Remote sensing - Knowledge (XXG)

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radiance value. For the same object, the pixel radiance value on the shady slope will be different from that on the sunny slope. Additionally, different objects may have similar radiance values. These ambiguities seriously affected remote sensing image information extraction accuracy in mountainous areas. It became the main obstacle to the further application of remote sensing images. The purpose of topographic correction is to eliminate this effect, recovering the true reflectivity or radiance of objects in horizontal conditions. It is the premise of

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is much greater than the lower levels. Level 2 data sets tend to be less voluminous than Level 1 data because they have been reduced temporally, spatially, or spectrally. Level 3 data sets are generally smaller than lower level data sets and thus can be dealt with without incurring a great deal of data handling overhead. These data tend to be generally more useful for many applications. The regular spatial and temporal organization of Level 3 datasets makes it feasible to readily combine data from different sources.

378: 923:) which may be related to the object of interest through a calculation. The common analogy given to describe this is trying to determine the type of animal from its footprints. For example, while it is impossible to directly measure temperatures in the upper atmosphere, it is possible to measure the spectral emissions from a known chemical species (such as carbon dioxide) in that region. The frequency of the emissions may then be related via 1159: 1436: 4960: 525:(LIDAR) is used for weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles, and to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure the heights of objects and features on the ground more accurately than radar technology. LIDAR can be used to detect ground surface changes. Vegetation remote sensing is a principal application of LIDAR. 82: 181: 1147: 4972: 4678: 763:. The rotation and orientation are often provided within a degree or two with electronic compasses. Compasses can measure not just azimuth (i. e. degrees to magnetic north), but also altitude (degrees above the horizon), since the magnetic field curves into the Earth at different angles at different latitudes. More exact orientations require 1610:, at 36,000 km (22,000 mi), allows a satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth. This type of orbit is mainly used for 1418:

porphyry copper deposits can be located. A high ratio of uranium to thorium has been found to be related to the presence of hydrothermal copper deposits. Radiation patterns have also been known to occur above oil and gas fields, but some of these patterns were thought to be due to surface soils instead of oil and gas.

906:, or as digitized half-tone images. Ultrafiches survive well in standard libraries, with lifetimes of several centuries. They can be created, copied, filed and retrieved by automated systems. They are about as compact as archival magnetic media, and yet can be read by human beings with minimal, standardized equipment. 840:

center of the image, with the distortion of measurements increasing the farther you get from the center. Another factor is that of the platen against which the film is pressed can cause severe errors when photographs are used to measure ground distances. The step in which this problem is resolved is called

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There are applications of gamma rays to mineral exploration through remote sensing. In 1972 more than two million dollars were spent on remote sensing applications with gamma rays to mineral exploration. Gamma rays are used to search for deposits of uranium. By observing radioactivity from potassium,

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in both conventional single or stereographic coverage, added skills such as the use of photogrammetry, the use of photomosaics, repeat coverage, Making use of objects' known dimensions in order to detect modifications. Image Analysis is the recently developed automated computer-aided application that

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In rugged mountains, as a result of terrain, the effective illumination of pixels varies considerably. In a remote sensing image, the pixel on the shady slope receives weak illumination and has a low radiance value, in contrast, the pixel on the sunny slope receives strong illumination and has a high

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In order to create sensor-based maps, most remote sensing systems expect to extrapolate sensor data in relation to a reference point including distances between known points on the ground. This depends on the type of sensor used. For example, in conventional photographs, distances are accurate in the

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The frequency of flyovers by the satellite or plane, and is only relevant in time-series studies or those requiring an averaged or mosaic image as in deforesting monitoring. This was first used by the intelligence community where repeated coverage revealed changes in infrastructure, the deployment of

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Many teachers have great interest in the subject "remote sensing", being motivated to integrate this topic into teaching, provided that the curriculum is considered. In many cases, this encouragement fails because of confusing information. In order to integrate remote sensing in a sustainable manner

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between the application and the understanding of satellite images. Remote sensing only plays a tangential role in schools, regardless of the political claims to strengthen the support for teaching on the subject. A lot of the computer software explicitly developed for school lessons has not yet been

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that is cheaper to collect. For agricultural statistics, field surveys are usually required, while photo-interpretation may better for land cover classes that can be reliably identified on aerial photographs or high resolution satellite images. Additional uncertainty can appear because of imperfect

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or satellite images. It is relevant to highlight that probabilistic sampling is not critical for the selection of training pixels for image classification, but it is necessary for accuracy assessment of the classified images and area estimation. Additional care is recommended to ensure that training

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on satellites have provided a wide range of data. By measuring the bulges of water caused by gravity, they map features on the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or so. By measuring the height and wavelength of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface ocean currents

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KUENZER, C. ZHANG, J., TETZLAFF, A., and S. DECH, 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing of Surface and underground Coal Fires. In (eds.) Kuenzer, C. and S. Dech 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing – Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572

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Ditter, R., Haspel, M., Jahn, M., Kollar, I., Siegmund, A., Viehrig, K., Volz, D., Siegmund, A. (2012) Geospatial technologies in school – theoretical concept and practical implementation in K-12 schools. In: International Journal of Data Mining, Modelling and Management (IJDMMM): FutureGIS: Riding

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realized that advances in science meant that aerial photography was no longer an adequate term to describe the data streams being generated by new technologies. With assistance from her fellow staff member at the Office of Naval Research, Walter Bailey, she coined the term "remote sensing". Several

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series both in overhead and stand-off collection. A more recent development is that of increasingly smaller sensor pods such as those used by law enforcement and the military, in both manned and unmanned platforms. The advantage of this approach is that this requires minimal modification to a given

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The main strength of classified satellite images or other indicators computed on satellite images is providing cheap information on the whole target area or most of it. This information usually has a good correlation with the target variable (ground truth) that is usually expensive to observe in an

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A Level 1 data record is the most fundamental (i. e., highest reversible level) data record that has significant scientific utility, and is the foundation upon which all subsequent data sets are produced. Level 2 is the first level that is directly usable for most scientific applications; its value

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Allows avoidance of radiometric errors and distortions. The illumination of objects on the Earth's surface is uneven because of different properties of the relief. This factor is taken into account in the method of radiometric distortion correction. Radiometric correction gives a scale to the pixel

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Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument data at full resolution, time-referenced, and annotated with ancillary information, including radiometric and geometric calibration coefficients and georeferencing parameters (e. g., platform ephemeris) computed and appended but not applied to the Level 0 data

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Remotely sensed multi- and hyperspectral images can be used for assessing biodiversity at different scales. Since the spectral properties of different plants species are unique, it is possible to get information about properties that relates to biodiversity such as habitat heterogeneity, spectral

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Levin, Noam; Kyba, Christopher C.M.; Zhang, Qingling; Sánchez de Miguel, Alejandro; Román, Miguel O.; Li, Xi; Portnov, Boris A.; Molthan, Andrew L.; Jechow, Andreas; Miller, Steven D.; Wang, Zhuosen; Shrestha, Ranjay M.; Elvidge, Christopher D. (February 2020). "Remote sensing of night lights: A

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and involves computer-aided matching of points in the image (typically 30 or more points per image) which is extrapolated with the use of an established benchmark, "warping" the image to produce accurate spatial data. As of the early 1990s, most satellite images are sold fully georeferenced.

