bipartisan bill "would also help counter the risk of artificial intelligence... from being abused in ways that may pose a catastrophic risk". On October 4, 2022, President Joe Biden unveiled a new AI Bill of Rights, which outlines five
22:
in the United States have included topics such as the timeliness of regulating AI, the nature of the federal regulatory framework to govern and promote AI, including what agency should lead, the regulatory and governing powers of that agency, and how to update regulations in the face of rapidly
117:
The
Executive Order also recognizes AI's social challenges, and calls for companies building AI dual-use foundation models to be wary of these societal problems. For example, the Executive Order states that AI should not “worsen job quality”, and should not “cause labor-force disruptions”.
70:
has released a position paper, and the Defense Innovation Board has issued recommendations on the ethical use of AI. A year later, the administration called for comments on regulation in another draft of its Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications.
881:
106:
Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence. The Executive Order addresses a variety of issues, such as focusing on standards for critical infrastructure, AI-enhanced cybersecurity, and federally funded biological synthesis projects.
174:
Talk conference. Facial recognition software is vastly understood to be inaccurate in its identification of darker-skinned peoples, which matters especially in the context of policing, the criminal justice system, healthcare system, and employment sectors.
856:
761:
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to the California legislature. The bill has the goal of reducing catastrophic risks by mandating safety tests for the most powerful AI models. If passed, the bill will also establish a publicly-funded cloud computing cluster in California.
154:
44:
931:
109:
The Executive Order provides the authority to various agencies and departments of the US government, including the Energy and Defense departments, to apply existing consumer protection laws to AI development.
765:
971:
529:
787:"Text - S.4488 - 117th Congress (2021–2022): A bill to establish an interagency committee on global catastrophic risk, and for other purposes. | Congress.gov | Library of Congress"
138:, and voice cloning. This legislation was the first enacted legislation in the nation aimed at regulating AI simulation of image, voice and likeness. The bill passed unanimously in the
48:
102:. In September 2023, eight additional companies – Adobe, Cohere, IBM, Nvidia, Palantir, Salesforce, Scale AI, and Stability AI – subscribed to these voluntary commitments.
412:
43:
The first main report was the National Strategic Research and Development Plan for Artificial Intelligence. On August 13, 2018, Section 1051 of the Fiscal Year 2019
286:
1335:
1151:
530:"Request for Comments on a Draft Memorandum to the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, "Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications""
67:
458:
882:"FACT SHEET: Biden–Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Eight Additional Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI"
94:
In July 2023, the Biden–Harris Administration secured voluntary commitments from seven companies – Amazon, Anthropic, Google, Inflection, Meta, Microsoft, and
857:"FACT SHEET: Biden–Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI"
1299:
996:
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170:, AI researcher at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, shared her personal experiences with discrimination in facial recognition software at a
59:
36:
1330:
262:
236:
19:
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31:
As early as 2016, the Obama administration had begun to focus on the risks and regulations for artificial intelligence. In a report titled
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437:
139:
1273:
220:
502:
438:"MEMORANDUM FOR THE HEADS OF EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES - Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications"
58:
On January 7, 2019, following an Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence, the White House's
762:"Portman, Peters Introduce Bipartisan Bill to Ensure Federal Government is Prepared for Catastrophic Risks to National Security"
1122:
956:
1222:
381:
Scherer, Matthew U. (2015). "Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies".
1021:"A Local Law to amend the administrative code of the city of New York, in relation to automated employment decision tools"
75:
Strategic Plan, which received public scrutiny and recommendations to further improve it towards enabling Trustworthy AI.
66:, which includes ten principles for United States agencies when deciding whether and how to regulate AI. In response, the
40:
principal reason to create any form of regulation, granted that any existing regulation would not apply to AI technology.
831:
906:
99:
684:"Artificial intelligence research strategy of the United States: critical assessment and policy recommendations"
200:
1070:
932:"FACT SHEET: President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence"
741:
1096:
556:"Lifecycle Regulation of Artificial Intelligence– and Machine Learning–Based Software Devices in Medicine"
611:"Concepts in U.S. Food and Drug Administration Regulation of Artificial Intelligence for Medical Imaging"
504:
AI principles: Recommendations on the ethical use of artificial intelligence by the Department of Defense
333:"H.R.5356 – 115th Congress (2017–2018): National Security Commission Artificial Intelligence Act of 2018"
1246:
485:
U.S. Leadership in AI: A Plan for Federal Engagement in Developing Technical Standards and Related Tools
997:"President Biden's AI executive order has 'dangerous limitations,' says deepfake detection company CEO"
972:"Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence"
786:
357:
179:
646:
591:
413:"Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence – The White House"
1097:"The ELVIS Act Has Officially Been Signed Into Law — First State-Level AI Legislation In the US"
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622:
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666:"The National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan: 2019 Update"
718:
683:
1152:"TN Gov. Lee signs ELVIS Act into law in honky-tonk, protects musicians from AI abuses"
267:
167:
135:
1324:
807:
650:
595:
749:. Washington, DC: The National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence. 2021.
