136:(OPD) claimed that both of the activists had knowledge of the bomb in the vehicle and the bomb accidentally exploded. After Cherney was treated, he was arrested at the hospital, while Bari stayed hospitalized due to her injuries. Both adamantly denied any knowledge or involvement in the bomb. Bari and Cherney claimed that they had received many death threats in the previous weeks making them believe that the bomb was an assassination attempt. Despite their claims, the FBI and OPD still pursued the criminal charges against the pair. Despite the accusations, the Redwood Summer campaign quickly gained national attention as the media frenzied around the details of the bombing and the accusations made against the activists. This made the campaign quickly gain recognition and momentum.
176:. Tree spiking was the act of inserting a metal spike in the base of a redwood tree thus making it impossible for loggers to cut down the tree without damaging or destroying their equipment. However, one event made environmental groups, including Earth First!, denounce tree spiking. A factory worker was severely injured and almost lost his life due to the malfunctioning of the machine that he was using. The machine malfunctioned as a result of a spike still being embedded in a piece of wood. After the incident, Earth First! declared that it would stop using tree spiking as means of disrupting the logging industry as it posed threats to human life.
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logging practices of the old-growth forests. If
Proposition 130 (Restrictions on Logging and Bonds for Forests) passed, it would mean that there would have been new restrictions on logging practices and sale of timber. It would have also authorized the sale of $ 742 million in bonds to acquire forestlands and for compensation of timber employees. The organizers of Earth First! predicted that the timber companies would increase their logging significantly in the summer in order to get as much timber as possible before the November 1990 ballot. Proposition 130 did not pass.
69:. The explosion led to the FBI accusing Bari of manufacturing and transporting bombs. Due to the FBI not being able to adequately support their claims, she was eventually found innocent. The movement was also known to use many controversial techniques to disrupt the logging companies including tree spiking, symbolic protests, and disarming machinery. Though the protests were supposed to remain non-violent, many critics argue that
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them and one activist was hit with the handle of an axe. On another occasion, a logger severally beat an activist. At times, the protestors reported that some of the workers threw eggs at them, spat on them, and verbally threaten them. Despite this, however, protestors also report that many of the loggers they encountered disagreed with them, but were respectful and friendly.
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192:. On June 21, 1990, protestors blocked a logging truck that was carrying logged redwoods resulting in the activists’ arrests. After the arrests, however, about twenty other protestors climbed on top of one logging truck, which, blocked twenty-two other logging trucks, halting the production of the logging company.
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On May 24, 1990, right before the kick off of
Redwood Summer the campaign leader, Judi Bari, and a fellow activist, Darryl Cherney, were on their way to The Seeds of Peace House, an activist support group, in Oakland, California. While Bari was driving, a bomb underneath Bari's seat exploded. After
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The growing agitation between the environmentalist and the loggers caused confrontation between the two groups. There were instances where the activists said to have filed charges with the police because some loggers were hostile towards them. The protestors also report that workers threw rocks at
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The first incident was when the
California elections were coming up, which included the decision of if California Proposition 130 was to be passed or not. In the summer of 1990, logging companies feared a new law passing in the upcoming November ballot that would make the restrictions tighter for
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the explosion, both were immediately transported to the hospital. Cherney had serious injuries to his face and obtained a broken wrist, while, Bari was in critical condition due to a shattered pelvis and internal injuries. She was also left permanently disabled due to the injuries she sustained.
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A consistent tactic that the Earth First! protestors used against the loggers was symbolic actions. On many instances the protestors camouflaged themselves using nature, such as leaves and sticks, and sang Native
American war cries. The protestors would also dress in animal costumes and, more
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Due to the protests, the logging practices and factory production slowed down and, sometimes, were at a standstill. The drop of profit made
Louisiana-Pacific fire some of their employees, which, caused even greater tension between the Redwood Summer protestors and the employees of the timber
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On multiple occasions, the campaigners used obstructive practices to try to stop the destruction of the redwood forests. In many instances, the activists chained themselves to trees, stood between bulldozers and trees, blocked trucks, and disabled machinery at night.
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In the coming years and after both Bari and
Cherney's names were cleared, they sued the FBI for violating their constitutional right. On June 11, 2002, roughly twelve years after the bombing, the jury found that the FBI unlawfully violated the pair's
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During
Redwood Summer, the Earth First! activists used a variety of methods, including standard protesting techniques, during the campaign. Earth First! activists claimed to be non violent, using civil and passive disobedient actions to save the
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being bought out by Maxxam Inc. was made public. After the company was purchased, they publicized their plan to increase their logging practices by doubling the rate of logging of the old growths forests due to the companies owner,
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companies. Not only did the employees fear losing their jobs, some employees stated that the actions of Earth First! against the logging industry tarnished their family legacy and some claimed that they feared going to work.
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and more regulations are in place to protect the forests, logging of the forests continues. The
Redwood Summer campaign gained international attention and made many people aware of the destruction of the old growth forests.
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was a strategy used to protect the trees that were marked to be logged down. Activists would camp in the old growth trees, sometimes for extended periods of times, to prevent the trees from being destroyed.
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768:"'Redwood Summer': It Was Guerrilla Warfare : Conservation: Protesters' anti-logging tactics fail to halt North Coast timber harvest. Encounters leave loggers resentful"
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amendment rights by arresting them, charging them, searching their homes, and defamation of character. The jury awarded Darryl
Cherney and the late Judi Bari $ 4.4 million.
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Earth First! response was to start
Redwood Summer expose the big logging companies, making legislation make stricter laws about the logging of the old growth forests.
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Bari and Cherney's case eventually made it to trial where they were found not guilty due to the FBI not doing a proper investigation and having a lack of evidence.
