291:, a correlation of -.20 to -.25 between religiosity and IQ was particularly strong when assessing beliefs (which in their view reflects intrinsic religiosity), but the negative effects were less defined when behavioral aspects of religion (such as church-going) were examined. They note limitations on this since viewing intrinsic religiosity as being about religious beliefs represents American Protestantism more than Judaism or Catholicism, both of which see behavior as just as important as religious beliefs. They also noted that the available data did not allow adequate consideration of the role of religion type and of culture in assessing the relationship between religion and intelligence. Most of the studies reviewed were American and 87% of participants in those studies were from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. They noted, "Clearly, the present results are limited to Western societies." The meta-analysis discussed three possible explanations: First, intelligent people are less likely to conform and, thus, are more likely to resist religious dogma, although this theory was contradicted in mostly atheist societies such as the Scandinavian populations, where the religiosity-IQ relationship still existed. Second, intelligent people tend to adopt an analytic (as opposed to intuitive) thinking style, which has been shown to undermine religious beliefs. Third, Intelligent people may have less need for religious beliefs and practices, as some of the functions of religiosity can be given by intelligence instead. Such functions include the presentation of a sense that the world is orderly and predictable, a sense of personal control and self-regulation and a sense of enhancing self-esteem and belongingness.
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However, the activity within these networks differed across the religiosity of statements, with the religious statements activating the insula and anterior cingulate cortex to a greater degree, and the non religious statements activating hippocampal and superior frontal regions to a greater degree. The areas associated with religious statements are generally associated with salient emotional processing, while areas associated with non religious statements are generally associated with memory. The association between the salience network and religious statements is congruent with the cognitive theory proposed by Boyer that the implausibility of religious propositions are offset by their salience. The same neural networks were active in both
Christians and atheists even when dealing with "blasphemous statements" to each other's worldviews. Furthermore, it supports the idea that "intuition" and "reason" are not two separate and segregated activities but are intertwined in both theists and atheists.
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was insignificant with samples using men, pre-college participants, and taking into account grade point average. When other variables like education and quality of human conditions were taken into account, positive relation between IQ and disbelief in God was reduced. According to Dutton and Van der Linden, the re-analysis had controls that were too strict (life quality index and proximity of countries) and also some of the samples used problematic proxies of religiosity, which took away from the variance in the correlations. As such, the reduction of significance in the negative correlation likely reflected a sample anomaly. They also did observe that the "weak but significant" correlation of -.20 on intelligence and religiosity from the
Zuckerman study was also found when comparing intelligence with other variables like education and income.
250:. The measurement of religiosity is hampered by the difficulties involved in defining what is meant by the term. Numerous studies have explored the different components of religiosity, with most finding some distinction between religious beliefs/doctrine, religious practice, and spirituality. Studies can measure religious practice by counting attendance at religious services, religious beliefs/doctrine by asking a few doctrinal questions, and spirituality by asking respondents about their sense of oneness with the divine or through detailed standardized measurements. When religiosity is measured, it is important to specify which aspects of religiosity are referred to.
318:, compared belief in God and IQs. Using data from a U.S. study of 6,825 adolescents, the authors found that the average IQ of atheists was 6 points higher than the average IQ of non-atheists. The authors also investigated the link between belief in a god and average national IQs in 137 countries. The authors reported a correlation of 0.60 between atheism rates and level of intelligence, which was determined to be "highly statistically significant". ('Belief in a god' is not identical to 'religiosity.' Some nations have high proportions of people who do not believe in a god, but who may nevertheless be highly religious, following non-theistic belief systems such as
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religious beliefs or that religious beliefs are chronologically linear and stable across different contexts) is actually rare. Peopleâs religious ideas are fragmented, loosely connected, and context-dependent, as in all other domains of culture and in life. The beliefs, affiliations, and behaviors of any individual are complex activities that have many sources including culture. As examples of religious incongruence he notes, "Observant Jews may not believe what they say in their
Sabbath prayers. Christian ministers may not believe in God. And people who regularly dance for rain donât do it in the dry season."
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held religious beliefs" since they too have variant beliefs such as in conspiracy theories of the naturalistic variety. He notes that studies on deconversion indicate that a greater proportion of people who leave religion do so for motivational rather than rational reasons, and the majority of deconversions occur in adolescence and young adulthood when one is emotionally volatile. Furthermore, he notes that atheists are indistinguishable from New Age individuals or
Gnostics since there are commonalities such as being individualistic, non-conformist, liberal, and valuing hedonism and sensation.