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produced by visual photo-interpretation, with a legend of mapped classes that suits our purpose, taking again the example of wheat. The straightforward approach is counting the number of pixels classified as wheat and multiplying by the area of each pixel. Many authors have noticed that

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provide very useful information to produce statistics on topics closely related to the territory, such as agriculture, forestry or land cover in general. The first large project to apply Landsata 1 images for statistics was LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment), run by NASA,

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In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with the largest number of satellites operated by US-based company

1176:) made photographs of Paris from his balloon in 1858. Messenger pigeons, kites, rockets and unmanned balloons were also used for early images. With the exception of balloons, these first, individual images were not particularly useful for map making or for scientific purposes. 1355:

implemented due to its complexity. Thereby, the subject is either not at all integrated into the curriculum or does not pass the step of an interpretation of analogue images. In fact, the subject of remote sensing requires a consolidation of physics and mathematics as well as

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The number of different intensities of radiation the sensor is able to distinguish. Typically, this ranges from 8 to 14 bits, corresponding to 256 levels of the gray scale and up to 16,384 intensities or "shades" of colour, in each band. It also depends on the instrument

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Old data from remote sensing is often valuable because it may provide the only long-term data for a large extent of geography. At the same time, the data is often complex to interpret, and bulky to store. Modern systems tend to store the data digitally, often with

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are the most common instrument in use, collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave, gamma-ray, and rarely, ultraviolet. They may also be used to detect the

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Elimination of atmospheric haze by rescaling each frequency band so that its minimum value (usually realised in water bodies) corresponds to a pixel value of 0. The digitizing of data also makes it possible to manipulate the data by changing gray-scale

304:). It may be split into "active" remote sensing (when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft to the object and its reflection is detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor). 650:

produces an image where each pixel has full spectral information with imaging narrow spectral bands over a contiguous spectral range. Hyperspectral imagers are used in various applications including mineralogy, biology, defence, and environmental

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The development of artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century allowed remote sensing to progress to a global scale as of the end of the Cold War. Instrumentation aboard various Earth observing and weather satellites such as

1191:"There is no longer any need to preach for aerial photography-not in the United States- for so widespread has become its use and so great its value that even the farmer who plants his fields in a remote corner of the country knows its value." 658:, remote sensing allows researchers to follow up and monitor risk areas in the long term, to determine desertification factors, to support decision-makers in defining relevant measures of environmental management, and to assess their impacts. 437:

The basis for multispectral collection and analysis is that of examined areas or objects that reflect or emit radiation that stand out from surrounding areas. For a summary of major remote sensing satellite systems see the overview table.

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Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a sub-discipline of GIScience devoted to partitioning remote sensing (RS) imagery into meaningful image-objects, and assessing their characteristics through spatial, spectral and temporal scale.

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Rocchini, Duccio; Boyd, Doreen S.; Féret, Jean-Baptiste; Foody, Giles M.; He, Kate S.; Lausch, Angela; Nagendra, Harini; Wegmann, Martin; Pettorelli, Nathalie (February 2016). Skidmore, Andrew; Chauvenet, Alienor (eds.).

898:. The difficulty with this approach is that the data is fragile, the format may be archaic, and the data may be easy to falsify. One of the best systems for archiving data series is as computer-generated machine-readable 973:

Level 1a data that have been processed to sensor units (e. g., radar backscatter cross section, brightness temperature, etc.); not all instruments have Level 1b data; level 0 data is not recoverable from level 1b data.

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Simultaneous multi-spectral platforms such as Landsat have been in use since the 1970s. These thematic mappers take images in multiple wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on

1187:. After WWI, remote sensing technology was quickly adapted to civilian applications. This is demonstrated by the first line of a 1941 textbook titled "Aerophotography and Aerosurverying," which stated the following: 318: 315: 758:

To coordinate a series of large-scale observations, most sensing systems depend on the following: platform location and the orientation of the sensor. High-end instruments now often use positional information from

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made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed.

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While these processing levels are particularly suitable for typical satellite data processing pipelines, other data level vocabularies have been defined and may be appropriate for more heterogeneous workflows.

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Stork, E.J., Sakamoto, S.O., and Cowan, R.M. (1999) "The integration of science explorations through the use of earth images in middle school curriculum", Proc. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 37, 1801–1817

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Interpretation is the critical process of making sense of the data. The first application was that of aerial photographic collection which used the following process; spatial measurement through the use of a

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Remote sensing has been used to detect rare plants to aid in conservation efforts. Prediction, detection, and the ability to record biophysical conditions were possible from medium to very high resolutions.

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Variables mapped on uniform spacetime grid scales, usually with some completeness and consistency (e. g., missing points interpolated, complete regions mosaicked together from multiple orbits, etc.).

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observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometers (310 to 370 mi). Lower orbits have significant

366:. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered from the target. 1326:

Remote Sensing has a growing relevance in the modern information society. It represents a key technology as part of the aerospace industry and bears increasing economic relevance – new sensors e.g.

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Reconstructed, unprocessed instrument and payload data at full resolution, with any and all communications artifacts (e. g., synchronization frames, communications headers, duplicate data) removed.

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spectrum, ranging from a spectral resolution of 0.7 to 2.1 μm. The Hyperion sensor on Earth Observing-1 resolves 220 bands from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, with a spectral resolution of 0.10 to 0.11 μm per band.

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IGARSS 2000. IEEE 2000 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Taking the Pulse of the Planet: The Role of Remote Sensing in Managing the Environment. Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37120)

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from thematic mapping can be used to prospect for minerals, detect or monitor land usage, detect invasive vegetation, deforestation, and examine the health of indigenous plants and crops (

2667: 1350:; in 2006 alone the software was downloaded 100 million times. But studies have shown that only a fraction of them know more about the data they are working with. There exists a huge 578:. They determined that manmade items possess polarimetric signatures that are not found in natural objects. These conclusions were drawn from the imaging of military trucks, like the 3363:

Zhen, Z (2013). "Impact of training and validation sample selection on classification accuracy and accuracy assessment when using reference polygons in object-based classification".

