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horse to the Great Basin served as competition for food for the
Indians. Cultural clashes soon developed, too. There was a significant difference in perspective regarding land occupation versus land ownership. The settlers believed in land ownership, meaning that once they chose an area in which to live, they tended to stay in that one location. Meanwhile, The People used the land seasonally and occupied limited areas for a short term.
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the purchase of additional land in 1926 was part of an effort to improve the water supply for the Colony. Plus, from 1920-1930, a nurse and a police officer, paid from federal government funds, were stationed at the Colony. Further, in 1938 the United States
Supreme Court ruled that there was no distinction between a colony and a reservation which meant that the superintendence of the Colony fell to the federal government.
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680:, the new council supported the IRA, writing that the bill would be of lasting benefit to the progress of all Indians in the United States. Additionally, the new Colony leadership with input from Acting Bureau of Indian Affairs Superintendent John H. Holst, conducted a vote in which the IRA was overwhelmingly supported by the Colony residents.
621:, finding that the overwhelming majority of Indian people on reservations were extremely poor, in bad health, living in primitive dwellings, and without adequate employment. It concluded that the Indians' societies could not thrive in the conditions forced onto them, and they should be encouraged to revive their traditional governments.
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In 1917, the federal government purchased 20 acres for $ 6,000 for non-reservation
Indians of Nevada and for homeless Indians. This land is the core of the present-day Colony. Most of the land was not cultivatable. The BIA dug irrigation ditches to provide some drinking water, but most of the Indians
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The United States wanted to settle The People on reservations to extinguish their title to other lands and encourage them to adopt the western model of subsistence farming to assimilate to majority culture. The federal government believed that separating The People from the rest of its citizens would
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In an effort to diversify the Colony's general fund from sole reliance on tobacco revenues, the Colony has leased and developed its commercial sites. Tenants include
Mercedes Benz of Reno, Acura of Reno, Infinity of Reno, Wal-Mart, and many other locally owned and operated businesses. Revenues from
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However, the Colony's charter, which was approved on
January 7, 1939, included plans for the tribe to establish a cooperating laundry, a store, a meat market, a gas station, arrangements for the raising of poultry, and a harness repair shop for individual Indian members who wanted to do business for
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Initially, the Numa lived on the north side of the Colony, while the Washo lived on the south side of Colony. The Reno-Sparks Indian Colony and all colonies received some governmental services and were most often considered by the Bureau of Indian
Affairs to be under their jurisdiction. For example,
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At the turn of the century, many Numa and Washo lived in the Reno-Sparks area, not only because this was the aboriginal lands for The People, but more and more
Indians moved to the area to find jobs. The transition to colonies represented another adaptive strategy for the Indians. Often, The People
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Traditionally, The People lived a well-planned, harmonious life which was predicated on their immediate surroundings and nature. Time could not be wasted. Knowing what the land would offer was a matter of survival, thus The People's migration patterns were strategic and well-thought-out. The People
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The Colony's development program is assisted by various federal incentives and agencies. For example, the Indian
Employment Tax Credit is available to non-tribal employers who locate their businesses on Colony lands and hire tribal members. The Indian Accelerated Depreciation Schedule is available
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The Colony proposed legislation that will result in the Colony sharing revenue from its Wal-Mart project. The proposal, which was passed unanimously by the Nevada
Legislature, will result in the Colony funding the design and construction of a new Northern Nevada Transitional Housing Center for the
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Through its development plans, the Colony seeks to partner with private businesses and with municipal, regional and state governments. One recent example of the latter partnerships is the Colony-funded installation of a new traffic signal system and roadway improvements at the cost of $ 509,000 on
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To deal with the
Indians nationwide, Eisenhower sought complete elimination of the U.S. government's trust responsibility to the tribes. This meant that scores of tribes lost their federal benefits and support services, along with tribal jurisdiction over their lands. All told, the Termination Era,
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The Colony participated in the development of the floodwall and levee along the south bank of the Truckee River, prior to the construction of Wal-Mart on East Second Street in Reno. That undertaking involved the RSIC partnering with the Washoe County Flood Control Project, the Washoe County Public
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This court manages the Tribal Court Advocate Services, which provides advocates to members accused of violating tribal laws. Its appeal procedure is handled by the Inter-Tribal Appellate Court of Nevada, which consists of a three-justice panel that meets each quarter during the year. It also has a
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With input from E. M. Johnstone, a BIA land field agent, LaVatta, and Bowler, a proposal for the purchase of 1,080 acres between Highway 40 and the Southern Pacific Railroad tracks in the Truckee Canyon was submitted to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs on January 25, 1937. This land purchase was