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different ways. Gallup surveys, for example, have found that the world's poorest countries are consistently the most religious, perhaps because religion plays a more functional role (helping people cope) in poorer nations. Even at the scale of the individual, IQ may not directly cause more disbelief in gods. Dr. David
Hardman of London Metropolitan University says: "It is very difficult to conduct true experiments that would explicate a causal relationship between IQ and religious belief." He adds that other studies do nevertheless correlate IQ with being willing or able to question beliefs.
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causative element, finding that subtly triggering analytic thinking can increase religious disbelief. They concluded that "Combined, these studies indicate that analytic processing is one factor (presumably among several) that promotes religious disbelief." While these studies linked religious disbelief to analytical rather than intuitive thinking, they urged caution in the interpretation of these results, noting that they were not judging the relative merits of analytic and intuitive thinking in promoting optimal decision making, or the merits or validity of religiosity as a whole.
44:(IQ) and religiosity. Other research, however, have found correlations to be weak and not generalizable. Some have suggested that nonconformity, more cognitive and less intuitive thinking styles among the less religious, and less of a need for religion as a coping mechanism play a role while others suggest that any correlations are due to a complex range of social, gender, economic, educational and historical factors, which interact with religion and IQ in different ways. Less developed and poorer countries tend to be more religious, perhaps because religions play a more active
120:
never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of "intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions.
418:(EI). The study examined the extent to which religious orientation and behavior were related to self-reported EI in 148 church-attending adult Christians. (Non-religious individuals were not part of the study.) The study found that the individuals' self-reported religious orientation was positively correlated with their perceiving themselves to have greater EI. While the number of religious group activities was positively associated with perceived EI, the number of years of
500:(5.6 years of schooling). In the youngest age (25-34) group surveyed, Jews averaged 13.8 years of schooling, the unaffiliated group averaged 10.3 years of schooling, Christians averaged 9.9 years of schooling, Buddhists averaged 9.7 years of schooling, Hindus averaged 7.1 years of schooling, and Muslims averaged 6.7 years of schooling. 61% of Jews, 20% of Christians, 16% of the unaffiliated, 12% of Buddhists, 10% of Hindus, and 8% of Muslims have graduate and
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researchers; also, all scores from intelligence tests are only estimates of intelligence, because one cannot achieve concrete measurements of intelligence (as one would of mass or distance) due to the conceptâs abstract nature. Religiosity is also complex, in that it involves wide variations of interactions of religious beliefs, practices, behaviors, and affiliations, across a diverse array of cultures.
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controlled for personality differences and cognitive ability, suggesting the differences were due to thinking styles â not simply IQ or raw cognitive ability. An experiment in the study found that participants moved towards greater belief in a god after writing essays about how intuition yielded a right answer or reflection yielded a wrong answer (and conversely, towards atheism if
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was unrelated. Significant positive correlations were also found between level of religious commitment and perceived EI. Thus, the
Christian volunteers were more likely to consider themselves emotionally intelligent if they spent more time in group activities and had more commitment to their beliefs.