2664:"Begni G. Escadafal R. Fontannaz D. and Hong-Nga Nguyen A.-T. (2005). Remote sensing: a tool to monitor and assess desertification. Les dossiers thématiques du CSFD. Issue 2. 44 pp" 1636: 1048: 4587:

Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C. (2006).

1758: 640:. Landsat images are used by regulatory agencies such as KYDOW to indicate water quality parameters including Secchi depth, chlorophyll density, and total phosphorus content. 1318:

techniques leading to the first notable enhancement of imagery data. In 1999 the first commercial satellite (IKONOS) collecting very high resolution imagery was launched.

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Howard, A.; et al. (19 August 2015). "Remote sensing and habitat mapping for bearded capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus): landscapes for the use of stone tools".

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Kuenzer, C. and S. Dech 2013: Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing – Sensors, Methods, Applications. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 17, 572 pp.,

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Model output or results from analyses of lower level data (i. e., variables that were not measured by the instruments but instead are derived from these measurements).

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Why 'where' matters : understanding and profiting from GPS, GIS, and remote sensing : practical advice for individuals, communities, companies and countries

3259: 754:: Ultrasound sensors, that emit high-frequency pulses and listening for echoes, used for detecting water waves and water level, as in tide gauges or for towing tanks. 3694: 1022: 3927: 1334:

are developed constantly and the demand for skilled labour is increasing steadily. Furthermore, remote sensing exceedingly influences everyday life, ranging from

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Schweiger, Anna K.; Cavender-Bares, Jeannine; Townsend, Philip A.; Hobbie, Sarah E.; Madritch, Michael D.; Wang, Ran; Tilman, David; Gamon, John A. (June 2018).

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is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The

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are examples of active remote sensing where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the location, speed and direction of an object.

316: 413:, which in conjunction with larger scale aerial or ground-based sensing and analysis, provides researchers with enough information to monitor trends such as 1262:

to other planets have also provided the opportunity to conduct remote sensing studies in extraterrestrial environments, synthetic aperture radar aboard the

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spacecraft of European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about 700 km (430 mi). The Earth observation satellites of UAE,

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units or the modification/introduction of equipment. Cloud cover over a given area or object makes it necessary to repeat the collection of said location.

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Derived geophysical variables (e. g., ocean wave height, soil moisture, ice concentration) at the same resolution and location as Level 1 source data.

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The wavelength of the different frequency bands recorded – usually, this is related to the number of frequency bands recorded by the platform. Current

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such as wind speed and direction within weather systems in addition to precipitation location and intensity. Other types of active collection includes

1515: 1506:, for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to the discovery of the Earth's 604:

by imagery and terrain analysts in trafficability and highway departments for potential routes, in addition to modelling terrestrial habitat features.

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Sannier, C (2014). "Using the regression estimator with landsat data to estimate proportion forest cover and net proportion deforestation in gabon".

3019:, Earth Observing System, Data and Information System, Data Panel Report, Vol. IIa., NASA Technical Memorandum 87777, June 1986, 62 pp. Available at 2961: 2187:

Hu, Liuru; Navarro-Hernández, María I.; Liu, Xiaojie; Tomás, Roberto; Tang, Xinming; Bru, Guadalupe; Ezquerro, Pablo; Zhang, Qingtao (October 2022).

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or geometric. Overhead gravity data collection was first used in aerial submarine detection. This data revealed minute perturbations in the Earth's

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C. Bayindir; J. D. Frost; C. F. Barnes (January 2018). "Assessment and enhancement of SAR noncoherent change detection of sea-surface oil spills".

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in 1974–77. Many other application projects on crop area estimation have followed, including the Italian AGRIT project and the MARS project of the

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are a key signature of human activity. Applications include remote sensing of population, GDP, and damage to infrastructure from war or disasters.

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To facilitate the discussion of data processing in practice, several processing "levels" were first defined in 1986 by NASA as part of its

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Kuznetsov, V.D.; Sinelnikov, V.M.; Alpert, S.N. (June 2015). "Yakov Alpert: Sputnik-1 and the first satellite ionospheric experiment".

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that may be used to determine changes in the mass distribution of the Earth, which in turn may be used for geophysical studies, as in

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2012: Satellite Remote Sensing - A new tool for Archaeology. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing Series, Volume 16, 364 pp.,

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provides different methods to combine accurate information on a sample with less accurate, but exhaustive, data for a covariable or

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Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring

165: 4015: 2189:"Analysis of regional large-gradient land subsidence in the Alto Guadalentín Basin (Spain) using open-access aerial LiDAR datasets" 456: 1666: 469:

Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early warning, and certain large-scale meteorological data.

429:, oil spill detection and monitoring, and national security and overhead, ground-based and stand-off collection on border areas. 327: 3852: 99: 70: 331: 146: 103: 4446:"Best practice guidelines for pre-launch characterization and calibration of instruments for passive optical remote sensing" 2812:"Plant spectral diversity integrates functional and phylogenetic components of biodiversity and predicts ecosystem function" 2392:

Corradino, Claudia; Ganci, Gaetana; Cappello, Annalisa; Bilotta, Giuseppe; Hérault, Alexis; Del Negro, Ciro (January 2019).

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moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in

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Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.

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Corradino, Claudia; Ganci, Gaetana; Bilotta, Giuseppe; Cappello, Annalisa; Del Negro, Ciro; Fortuna, Luigi (January 2019).

118: 1788: 1738: 1676: 668: 451: 3023: 792:– typically pixels may correspond to square areas ranging in side length from 1 to 1,000 metres (3.3 to 3,280.8 ft). 4729: 4588: 1356: 3942: 38: 3734: 1448: 1428: 864: 760: 609: 522: 422: 125: 3794:

The Indian Society of International Law - Newsletter: VOL. 15, No. 4, October - December 2016 (Report). Brill. 2018.

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is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors include film

273:). It also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications, among others. 1406: 1376: 1364: 764: 632:), including entire farming regions or forests. Prominent scientists using remote sensing for this purpose include 4370: 2873:

Cerrejón, Carlos; Valeria, Osvaldo; Marchand, Philippe; Caners, Richard T.; Fenton, Nicole J. (18 February 2021).

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The modern discipline of remote sensing arose with the development of flight. The balloonist G. Tournachon (alias

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Allen, J.D. "A Look at the Remote Sensing Applications Program of the National Agricultural Statistics Service".