459:"AI Update: White House Issues 10 Principles for Artificial Intelligence Regulation"
358:"Text - S.1558 - 116th Congress (2019–2020): Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act"
150:
261:
National Science and Technology Council Committee on Technology (October 2016).
212:
87:
83:
700:
1071:"Tennessee Adopts ELVIS Act, Protecting Artists' Voices From AI Impersonation"
515:
287:"National Strategic Research and Development Plan for Artificial Intelligence"
1177:
709:
634:
609:
Kohli, Ajay; Mahajan, Vidur; Seals, Kevin; Kohli, Ajit; Jha, Saurabh (2019).
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Hwang, Thomas J.; Kesselheim, Aaron S.; Vokinger, Kerstin N. (2019-12-17).
23:
changing technology, as well as the roles of state governments and courts.
610:
155:
Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier Artificial Intelligence Models Act
626:
390:
130:
On March 21, 2024, the State of Tennessee enacted legislation called the
1300:"How Artificial Intelligence Can Deepen Racial and Economic Inequities"
957:"The Biden Administration's Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence"
1204:"In Big Tech's backyard, California lawmaker unveils landmark AI bill"
237:"The Administration's Report on the Future of Artificial Intelligence"
95:
1247:"How Artificial Intelligence Bias Affects Women and People of Color"
1046:"NYC's New AI Bias Law Broadly Impacts Hiring and Requires Audits"
955:
Lewis, James Andrew; Benson, Emily; Frank, Michael (2023-10-31).
510:. Washington, DC: United States Defense Innovation Board. 2019.
272:
307:
64:
Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications
201:"Regulation of artificial intelligence in the United States"
55:, the economic and national security of the United States.
832:"The White House just unveiled a new AI Bill of Rights"
312:
National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence
205:
Research Handbook on the Law of Artificial Intelligence
49:
National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence
1274:"1. How Americans think about artificial intelligence"
664:
National Science Technology Council (June 21, 2019).
491:. National Institute of Science and Technology. 2019.
263:"Preparing for the Future of Artificial Intelligence"
33:
Preparing For the Future of Artificial Intelligence,
907:"White House AI order to flex federal buying power"
45:John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act
682:Gursoy, Furkan; Kakadiaris, Ioannis A. (2023).
68:National Institute of Standards and Technology
8:
1123:"House Floor Session - 44th Legislative Day"
808:"Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights | OSTP"
717:
699:
122:State and Local Government interventions
294:National Science and Technology Council
191:
60:Office of Science and Technology Policy
37:National Science and Technology Council
27:Federal Government regulatory measures
1336:Regulation of artificial intelligence
1241:
1239:
1223:"How I'm fighting bias in algorithms"
1044:Kestenbaum, Jonathan (July 5, 2023).
20:regulation of artificial intelligence
7:
764:. HomelandNewswire. Archived from
140:Tennessee House of Representatives
14:
1221:Buolamwini, Joy (November 2016).
615:American Journal of Roentgenology
331:Stefanik, Elise M. (2018-05-22).
199:Weaver, John Frank (2018-12-28).
1298:Akselrod, Olga (July 13, 2021).
905:Chatterjee, Mohar (2023-10-12).
760:Homeland Newswire (2022-06-25).
1202:De Vynck, Gerrit (2024-02-08).
970:House, The White (2023-10-30).
930:House, The White (2023-10-30).
880:House, The White (2023-09-12).
855:House, The White (2023-07-21).
356:Heinrich, Martin (2019-05-21).
47:(P.L. 115-232) established the
1251:Berkeley School of Information
1:
1331:United States domestic policy
1272:Raine, Lee (March 17, 2022).
995:Lanum, Nikolas (2023-11-07).
417:trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov
213:10.4337/9781786439055.00018
1352:
789:. Congress.gov. 2022-06-23
701:10.3389/fdata.2023.1206139
149:In February 2024, Senator
1069:Kristin Robinson (2024).
1025:The New York City Council
383:SSRN Working Paper Series
100:climate change mitigation
1121:Tennessee House (2024).
134:, aimed specifically at
572:10.1001/jama.2019.16842
162:Grassroots perspectives
82:In June 2022, Senators
1150:Audrey Gibbs (2024).
836:MIT Technology Review
688:Frontiers in Big Data
1176:Alex Greene (2024).
1095:Ashley King (2024).
627:10.2214/ajr.18.20410
391:10.2139/ssrn.2609777
1278:Pew Research Center
1208:The Washington Post
436:Vought, Russell T.
180:PEW Research Center
1253:. December 8, 2021
1101:Digital Music News
1075:The New York Times
743:NSCAI Final Report
566:(23): 2285–2286.
463:Inside Tech Media
273:National Archives
62:released a draft
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1178:"The ELVIS Act"
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296:. October 2016.
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153:introduced the
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465:. 2020-01-14
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