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A 2024 review of the literature on cognitive style noted that cognitive scientists understand there to be two systems of the mind: intuition and rationality, which intersect and overlap. Though some studies initially found some correlations between rationality and cognitive style, such studies failed
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generally tends to create more qualified, doubted belief. Reflective thinking was further correlated with greater changes in beliefs since childhood: these changes were towards atheism for the most reflective participants, and towards greater belief in a god for the most intuitive thinkers. The study
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Studies on analytic thinking and nonbelievers suggest that analytical thinking does not imply better reflection on religious matters or disbelief. A cross-cultural study observed that analytic thinking was not a reliable metric to predict disbelief. A review of the literature on cognitive style found
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Recently, Ćowicki and
Zajenkowski investigated the potential associations between various aspects of religious belief and ability and trait EI. In their first study they found that ability EI was positively correlated with general level of belief in God or a higher power. Their next study, conducted
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In 2017, Calin-Jageman replicated the
Gervais 2012 experiment and found no link between analytic thinking and decrease in religious belief. In another replication attempt, another team failed to get the same results as Gervais and Noernzayan . For which, Gervais and Noernzayan acknowledged that they
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degrees. The study observed that the probability of having a college degree in the U.S. is higher for all religious minorities surveyed (perhaps partly due to selective immigration policies that favor highly skilled applicants), including the unaffiliated group which ranks in the fifth place, being
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Reviewing psychological studies on atheists, Miguel Farias noted that studies concluding that analytical thinking leads to lower religious belief "do not imply that atheists are more conscious or reflective of their own beliefs, or that atheism is the outcome of a conscious refutation of previously
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to think about either a failure of intuition or success of reflection). The authors say it is all evidence that a relevant factor in religious belief is thinking style. The authors add that, even if intuitive thinking tends to increase belief in a god, "it does not follow that reliance on intuition
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According to Mark Chaves, decades of anthropological, sociological, and psychological research have established that "religious congruence" (the assumption that religious beliefs and values are tightly integrated in an individual's mind or that religious practices and behaviors follow directly from
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A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a
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data showed that in most countries, there is no significant relationship between education and religious attendance, with some differences between "Western" countries and former socialist countries, which the authors attribute to historical, political, and economic factors, not intelligence. Other
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However, a 2016 re-analysis of the
Zuckerman et al study, found that the negative intelligence-religiosity associations were weaker and less generalizable across time, space, samples, measures, and levels of analysis, but still robust. For example, the negative intelligenceâreligiosity association
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Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are
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Tischler, Biberman and McKeage warn that there is still ambiguity in the above concepts. In their 2002 article, entitled "Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research", they reviewed literature on both EI and various aspect of
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Concerning the cognitive science studies on atheists, Johnathan Lanman notes that there are implicit and explicit beliefs which vary among individuals. An individual's atheism and theism may be related to the amount of "credibility enhancing displays" (CRED) one experiences in that those who are
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A critical review of the research on intelligence and religiosity by
Sickles et al. observed that conclusions vary widely in the literature because most studies use inconsistent and poor measures for both religiosity and intelligence. Furthermore, they noted intelligence differences seen between
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The Lynn et al. paper findings were discussed by Professor Gordon Lynch, from London's Birkbeck College, who expressed concern that the study failed to take into account a complex range of social, economic and historical factors, each of which has been shown to interact with religion and IQ in
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The parameters in this field are slightly different compared to those brought forward above: if the "level of religiosity" remains a concept which is difficult to determine scientifically, on the contrary, the "level of education" is, indeed, easy to compile, official data on this topic being
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Neurological research on mechanisms of belief and non-belief, using Christians and atheists as subjects, by Harris et al. have shown that the brain networks involved in evaluating the truthfulness of both religious and non religious statements are generally the same regardless of religiosity.
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The idea that analytical thinking makes one less likely to be religious is an idea supported by Gervais and Noernzayan's 2012 study They observed that intuitive thinking tended to increase intrinsic religiosity, intuitive religious belief and belief in supernatural entities. They also added a
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In a sample of 2307 adults in the US., IQ was found to negatively correlate with self reports of religious identification, private practice or religion, mindfulness, religious support, and fundamentalism, but not spirituality. The relationships were relatively unchanged after controlling for
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or educational level (by country and on the individual level). Religiosity and intelligence are both complex topics that include diverse variables, and the interactions among those variables are not always well understood. For instance, intelligence is often defined differently by different
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Demographic studies often show wide diversity of religious beliefs, belonging, and practices in both religious and non-religious populations. For instance, out of Americans who are not religious and not seeking religion, 68% believe in God, 12% are atheists, and 17% are agnostics; as for
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self-identification of religiosity, 18% consider themselves religious, 37% consider themselves spiritual but not religious, and 42% consider themselves neither spiritual nor religious, while 21% pray every day and 24% pray once a month. Global studies on religion also show diversity.
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In 2018, Gervais et al did a follow up study to assess if analytic thinking correlated with atheism in 13 different countries and found that cross-culturally, the relation is very weak and fickle and that culture plays a bigger role than analytic thinking on core beliefs.
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when replicated independently by scientists. Based on the updated research, there are no correlations between rationality and belief/disbelief and instead other factors such as upbringing, whether religious or not, better explains why people end up religious or not.
216:, naturalist, intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences. He chose not to include spiritual intelligence amongst his "intelligences" due to the challenge of codifying quantifiable scientific criteria, but suggested an "existential intelligence" as viable.