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Earth Science Reference Handbook – A Guide to NASA's Earth Science Program and Earth Observing Satellite Missions

2246:"Utility of multitemporal lidar for forest and carbon monitoring: Tree growth, biomass dynamics, and carbon flux" 1697: 1303: 1238:

airframe. Later imaging technologies would include infrared, conventional, Doppler and synthetic aperture radar.

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and steadily adopted since then, both internally at NASA (e. g.,) and elsewhere (e. g.,); these definitions are:

629: 426: 301: 4116: 1498:, by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the 132: 3469:"The effects of imperfect reference data on remote sensing-assisted estimators of land cover class proportions" 2394:"Mapping Recent Lava Flows at Mount Etna Using Multispectral Sentinel-2 Images and Machine Learning Techniques" 1507: 1494:

The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to the launch of the first artificial satellite,

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Foody, G.M. (1994). "Estimation of tropical forest extent and regenerative stage using remotely sensed data".

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The quality of remote sensing data consists of its spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolutions.

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Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding areas. Reflected

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used spectrometers and imagers to hunt for evidence of past or present water and volcanic activity on Mars.

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Ambrosio Flores, L (2000). "Land cover estimation in small areas using ground survey and remote sensing".

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Multispectral, Hyperspectral, and Three-Dimensional Imaging Research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory

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or reference data to train and validate image classification require a field survey if we are targetting

1671: 1601: 1550: 1117: 1085: 1030: 919:) may not be directly measured, there exists some other variable that can be detected and measured (the 647: 4194: 4142: 3645: 2690: 2165: 4785: 4705: 4500: 4304: 3591: 3556: 3521: 3480: 3441: 3372: 3337: 3302: 3232: 3186: 3143: 2886: 2823: 2758: 2702: 2589: 2497:

Mills, J.P.; et al. (1997). "Photogrammetry from Archived Digital Imagery for Seal Monitoring".

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Makki, Ihab; Younes, Rafic; Francis, Clovis; Bianchi, Tiziano; Zucchetti, Massimo (1 February 2017).

2405: 2315: 2257: 2200: 2127: 2090: 1927: 1173: 1069: 895: 1911:"Spatiotemporal analysis of urban environment based on the vegetation–impervious surface–soil model" 1518:(TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space. 1391:, or Spatial Discovery, to promote media and method qualifications as well as independent learning. 4976: 1793: 1733: 1607: 1409:. A large number of proprietary and open source applications exist to process remote sensing data. 1089: 1034: 824: 795: 767:, periodically realigned by different methods including navigation from stars or known benchmarks. 702: 676: 1359:

in the fields of media and methods apart from the mere visual interpretation of satellite images.

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Datla, R.U.; Rice, J.P.; Lykke, K.R.; Johnson, B.C.; Butler, J.J.; Xiong, X. (March–April 2011).

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Achard, F (2002). "Determination of deforestation rates of the world's humid tropical forests".

2985:"Мethod of radiometric distortion correction of multispectral data for the earth remote sensing" 2244:

Zhao, Kaiguang; Suarez, Juan C; Garcia, Mariano; Hu, Tongxi; Wang, Cheng; Londo, Alexis (2018).

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values, e. g. the monochromatic scale of 0 to 255 will be converted to actual radiance values.

706: 688: 641: 597: 377: 1867: 5003: 4964: 4890: 4880: 4812: 4797: 4600: 4508: 4489:"How Can Remote Sensing Help Monitor Tropical Moist Forest Degradation?—A Systematic Review" 4465: 4457: 4312: 4267: 4259: 4065: 3972: 3795: 3626: 3599: 3564: 3529: 3488: 3449: 3380: 3345: 3310: 3265: 3240: 3194: 3151: 2996: 2939: 2894: 2831: 2774: 2766: 2710: 2643: 2597: 2549: 2506: 2471: 2413: 2372: 2331: 2323: 2265: 2216: 2208: 2135: 2098: 2051: 1935: 1824: 1718: 1286: 1077: 537: 478: 297: 139: 4330: 4058:"Mission Geography: Linking national geography standards, innovative technologies and NASA" 3121:

Regional Crop Inventories in Europe Assisted by Remote Sensing: 1988-1993. Synthesis Report

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Innocenti, Fabrizio; Robinson, Rod; Gardiner, Tom; Finlayson, Andrew; Connor, Andy (2017).

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and other natural long and short term phenomena. Other uses include different areas of the

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Stehman, S. (2019). "Key issues in rigorous accuracy assessment of land cover products".

3001: 2984: 1502:. The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, 1258:

provided global measurements of various data for civil, research, and military purposes.

4504: 4308: 3595: 3560: 3525: 3484: 3445: 3376: 3341: 3306: 3236: 3190: 3147: 2890: 2827: 2762: 2706: 2593: 2467: 2409: 2319: 2261: 2204: 2131: 2094: 1931: 1158: 4952: 4860: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4589:"Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects" 4470: 4445: 4272: 4247: 4007: 3976: 3799: 3630: 3261:

Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, Third Edition

2943: 2554: 2533: 1830: 1748: 1687: 1534: 1435: 1339: 1299: 1263: 1247: 924: 633: 502: 398: 63: 3900: 3244: 568:

Radiometers and radar onboard of satellites can be used to monitor volcanic eruptions

288:

technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. It includes the surface and the

4992: 4875: 4837: 4690: 4572: 2916: 2859: 2746: 2730: 2518: 2345: 2063: 1487:; some EO satellites may perform remote sensing without forming pictures, such as in 1464: 1368: 1294: 1230: 710: 587: 474: 470: 418: 386: 242: 4087: 3844: 3493: 3468: 3413:

Bauer, M.E. (1978). "Area estimation of crops by digital analysis of Landsat data".

2811: 2796: 2475: 2147: 1949: 1713: 1703: 1597: 1347: 1222: 1151: 1044: 1040: 965:(or if applied, in a manner that level 0 is fully recoverable from level 1a data). 841: 672: 637: 390: 262: 188: 4612: 3510:"Assessing the accuracy of land cover change with imperfect ground reference data" 3065:, GRAS Satellite Application Facility, Version 1.2.1, 31 March 2009. Available at 2989:

Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics

2571:"Finescale ecological niche modeling provides evidence that lactating gray seals ( 1405:

Remote sensing data are processed and analyzed with computer software, known as a

1285:

Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, the development of

848:

In addition, images may need to be radiometrically and atmospherically corrected.

574:

has been reported to be useful for target tracking purposes by researchers at the

540:

of various chemicals, providing data on chemical concentrations in the atmosphere.