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61:. Before the protests officially started, the campaign gained international attention on May 24, 1990 when the campaign leader, Judi Bari, and a fellow activist,
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Some employees also admitted to fearing their job security due to the clear cutting of trees because if there are no trees left to log, they don't have a job.
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375:"Earth First! protests the destruction of Redwood Forests (Redwood Summer), United States, 1990 | Global Nonviolent Action Database"
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On one occasion, forty-four activists were arrested in front of the main gate of the Louisiana-Pacific Pulp Mill in
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Raw Footage of Redwood Summer Protest In Eureka (California) from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
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Raw Footage of Redwood Summer Protest In Eureka (California) from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting
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due to the forests rapid depletion of about 95%. There were two big incidents that caused the Earth First!
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495:"No Compromise Behind the Redwood Curtain: Earth First! and the Timber Wars in the California Redwoods"
65:, were involved in a pipe bomb explosion that critically injured them while they were driving through
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827:"Solidarity in the Woods: Redwood Summer and Alliances Among Radical Ecology and Timber Workers"
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was in the old growth forests, which, at the time, was threatened by the logging practices.
113:. Many think that the increase of logging was so Hurwitz could try and get out of his debt.
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Though more attention has been brought to the depletion of the old-growth forests in
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timber companies and was part of the Timber Wars of the 1990s. Organized in 1990 by
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particularly, wore costumes and patterns depicting that of the threatened
53:. A protest associated with Redwood Summer took place in June 1990 at the
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is a radical group and the techniques used in the protests are debated.
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The campaign of Redwood Summer was an environmental battle to save the
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One of the more controversial tactics that the activists used was
268:- Chanting of environmental activists and logger counter-protest
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1990 environmental activist event in California, US
664:Tribune, Jorge Casuso, Chicago (June 21, 1990).
736:"The Big League: Saving Redwoods for 100 Years"
100:The second incident began when the news of the
1464:Industrial Workers of the World in California
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1352:Metal and Machinery Workers Industrial Union
689:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
852:"Media Burn Archive – Redwood Summer, 1990"
707:Bill, Barol; Wright, Lynda (July 2, 1990).
1294:Australasian Meat Industry Employees Union
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1044:1916–1917 northern Minnesota lumber strike
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155:Earth First! methods during Redwood Summer
1314:Marine Transport Workers Industrial Union
1309:Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee
874:"What Was Redwood Summer? (with picture)"
715:. Vol. 116, no. 1. p. 60.
262:- Interviews with protestors and loggers
1392:Workers' International Industrial Union
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22:was a three-month movement in 1990 of
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1034:Bayonne refinery strikes of 1915–1916
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666:"44 ARRESTED IN REDWOOD TREE PROTEST"
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319:Bishop, Katherine (June 21, 1990).
1434:Environmental issues in California
1304:Education Workers Industrial Union
984:1912 New York City waiters' strike
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1342:Agricultural Workers Organization
825:Shantz, Jeff (December 1, 2002).
37:) trees from logging by northern
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963:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
734:Owen, Barry R. (March 5, 2018).
634:Center for Constitutional Rights
1459:Nonviolent resistance movements
1347:Lumber Workers Industrial Union
1115:Stockton cannery strike of 1937
1095:1922 New England Textile Strike
927:Industrial Workers of the World
47:Industrial Workers of the World
1105:1927–1928 Colorado Coal Strike
1100:1923 San Pedro maritime strike
511:Cahill, Tom (March 18, 2017).
291:Pickett, Karen (Summer 1990).
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1004:1913 El Paso smelters' strike
958:1907 Skowhegan textile strike
445:www.environmentandsociety.org
1444:Logging in the United States
1387:Western Federation of Miners
979:1912 Lawrence textile strike
120:Bari and Cherney car bombing
1146:2018–2019 Education strikes
1131:1964 Mount Isa Mines strike
953:First Convention of the IWW
568:Rauber, P. (January 1991).
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517:Anderson Valley Advertiser
402:Smith, Gar (Autumn 2002).
303:(3) – via EBSCOhost.
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1299:Burgerville Workers Union
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1110:1933 Yakima Valley strike
1024:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
1009:1913 Paterson silk strike
379:nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu
134:Oakland Police Department
1377:Glossary of Wobbly terms
225:Timber company employees
1404:Organized Labour portal
1324:United Campaign Workers
1319:Starbucks Workers Union
1141:2011 Wisconsin protests
1195:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
1090:Anaconda Road massacre
1064:Seattle General Strike
1029:1913 Studebaker strike
588:– via EBSCOhost.
493:Fulton, Colin (2015).
422:– via EBSCOhost.
102:Pacific Lumber Company
24:environmental activism
1156:2021 Frito-Lay strike
1151:Lyft and Uber strikes
774:. September 2, 1990.
709:"Eco-activist summer"
513:"Redwood Summer 1990"
205:. The habitat of the
77:The logging companies
1429:Coast redwood groves
1255:Industrial democracy
1054:Green Corn Rebellion
473:Earth Island Journal
408:Earth Island Journal
404:"Singing Under Oath"
297:Earth Island Journal
35:Sequoia sempervirens
26:aimed at protecting
1449:Forest conservation
1382:Little Red Songbook
1270:Solidarity unionism
1260:Industrial unionism
831:www.ecology.iww.org
570:"No Second Warning"
87:Northern California
67:Oakland, California
1469:1990 in California
1372:Free speech fights
1069:Centralia massacre
1049:Bisbee Deportation
994:Wheatland hop riot
670:chicagotribune.com
636:. January 13, 2010
325:The New York Times
207:threatened species
83:old growth forests
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190:Samoa, California
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1418:Categories
1241:Philosophy
1230:Ben Legere
1124:After 1940
273:References
247:California
111:junk bonds
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883:April 16,
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685:cite web
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