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A 2017 study re-analyzed the relationship between intuitive and analytical thinking and its correlation with supernatural belief among three measurements (Pilgrimage setting, supernatural attribution, brain stimulation) and found no significant correlation.
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A global study on educational attainment found that Jews, Christians, religiously unaffiliated persons, and Buddhists have, on average, higher levels of education than the global average. Numerous factors affect both educational attainment and religiosity.
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people of varying religious beliefs and non-theists is most likely the result of educational differences that are in turn the result of holding fundamentalist religious beliefs rather than the result of innate differences in intelligence between them.
273:. According to anthropologist Jack David Eller, "atheism is quite a common position, even within religion" and that "surprisingly, atheism is not the opposite or lack, let alone the enemy, of religion but is the most common form of religion."
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According to Dutton et al. negative correlations on religion may be correlated with autistic spectrum on specialized learning ability since when members of the same ethnic group are compared there are very few differences in IQ in general.
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The study on religion and intelligence has been ongoing since the 1920s and conclusions and interpretations have varied in the literature due to different measures for both religiosity and intelligence. Some studies find negative
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We therefore conclude that specialized cognitive abilities and test specificities may play a prospectively larger role in moderating the observed ability differences than g, when ethnically close-matched populations are
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Webster, Gregory D., and Ryan D. Duffy. "Losing faith in the intelligenceâreligiosity link: New evidence for a decline effect, spatial dependence, and mediation by education and life quality." Intelligence 55 (2016):
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spirituality. They found that both EI and spirituality appear to lead to similar attitudes, behaviors and skills, and that there often seems to be confusion, intersection and linking between the two constructs.
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Farias, Miguel; van Mulukom, Valerie; Kahane, Guy; Kreplin, Ute; Joyce, Anna; Soares, Pedro; Oviedo, Lluis; Hernu, Mathilde; Rokita, Karolina; Savulescu, Julian; Möttönen, Riikka (8 November 2017).
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The relationship between the level of religiosity and one's level of education has been a philosophical, as well as a scientific and political concern since the second half of the 20th century.
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Harvard researchers found evidence suggesting that all religious beliefs become more confident when participants are thinking intuitively (atheists and theists each become more convinced). Thus
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Lewis, Gary J.; Ritchie, Stuart J.; Bates, Timothy C. (November 2011). "The relationship between intelligence and multiple domains of religious belief: Evidence from a large adult US sample".
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among Polish Christians, replicated the previous result and revealed that both trait and ability EI were negatively related to extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping.
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Gervais, Will M.; van Elk, Michiel; Xygalatas, Dimitris; McKay, Ryan T.; Aveyard, Mark; Buchtel, Emma E. (May 2018). "Analytic atheism: A cross-culturally weak and fickle phenomenon?".
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Dutton, Edward; Meisenberg, Gerhard (1 April 2021). "Religiosity is Associated with a more Feminine Intelligence profile: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, 1979".
823:"The Myth of the Stupid Believer: The Negative ReligiousnessâIQ Nexus is Not on General Intelligence (g) and is Likely a Product of the Relations Between IQ and Autism Spectrum Traits"
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Others have attempted to measure intelligence indirectly by looking at individuals' or group's educational attainment, although this risks bias from other demographic factors, such as
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that there are no correlations between rationality and belief/disbelief and that upbringing, whether religious or not, better explains why people end up religious or not.
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It therefore appears that the typical socioeconomic profile of churchgoing is indeed somewhat distinctive in the United States when compared with other wealthy countries.
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are controversial since at least 70 definitions have been found among diverse fields of research. Some groups of psychologists have suggested the following definitions:
2108:
Tischler, L; Biberman, J.; McKeage, R. (2002). "Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research".
162:(IQ). IQ is a summary index, calculated by testing individuals' abilities in a variety of tasks and producing a composite score to represent overall ability, e.g.,
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A 2022 metanalysis of 89 studies found a small and weak negative correlation of -.14 and noted that the findings were not generalizable beyond a Western contexts.
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Zuckerman, Miron; Silberman, Jordan; Hall, Judith A. (2013). "The Relation Between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Meta-Analysis and Some Proposed Explanations".
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Zuckerman, Miron; Li, Chen; Lin, Shengxin; Hall, Judith A. (15 October 2019). "The Negative IntelligenceâReligiosity Relation: New and Confirming Evidence".