3603: 3384: 2079:"Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) Measurements of Landfill Methane Emissions" 1183:

was developed for military surveillance and reconnaissance purposes beginning in

4926: 4790: 4780: 3293:

Stehman, S. (2013). "Estimating Area from an Accuracy Assessment Error Matrix".

1593: 1523: 1476: 1472: 1259: 1184: 1135: 882: 741: 593: 571: 363: 351: 258: 218: 202: 192: 81: 4069: 3042:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. Available at 2747:"Satellite remote sensing to monitor species diversity: potential and pitfalls" 2433: 180: 4921: 4817: 4316: 4057: 3568: 3533: 3453: 3349: 3314: 2835: 2714: 2327: 2269: 2212: 1803: 1798: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1661: 1578: 1574: 1503: 1499: 1372: 1327: 1279: 1123: 899: 751: 745: 698: 621: 532: 528: 498: 482: 473:

is used by local law enforcements' monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced

414: 289: 266: 230: 210: 17: 4616: 3984: 3690: 2908: 2843: 2788: 2722: 2483: 2230: 2139: 1909:

Guo, Huadong; Huang, Qingni; Li, Xinwu; Sun, Zhongchang; Zhang, Ying (2013).

4911: 4807: 3198: 2510: 2188: 1495: 1452: 1146: 1065: 512: 461: 281: 250: 238: 234: 4487:

Dupuis, Chloé; Lejeune, Philippe; Michez, Adrien; Fayolle, Adeline (2020).

4479: 4356: 4281: 3206: 2851: 2055: 1940: 1130:, we may need different indicators to be computed from images, such as the 748:(after they occur) by comparing the relative intensity and precise timings. 734:, listening for the sound made by another object (a vessel, a whale etc.); 4677: 3430:"Good practices for estimating area and assessing accuracy of land change" 3269: 4461: 4450:

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

3617:

Carfagna, E. (2005). "Using remote sensing for agricultural statistics".

3429: 3020: 2930:

Carfagna, E. (2005). "Using remote sensing for agricultural statistics".

2648: 2631: 2570: 1558: 1479:

and others. The most common type are Earth imaging satellites, that take

1331: 1311: 1251: 1202: 1201:

The development of remote sensing technology reached a climax during the

805: 625: 494: 402: 355: 347: 4357:"How many Earth observation satellites are orbiting the planet in 2021?" 4263: 3509: 2779: 2221: 409:

Orbital platforms collect and transmit data from different parts of the

4931: 4916: 4745: 4513: 4488: 3992: 3960: 3926:

Fussell, Jay; Rundquist, Donald; Harrington, John A. (September 1986).

3582:

Gallego, F.J. (2004). "Remote sensing and land cover area estimation".

3163: 2418: 2393: 2377: 2360: 2336: 1566: 1546: 1538: 1511: 801: 694: 394: 323: 270: 254: 214: 4400: 4374: 3067:

http://www.grassaf.org/general-documents/products/grassaf_pum_v121.pdf

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are all operated at altitudes of about 800 km (500 mi). The

4709: 4112: 2283:

Just Sit Right Back and You'll Hear a Tale, a Tale of a Plankton Trip

1651: 1293:. The use of the term "remote sensing" began in the early 1960s when 617: 579: 293: 285: 226: 59:

Acquisition of information at a significant distance from the subject

4604: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4037:

the Wave of a Growing Geospatial Technology Literate Society; Vol. X

3155: 2438:

Proceedings of the International Conference on International Fusion

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Generally speaking, remote sensing works on the principle of the

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Remote sensing of the environment: an Earth resource perspective

1346:. As an example, 80% of the German students use the services of 1234: 1218: 1210: 1206: 221:. The term is applied especially to acquiring information about 213:

without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to

4718: 3085:

Houston, A.H. "Use of satellite data in agricultural surveys".

2875:"No place to hide: Rare plant detection through remote sensing" 1632:

Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance

1051:

if we look at wider classes that can be reliably identified on

3398:

Czaplewski, R.L. "Misclassification bias in areal estimates".

3044:

http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftp_docs/2006ReferenceHandbook.pdf

1307: 1275: 75: 4138: 2245: 1084:

unbiased and accurate way. Therefore it can be observed on a

709:. Geometric remote sensing includes position and deformation 4190: 3905:. Internet Archive. Manotick, ON : Kim Geomatics Corp. 2452:"A survey of landmine detection using hyperspectral imaging" 1221:, or specifically designed collection platforms such as the 804:

collection is that of seven bands, including several in the

401:

of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the

1729:

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

425:, agricultural fields such as land usage and conservation, 4714: 3679:"A bird's-eye view of the battlefield: aerial photography" 2361:"Smart Decision Support Systems for Volcanic Applications" 4246:

Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008).

1514:

spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's

338:

Remote sensing can be divided into two types of methods:

2632:"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in the Era of Big Data" 1467:

and similar ones intended for non-military uses such as

1047:

or individual forest species, but may be substituted by

590:

and spectropolarimetric VNIR Spectropolarimetric Imager.

3874:

Campbell, James B.; Wynne, Randolph H. (21 June 2011).

1826:

Remote sensing: models and methods for image processing

859:

Topographic correction (also called terrain correction)

229:. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including 42: 4653:

Remote sensing digital image analysis: an introduction

4632:

Lillesand, T. M.; R. W. Kiefer; J. W. Chipman (2003).

4543:

Digital Image Processing: a Remote Sensing Perspective

4220:(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 267. 4164: 3258:

Congalton, Russell G.; Green, Kass (25 January 2019).

1637:

American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

1541:

maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation satellites

1056:

and validation datasets are not spatially correlated.

3878:(5th ed.). New York London: The Guilford Press. 3765:"Military Imaging and Surveillance Technology (MIST)" 1981:

Essential Image Processing for GIS and Remote Sensing

1759:

National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

1205:

with the use of modified combat aircraft such as the

671:, usually combining classified satellite images with 744:

taken at different locations can locate and measure

4904: 4846: 4773: 4752: 2534:"Topographic spatial characterisation of grey seal 1059:We suppose now that we have classified images or a 106:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4399:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from 4373:. Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre. Archived from 3723:(1st ed.). York, PA: The Maple Press Company. 3473:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 2691:"Remote sensing of terrestrial plant biodiversity" 2538:breeding habitat at a sub-seal size spatial grain" 2456:ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 915:: while the object or phenomenon of interest (the 326:was used to identify areas of conservation in the 4218:Applications of Gamma Radiation in Remote Sensing 3965:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2575:) prefer access to fresh water in order to drink" 2432:Goldberg, A.; Stann, B.; Gupta, N. (July 2003). " 1266:spacecraft provided detailed topographic maps of 330:, and how it was used to help map an area called 4397:"DubaiSat-1, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE" 4371:"DubaiSat-2, Earth Observation Satellite of UAE" 3123:. Luxembourg: Office for Publications of the EC. 3087:Communications in Statistics. Theory and Methods 1439:Six Earth observation satellites comprising the 549:Examples of remote sensing equipment deployed by 2689:Wang, Ran; Gamon, John A. (15 September 2019). 1978:Liu, Jian Guo & Mason, Philippa J. (2009). 1189: 3935:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 3415:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 3400:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 2630:Zhang, Chuanrong; Li, Xinba (September 2022). 397:features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and 4730: 4248:"Fifty Years of Earth-observation Satellites" 8: 4056:Bednarz, S.W.; Whisenant, S.E. (July 2000). 3961:"The Office of Naval Research and Geography" 3038:C. L. Parkinson, A. Ward, M. D. King (Eds.) 561:Radiometers are also used at night, because 3845:"SOHO - Solar and Heliospheric Observatory" 2162:"Science@nasa - Technology: Remote Sensing" 1592:To get global coverage with a low orbit, a 26: 4737: 4723: 4715: 3714: 3712: 2751:Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation 1709:IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society 1101:reference data (ground truth or similar). 675:data collected on a sample selected on an 4512: 4469: 4271: 4064:. Vol. 6. pp. 2780–2782 vol.6. 3492: 3000: 2898: 2778: 2647: 2553: 2417: 2376: 2335: 2220: 2102: 1939: 1516:Television Infrared Observation Satellite 669:Agricultural and environmental statistics 166:Learn how and when to remove this message 4699:) is being considered for deletion. See 4113:"FIS – Remote Sensing in School Lessons" 1869:Remote sensing: the image chain approach 941: 644:are used in meteorology and climatology. 487:Interferometric synthetic aperture radar 32:This is an accepted version of this page 4634:Remote sensing and image interpretation 3677:Head of photographs at (4 April 2014). 3584:International Journal of Remote Sensing 3365:International Journal of Remote Sensing 2306:review and an outlook for the future". 1815: 1451:or Earth remote sensing satellite is a 1274:allowed studies to be performed on the 654:Within the scope of the combat against 28: 4593:International Journal of Wildland Fire 4018:from the original on 28 September 2021 3855:from the original on 18 September 2021 3818:Solar System Exploration: NASA Science 3021:http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860021622 1381:FIS – Remote Sensing in School Lessons 1122:If we target other variables, such as 4197:from the original on 29 November 2014 3745:from the original on 19 February 2019 3264:(3 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. 3218: 3216: 662:diversity and plant functional trait. 7: 4971: 4429:(3rd ed.). The Guilford Press. 4337:. New Mexico Museum of Space History 4119:from the original on 26 October 2012 3824:from the original on 19 October 2021 3002:10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-4-595-602 2023:from the original on 4 February 2016 1744:List of Earth observation satellites 1154:reconnaissance/surveillance aircraft 433:Types of data acquisition techniques 104:adding citations to reliable sources 4171:from the original on 17 August 2018 3775:from the original on 18 August 2021 3656:from the original on 18 August 2021 2964:from the original on 2 October 2016 2569:Stewart, J.E.; et al. (2014). 1647:Asian Association on Remote Sensing 1443:satellite constellation as of 2014. 927:to the temperature in that region. 3977:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1979.tb01235.x 3800:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9920-2016004 3721:Aerophotography and Aerosurverying 3631:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2005.tb00155.x 2944:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2005.tb00155.x 2555:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2001.tb00198.x 1890:from the original on 24 April 2016 1704:Ground truth § Remote sensing 57: 4703:to help reach a consensus. › 2611:from the original on 13 July 2021 2532:Twiss, S.D.; et al. (2001). 2044:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1959:from the original on 19 July 2018 1919:Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1769:Normalized difference water index 1754:Multispectral pattern recognition 1250:and more recent missions such as 551:or interfaced with oceanographic 4970: 4959: 4958: 4946: 4676: 4651:Richards, J. A.; X. Jia (2006). 3619:International Statistical Review 2932:International Statistical Review 2670:from the original on 26 May 2019 1823:Schowengerdt, Robert A. (2007). 1667:First images of Earth from space 1427:This section is an excerpt from 328:Democratic Republic of the Congo 80: 4526:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. 4145:from the original on 2 May 2018 4008:"Ames Research Center Overview" 3494:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.06.002 2476:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2016.12.009 1847:from the original on 1 May 2016 1589:of various parts of the Earth. 1282:, just to name a few examples. 