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In non-western countries like Korea, where religion is seen differently than in the West, non-religious people had lower mean IQs than religious persons.
554:
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951:
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593:; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; Perloff, Robert;
2321:
2234:
2011:
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1819:"Divine Intuition: Cognitive Style Influences Belief in God, by Amitai Shenhav, David G. Rand, and Joshua D. Greene at Harvard University"
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te Nijenhuis, Jan; Dutton, Edward; Choi, Kyu Yeong; Choi, Yu Yong; Lee, Jang Jae; Seo, Eun Hyun; Kim, Hoowon; Lee, Kun Ho (January 2021).
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1000:
135:, and to learn. There are several ways to more specifically define intelligence. In some cases, intelligence may include traits such as
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A small 2004 study by Ellen Paek examined the extent to which religiosity (in which only Christians were surveyed), operationalized as
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broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundingsâ"catching on," "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.
1905:
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Harris, Sam; Kaplan, Jonas T.; Curiel, Ashley; Bookheimer, Susan Y.; Iacoboni, Marco; Cohen, Mark S.; Sporns, Olaf (1 October 2009).
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108:
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Chaves, Mark (March 2010). "SSSR Presidential Address Rain Dances in the Dry Season: Overcoming the Religious Congruence Fallacy".
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exposed more to theistic CRED will likely be theist and those who have less exposure to theistic CRED will likely be atheists.
98:" (1994), an op-ed statement in the Wall Street Journal signed by fifty-two researchers (out of 131 total invited to sign).
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personality, education, age, and gender, and were typically modest. The study was limited only to Christian denominations.
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Camerer, Colin F.; Dreber, Anna; Holzmeister, Felix; Ho, Teck-Hua; Huber, JĂŒrgen; Johannesson, Magnus (27 August 2018).
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1679:"Direct replication of Gervais & Norenzayan (2012): No evidence that analytic thinking decreases religious belief"
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The effects of income become insignificant, however, the impact of education actually reverses in the United States:
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Lanman, Johnatahn (2013). "31. Atheism and Cognitive Science". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.).
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1981:
1613:
1518:
774:
549:
415:
369:
237:
1738:"Evaluating the replicability of social science experiments in Nature and Science between 2010 and 2015"
772:; John Harvey; Helmuth Nyborg (2009). "Average intelligence predicts atheism rates across 137 nations".
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159:
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is a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to
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41:
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Dutton, Edward; te Nijenhuis, Jan; Metzen, Daniel; van der Linden, Dimitri; Madison, Guy (June 2020).
1934:
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155:. However, some psychologists prefer not to include these traits in the definition of intelligence.
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411:
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144:
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Sanchez, Clinton; Sundermeier, Brian; Gray, Kenneth; Calin-Jageman, Robert J. (24 February 2017).
1581:"Do elderly religious people in South Korea have lower mean IQ than elderly non-religious people?"
1434:
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1104:
Farias, Miguel (2013). "30. Psychology of Atheism". In Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael (eds.).
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488:ââranked overall as the third most educated religious group (8.8 years of schooling) followed by
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1558:"The Relationship between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Critical Review of the Literature"
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700:"The Relationship between Intelligence and Religiosity: A Critical Review of the Literature"
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1841:"Supernatural Belief Is Not Modulated by Intuitive Thinking Style or Cognitive Inhibition"
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288:
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Paek, Ellen (2006). "Religiosity and perceived emotional intelligence among Christians".
1938:
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889:"Meta-analyzing intelligence and religiosity associations: Evidence from the multiverse"
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Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms
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2145:"Divine Emotions: On the Link Between Emotional Intelligence and Religious Belief"
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Gervais, Will M.; Norenzayan, Ara (27 August 2018). "Analytic atheism revisited".
1947:
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A widely researched index or classification of intelligence among scientists is
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24:
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2121:
1788:
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166:. It is used to predict educational outcomes and other variables of interest.
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734:
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489:
481:
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972:
932:
866:
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S. Legg; M. Hutter (2007). "A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence".
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Gardner, Howard (January 2000). "A Case Against Spiritual Intelligence".
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Different studies available show contrasting conclusions. An analysis of
319:
307:
225:
196:, which broadens the conventional definition of intelligence, to include
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and cultural background, all of which can affect educational attainment.