902:, usually in typefonts such as 280:generally refers to the use of 91:needs additional citations for 71:Remote sensing (disambiguation) 4545:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 4427:Introduction to remote sensing 3941:(9): 1507–1511. Archived from 3876:Introduction to Remote Sensing 3102:Journal of Official Statistics 2816:Nature Ecology & Evolution 1413:Remote Sensing with gamma rays 1080:do not compensate each other 1074:commission and omission errors 612:, including (for example) the 442:Applications of remote sensing 381:Illustration of remote sensing 1: 4191:"Landmap – Spatial Discovery" 4006:Colen, Jerry (8 April 2015). 3843:Garner, Rob (15 April 2015). 3549:Remote Sensing of Environment 3514:Remote Sensing of Environment 3434:Remote Sensing of Environment 3330:Remote Sensing of Environment 3295:Remote Sensing of Environment 3245:10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00114-0 3225:Remote Sensing of Environment 2695:Remote Sensing of Environment 2308:Remote Sensing of Environment 2250:Remote Sensing of Environment 2193:Remote Sensing of Environment 1789:Remote monitoring and control 1739:Liquid crystal tunable filter 1677:Geographic information system 1537:, which makes frequent orbit 1371:encourage the development of 600:have often been used to make 576:U.S. Army Research Laboratory 452:Remote sensing in archaeology 3928:"On defining remote sensing" 3604:10.1080/01431160310001619607 3385:10.1080/01431161.2013.810822 3017:Report of the EOS data panel 1866:Schott, John Robert (2007). 765:gyroscopic-aided orientation 761:satellite navigation systems 610:Earth observation satellites 584:acousto-optic tunable filter 493:of large scale terrain (See 4891:Precession of the equinoxes 3899:Ryerson, Robert A. (2010). 2879:Diversity and Distributions 1585:(LEO) orbits and providing 1449:Earth observation satellite 1429:Earth observation satellite 1270:, while instruments aboard 865:quantitative remote sensing 572:Spectropolarimetric Imaging 523:Light detection and ranging 489:is used to produce precise 423:natural resource management 276:In current usage, the term 5020: 4655:(4th ed.). Springer. 4297:Advances in Space Research 4070:10.1109/IGARSS.2000.859713 3959:Pruitt, Evelyn L. (1979). 2499:The Photogrammetric Record 1622: 1426: 1407:remote sensing application 1398: 722:Acoustic and near-acoustic 686: 582:, and trailers with their 563:artificial light emissions 445: 68: 61: 4940: 4317:10.1016/j.asr.2015.02.033 3569:10.1016/j.rse.2013.09.015 3534:10.1016/j.rse.2010.05.003 3454:10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.015 3350:10.1016/j.rse.2019.05.018 3315:10.1016/j.rse.2013.01.016 2836:10.1038/s41559-018-0551-1 2715:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111218 2328:10.1016/j.rse.2019.111443 2270:10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.007 2213:10.1016/j.rse.2022.113218 1698:Global Positioning System 1612:meteorological satellites 1508:Van Allen radiation belts 1304:NASA Ames Research Center 630:satellite crop monitoring 475:meteorological collection 427:greenhouse gas monitoring 302:electromagnetic radiation 4701:templates for discussion 4425:Campbell, J. B. (2002). 3650:Air & Space Magazine 2140:10.1109/JOE.2017.2714818 1469:environmental monitoring 1068:is that it is generally 491:digital elevation models 448:Remote sensing (geology) 411:electromagnetic spectrum 322:This video is about how 185:Synthetic aperture radar 62:Not to be confused with 39:latest accepted revision 4636:(5th ed.). Wiley. 3199:10.1126/science.1070656 3136:Journal of Biogeography 3026:27 October 2021 at the 2983:Grigoriev А.N. (2015). 2511:10.1111/0031-868X.00080 1874:Oxford University Press 1401:Remote sensing software 1363:organizations like the 4541:Jensen, J. R. (2005). 4522:Jensen, J. R. (2007). 3719:Bagley, James (1941). 2293:NASA Earth Expeditions 2288:10 August 2021 at the 2056:10.1117/1.JRS.9.096020 1941:10.1117/1.JRS.8.084597 1764:National LIDAR Dataset 1642:Archaeological imagery 1602:Sun-synchronous orbits 1489:GNSS radio occultation 1444: 1322:Training and education 1199: 1169: 1155: 1114:calibration estimators 937:Earth Observing System 931:Data processing levels 886:is in increasing use. 871:Atmospheric correction 852:Radiometric correction 812:Radiometric resolution 788:that is recorded in a 697:remote sensing can be 557: 465: 382: 360:charge-coupled devices 344:Active remote sensing. 340:Passive remote sensing 335: 247:exploration geophysics 201:is the acquisition of 195: 4871:Earth's gravity field 4866:Earth's energy budget 3814:"In Depth | Magellan" 3646:"Flight of the Giant" 3467:Mcroberts, R (2018). 3428:Olofsson, P. (2014). 3270:10.1201/9780429052729 3049:15 April 2010 at the 2582:Marine Mammal Science 2019:. SPIE Professional. 1672:Full spectral imaging 1551:European Space Agency 1455:used or designed for 1438: 1161: 1149: 1118:small area estimators 1031:Joint Research Centre 687:Further information: 648:Hyperspectral imaging 547: 459: 446:Further information: 389:in areas such as the 380: 321: 183: 4786:Computer cartography 4685:at Wikimedia Commons 4462:10.6028/jres.116.009 4331:"James A. Van Allen" 3735:"Air Force Magazine" 3508:Foody, G.M. (2010). 3072:26 July 2011 at the 2649:10.3390/land11101692 2168:on 29 September 2006 2017:"Saving the monkeys" 1379:. Examples include: 1110:regression estimator 1086:probabilistic sample 896:lossless compression 771:Data characteristics 284:- or aircraft-based 100:improve this article 69:For other uses, see 4905:Related disciplines 4571:Lasaponara, R. and 4505:2020RemS...12.1087D 4309:2015AdSpR..55.2833K 4264:10.1511/2008.74.390 3739:www.airforcemag.com 3683:The Daily Telegraph 3675:IWM, Alan Wakefield 3596:2004IJRS...25.3019G 3561:2014RSEnv.151..138S 3526:2010RSEnv.114.2271F 3485:2018JPRS..142..292M 3446:2014RSEnv.148...42O 3377:2013IJRS...34.6914Z 3342:2019RSEnv.23111199S 3307:2013RSEnv.132..202S 3237:2000RSEnv..74..240F 3191:2002Sci...297..999A 3148:1994JBiog..21..223F 3063:Product User Manual 2891:2021DivDi..27..948C 2828:2018NatEE...2..976S 2763:2016RSEC....2...25R 2707:2019RSEnv.23111218W 2594:2014MMamS..30.1456S 2468:2017JPRS..124...40M 2410:2019RemS...11.1916C 2320:2020RSEnv.23711443L 2262:2018RSEnv.204..883Z 2205:2022RSEnv.28013218H 2132:2018IJOE...43..211B 2095:2017RemS....9..953I 1932:2014JARS....8.4597G 1794:Technical geography 1734:Land change science 1608:geostationary orbit 1581:are also placed in 1298:research groups in 1090:area sampling frame 1049:photointerpretation 1035:European Commission 825:Temporal resolution 796:Spectral resolution 703:gravitational field 677:area sampling frame 620:satellite. Maps of 594:Stereographic pairs 29:Page version status 4953:Geodesy portal 4803:Geodetic astronomy 4558:, pp. 429–451 4514:10.3390/rs12071087 4377:on 17 January 2019 4252:American Scientist 4216:Grasty, R (1976). 3948:on 4 October 2021. 3185:(5583): 999–1002. 3119:Taylor, J (1997). 