132:
49:
2027:
Locke, E.A. (2005). "Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept".
847:
493:
197:
111:" (1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the
53:
45:
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Sickles, Julie; Huskey, Alisa; Schrantz, Kathryn; Lack, Caleb (2015).
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Sickles, Julie; Huskey, Alisa; Schrantz, Kathryn; Lack, Caleb (2015).
131:, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use
497:
323:
178:
174:
170:
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2199:. Harvard Institute of Economic Research. p. 29. Archived from
2040:
1492:
Eller, Jack (2010). "1. What Is Atheism?". In Phil Zuckerman (ed.).
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Intelligence reframed: multiple intelligences for the 21st century
209:
1073:
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Religion and belief in gods are not necessarily synonymous since
465:
128:
1519:"Why is Intelligence Negatively Associated with Religiousness?"
1457:"Most of the Religiously Unaffiliated Still Keep Belief in God"
464:
global study on religion and education around the world ranked
2229:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 267â268.
674:
Holdcroft, Barbara (September 2006). "What is Religiosity?".
188:
has led to the development of alternative theories. In 1983,
1923:"The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief"
1817:
Shenhav, Amitai; Rand, David G.; Greene, Joshua D. (2011).
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Atheism and Secularity Vol.1: Issues, Concepts, Definitions
1411:"American Nones: The Profile of the No Religion Population"
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as the most educated (13.4 years of schooling) followed by
361:
no longer felt confident in their original 2012 findings.
2243:
it is the more educated who attend church most frequently.
887:
DĂŒrlinger, Florian; Pietschnig, Jakob (11 February 2022).
1316:
The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion
1164:
Disbelief: The Origins of Atheism in a Religious Species
435:
Studies exploring religiosity and educational attainment
402:
Studies examining religiosity and emotional intelligence
352:
Studies examining theistic and atheistic cognitive style
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In a 2013 meta-analysis of 63 studies, led by professor
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Dutton, Edward; Van der Linden, Dimitri (16 May 2017).
2144:
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Catholic Education: A Journal of Inquiry and Practice
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667:
246:
refers to degrees of religious behaviour, belief, or
1982:"THE BRAIN PROCESSES FACTS AND BELIEFS THE SAME WAY"
1193:. Pew Research Center. December 13, 2016. p. 5.
1001:"Intelligent people 'less likely to believe in God'"
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Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1080:"Religion Provides Emotional Boost to World's Poor"
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449:publicly accessible to anyone in most countries.
1614:"Analytic Thinking Promotes Religious Disbelief"
1612:Gervais, W. M.; Norenzayan, A. (26 April 2012).
1416:. American Religious Identification Survey. 2008
1248:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)"
2258:"Education and occupation profile of attenders"
1078:Crabtree, Steve; Pelham, Brett (6 March 2009).
117:
100:
1445:: Religion & Public Life. October 9, 2012.
650:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18â19.
585:
583:
581:
579:
8:
2143:Ćowicki, PaweĆ; Zajenkowski, Marcin (2016).
2056:"Emotional Intelligence? I'm not feeling it"
1385:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
1210:. Vol. 157. IOS Press. pp. 17â24.
457:studies have noted a positive relationship.
1230:
1127:
1125:
882:
880:
2275:
2273:
2271:
1157:
1155:
723:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
484:and those who describe their religion as â
414:, is related to the controversial idea of
2281:"Religion and Education Around the World"
2168:
1956:
1946:
1872:
1712:
1702:
1596:
1188:"Religion and Education Around the World"
1099:
1097:
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1093:
922:
912:
856:
846:
801:
799:
797:
693:
691:
689:
555:Relationship between religion and science
505:higher than the national average of 39%.
277:Studies comparing religious belief and IQ
16:Link between religiosity and intelligence
2286:. Pew Research Center. December 19, 2011
2225:Norris, Pippa; Ronald Inglehart (2011).
952:Personality and Social Psychology Review
816:
814:
812:
764:
762:
760:
994:
992:
990:
575:
265:exist including within traditions like
2075:Personality and Individual Differences
1585:Personality and Individual Differences
1050:Personality and Individual Differences
378:is always irrational or unjustified."
2192:Sacerdote, Bruce; Glaeser, Edward L.
1016:
1014:
7:
1980:Miller, Lisa (September 30, 2009).
599:"Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns"
2029:Journal of Organizational Behavior
1826:Journal of Experimental Psychology
1523:Evolutionary Psychological Science
113:American Psychological Association
96:Mainstream Science on Intelligence
14:
184:Dissatisfaction with traditional
164:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
109:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns
2110:Journal of Managerial Psychology
1562:Journal of Scientific Psychology
1475:"The Global Religious Landscape"
1397:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01489.x
704:Journal of Scientific Psychology
648:The Neuroscience of Intelligence
529:
515:
194:theory of multiple intelligences
2341:Factors related to intelligence
1435:"Religion and the Unaffiliated"
1288:Gardner, Howard (4 July 2006).
2316:. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
2149:Journal of Religion and Health
1900:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
1898:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
1108:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
1106:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
999:Graeme, Paton (11 June 2008).
827:Journal of Religion and Health
496:(5.6 years of schooling), and
472:(9.3 years of schooling). The
1:
1267:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8
646:Haier, Richard (2016-12-28).
545:Outline of human intelligence
1948:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272
1704:10.1371/journal.pone.0172636
1134:Judgment and Decision Making
1035:10.1016/j.intell.2011.08.002
914:10.1371/journal.pone.0262699
788:10.1016/j.intell.2008.03.004
565:Environment and intelligence
21:religiosity and intelligence
1329:10.1207/S15327582IJPR1001_3
476:âa category which includes
89:definitions of intelligence
2362:
2087:10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.016
2006:. Transaction Publishers.
1865:10.1038/s41598-017-14090-9
1598:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110298
1062:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110640
839:10.1007/s10943-019-00926-3
492:(7.9 years of schooling),
438:
280:
223:
76:
23:explores the link between
2161:10.1007/s10943-016-0335-3
2122:10.1108/02683940210423114
1789:10.1038/s41562-018-0426-0
1754:10.1038/s41562-018-0399-z
1535:10.1007/s40806-017-0101-0
1162:Gervais, Will M. (2024).
1146:10.1017/S1930297500007701
618:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77
597:; Urbina, Susana (1996).
441:Religiosity and education
56:role in those countries.
2194:"Education and Religion"
2004:Intelligence: A New Look
1350:Gardner, Howard (1999).
965:10.1177/1088868313497266
735:10.1177/0146167219879122
474:religiously unaffiliated
283:Nations and intelligence
1641:10.1126/science.1215647
1358:. Basic Books. p.
2060:EverydayPsychology.com
1777:Nature Human Behaviour
1742:Nature Human Behaviour
1290:Multiple Intelligences
550:Psychology of religion
416:emotional intelligence
238:Psychology of religion
122:
105:
68:Definitions and issues
1244:Gottfredson, Linda S.
606:American Psychologist
486:nothing in particular
408:religious orientation
263:nontheistic religions
160:intelligence quotient
79:Intelligence quotient
42:intelligence quotient
2346:Religion and science
2308:Shermer, M. (2000).
1463:. November 15, 2012.
1166:. Prometheus Books.
595:Sternberg, Robert J.
316:University of Ulster
2054:Mattiuzzi, Paul G.
1939:2009PLoSO...4.7272H
1857:2017NatSR...715100F
1695:2017PLoSO..1272636S
1633:2012Sci...336..493G
1479:Pew Research Center
1461:Pew Research Center
1443:Pew Research Center
1439:"Nones" on the Rise
905:2022PLoSO..1762699D
454:World Values Survey
412:religious behaviour
370:reflective thinking
1845:Scientific Reports
560:Heritability of IQ
2323:978-0-8050-7479-6
2236:978-1-107-64837-1
2013:978-0-7658-0707-6
1627:(6080): 493â496.
1299:978-0-465-04768-0
523:Psychology portal
420:church attendance
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2311:
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2288:. Retrieved
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2208:. Retrieved
2201:the original
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629:. Retrieved
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1084:Gallup Poll
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298:Researcher
244:religiosity
234:Religiosity
220:Religiosity
214:kinesthetic
141:personality
38:correlation
25:religiosity
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1056:: 110640.
571:References
470:Christians
462:Pew Center
312:psychology
281:See also:
230:Irreligion
224:See also:
202:linguistic
137:creativity
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1967:19794914
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743:31610740
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267:Hinduism
226:Religion
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175:income
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1719:PMID
1664:2016
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