2958:"Geodetic Imaging" 2573:Halichoerus grypus 2536:Halichoerus grypus 2419:10.3390/rs11161916 2378:10.3390/en12071216 2120:IEEE J. Ocean. Eng 1693:Geophysical survey 1657:Coastal management 1485:aerial photographs 1445: 1181:aerial photography 1170: 1156: 1134:, a good proxy to 1104:Some options are: 1094:survey methodology 780:Spatial resolution 642:Weather satellites 598:aerial photographs 558: 466: 383: 336: 298:propagated signals 245:disciplines (e.g. 196: 35: 4986: 4985: 4681:Media related to 4662:978-3-540-25128-6 4643:978-0-471-15227-9 4619:on 12 August 2014 4581:978-90-481-8801-7 4567:978-94-007-6638-9 4556:978-94-007-6638-9 4533:978-0-13-188950-7 4436:978-1-57230-640-0 4359:. 18 August 2021. 4335:nmspacemuseum.org 4303:(12): 2833–2839. 4227:978-3-642-66238-6 3912:978-0-9866376-0-5 3885:978-1-60918-176-5 3644:Maksel, Rebecca. 3520:(10): 2271–2285. 3371:(19): 6914–6930. 3279:978-0-429-05272-9 3061:GRAS-SAF (2009), 2900:10.1111/ddi.13244 2602:10.1111/mms.12126 2295:, 15 August 2018. 2104:10.3390/rs9090953 1995:978-0-470-51032-2 1883:978-0-19-517817-3 1840:978-0-12-369407-2 1683:GIS and hydrology 1587:satellite imagery 1457:Earth observation 1344:natural disasters 1336:weather forecasts 1316:Fourier transform 1291:satellite imagery 1165:2001 Mars Odyssey 1002: 1001: 689:Satellite geodesy 319: 176: 175: 168: 150: 16:(Redirected from 5011: 4974: 4973: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4881:Gravity of Earth 4813:Gravity of Earth 4739: 4732: 4725: 4716: 4680: 4666: 4647: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4615:. Archived from 4546: 4537: 4518: 4516: 4483: 4473: 4440: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4243: 4232: 4231: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4109: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697:on 18 April 2014 3693:. 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Archived from 2158: 2152: 2151: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2013: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1958: 1943: 1915: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1872:(2nd ed.). 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1829:(3rd ed.). 1820: 1719:Imagery analysis 1583:Low Earth orbits 1481:satellite images 1377:learning portals 1373:learning modules 1287:image processing 1197: 1078:confusion matrix 1018:Satellite images 942: 602:topographic maps 553:research vessels 538:emission spectra 462:Aswan Dam, Egypt 320: 171: 164: 160: 157: 151: 149: 115:"Remote sensing" 108: 84: 76: 21: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5008: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4900: 4886:Plate tectonics 4861:Coriolis effect 4856:Chandler wobble 4848: 4842: 4769: 4748: 4743: 4704: 4673: 4663: 4650: 4644: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4605:10.1071/WF05097 4599:(15): 319–345. 4586: 4540: 4534: 4521: 4486: 4443: 4437: 4424: 4421: 4419:Further reading 4416: 4406: 4404: 4403:on 4 March 2016 4395: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4228: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4095: 4080: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3700: 3698: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3156:10.2307/2845527 3133: 3132: 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1432: 1424: 1415: 1403: 1397: 1324: 1198: 1195: 1144: 1106:ratio estimator 1088:selected on an 1015: 933: 912:inverse problem 837: 835:Data processing 773: 724: 691: 685: 656:desertification 614:Landsat program 556: 550: 516:and directions. 460:Radar image of 454: 444: 435: 312: 310: 172: 161: 155: 152: 109: 107: 97: 85: 74: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4999:Remote sensing 4991: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4833:Geopositioning 4830: 4828:Remote Sensing 4825: 4823:Photogrammetry 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4706:Remote Sensing 4688: 4686: 4683:Remote sensing 4672: 4671:External links 4669: 4668: 4667: 4661: 4648: 4642: 4629: 4584: 4569: 4559: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4519: 4493:Remote Sensing 4484: 4456:(2): 612–646. 4441: 4435: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4388: 4362: 4348: 4322: 4287: 4258:(5): 390–398. 4233: 4226: 4208: 4182: 4156: 4130: 4104: 4093: 4078: 4048: 4039: 4029: 3998: 3971:(1): 103–108. 3951: 3918: 3911: 3891: 3884: 3866: 3835: 3805: 3786: 3756: 3726: 3708: 3667: 3636: 3625:(3): 389–404. 3609: 3574: 3539: 3500: 3459: 3440:(148): 42–57. 3420: 3405: 3402:(39): 189–192. 3390: 3355: 3320: 3285: 3278: 3250: 3231:(2): 240–248. 3212: 3169: 3142:(3): 223–244. 3126: 3111: 3092: 3077: 3054: 3031: 3008: 2995:(4): 595–602. 2975: 2949: 2938:(3): 389–404. 2922: 2885:(6): 948–961. 2865: 2822:(6): 976–982. 2802: 2771:10.1002/rse2.9 2736: 2681: 2655: 2622: 2561: 2548:(3): 257–266. 2524: 2489: 2442: 2425: 2398:Remote Sensing 2384: 2351: 2297: 2275: 2236: 2179: 2153: 2126:(1): 211–220. 2110: 2083:Remote Sensing 2069: 2034: 2008: 1994: 1970: 1901: 1882: 1858: 1839: 1831:Academic Press 1814: 1812: 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Traditional 1061:land cover map 1014: 1011: 1000: 999: 996: 992: 991: 988: 984: 983: 980: 976: 975: 971: 967: 966: 962: 958: 957: 954: 950: 949: 946: 932: 929: 925:thermodynamics 878: 877: 873: 868: 860: 857: 853: 842:georeferencing 836: 833: 832: 831: 827: 822: 814: 809: 798: 793: 784:The size of a 782: 772: 769: 756: 755: 749: 739: 723: 720: 719: 718: 684: 681: 680: 679: 666: 663: 659: 652: 645: 634:Janet Franklin 605: 591: 569: 566: 548: 542: 541: 526: 520: 517: 506: 464:taken by Umbra 443: 440: 434: 431: 419:earth sciences 399:depth sounding 309: 306: 278:remote sensing 199:Remote sensing 191:colored using 174: 173: 156:September 2023 88: 86: 79: 64:remote viewing 58: 56: 47:21 August 2024 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 18:Remote-sensing 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5016: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4978: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 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1988:. p. 4. 1987: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926:(1): 084597. 1925: 1921: 1920: 1912: 1905: 1902: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1876:. p. 1. 1875: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1859: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1833:. p. 2. 1832: 1828: 1827: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1437: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:Digital Earth 1366: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1352:knowledge gap 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295:Evelyn Pruitt 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1053:aerial photos 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033:(JRC) of the 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1006: 997: 994: 993: 989: 986: 985: 981: 978: 977: 972: 969: 968: 963: 960: 959: 955: 952: 951: 947: 944: 943: 940: 938: 930: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 913: 907: 905: 901: 897: 891: 887: 884: 874: 872: 869: 866: 861: 858: 854: 851: 850: 849: 846: 843: 834: 828: 826: 823: 820: 815: 813: 810: 807: 803: 799: 797: 794: 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