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From 1778-1871 or during the Treaty Period, the U.S. government developed 370 treaties in an attempt to legally negotiate with Indian Tribes. During this era of nearly 100 years, these treaties often benefited those who were moving westward and not the tribes. The only treaty to impact Great Basin
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Finally, in 1970, U.S. President Nixon developed the latest national policy toward Indians, Tribal Self-Determination. Self-Determination gave autonomy to tribes by allowing the Indians to control their own affairs and be independent of federal oversight and still allow access to entitlements and
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Around 1830, the Spanish Trail opened in southern Nevada and explorers and trappers made their way into the arid landscape. In the beginning, many tribal groups were curious about these newcomers and The People attempted to establish relationships with them. Yet, as time went on, cohabitation was
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For instance, the Wal-Mart site was assembled by purchasing 12 industrial and commercial parcels. By redeveloping the site, and changing the land use to retail, other less desirable land uses were eliminated. Plus, walking paths along the Truckee River's floodwall and levee were constructed to
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In 1936, the Colony tried to adopt a charter, but the BIA's field superintendent, Alida Bowler, delayed submitting the paperwork to the federal government. Bowler did not believe all the signatures were authentic as many Colony members who could not write, had someone else sign his or her name.
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To that end, an additional 8.38 acres was added to the Colony in 1926. Purchased for about $ 4,000, this strip of land allowed for a day school. For many years, residents of the Colony sent their children to this local government operated school instead of a boarding school about 40 miles away.
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By the middle of the 1800s, so many settlers inhabited the People's land that the Indians struggled to find food. Within five years, close to 250,000 people made their way across Nevada. This encroachment extremely limited and in some areas exhausted the food supply. Even the introduction of the
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In addition, the Economic Development Department carries out design and development services for community projects such as construction of the $ 20 million Reno Sparks Tribal Health Center on Kuenzli Street along the Truckee River. The Tribal Health Center provides health care services to its
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Spanish records have little documentation of their explorers or traders being in Washo territory, but The People's oral history suggest there were encounters. Non-Indians first recorded being in Washo lands in 1826. The Shoshone and Northern Paiute also encountered non-Indians about this time.
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In 1945, Grace Warner, the principal of Orvis Ring School, invited the Indian students to attend her school. This arrangement which included bussing the Colony students to Orvis Ring, lasted until 1975 when the public school system required the Indian students to attend the school closest in
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The Reno-Sparks Indian Colony Business Enterprises and Economic Development Department manages the business enterprises for the benefit of all Colony and community members residing in the Reno and Hungry Valley communities. The business enterprises include the Colony's smoke shops and other
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The tribe also maintains a tribal court system, a police force and a health clinic, and it provides full government services to its membership. The tribe's other governmental departments include administration, education, public works, social services, utility district, planning, prevention
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Recently, the Colony has been diversifying from reliance on declining tobacco revenues, concentrating on other types of commercial operations to enhance return and security. However, the tribal smoke shops and other commercial properties have helped generate revenues to provide and expand
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The Colony funds its tribal government from revenue generated by its enterprises, including tribal taxes levied on retail transactions occurring on Colony land. All five smoke shops assess sales/excise tax on tobacco product sales at a tax rate equivalent to the State of Nevada.
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origin. They lived in relative peace with other tribes, as all had territory for procuring resources. Much trade and commerce occurred among the original inhabitants of the entire continent. Conflicts occurred when a group raided or confiscated the resources of another group.
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Each of the Colony's development sites consist of federal land held in trust for tribal benefit. These properties are available on a ground lease basis. The Colony manages four business development sites, is landlord to 20 commercial tenants and operates five Smoke Shops.
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Each group believed that the animals of the Great Basin, on which they depended for many for food, also gave insight to creation and wise guidance on how to live. Each group spoke a different language: Washo is a Hokoan derivative; and the other dialects are of
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As permissible under the IRA, the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony established its first formal council in 1934. On February 9, 1934 the elected council included three Paiute---Cleveland Cypher, Thomas Ochiho, and George Hooten, and three Washos---Willie
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not living on a reservation were considered "scattered or homeless." These Indians tried to maintain some of their old ways by building traditional homes, sometimes with modern materials, in camps in urban areas, often near the Truckee River.
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The tribal court has a judge, a clerk, an appeals clerk, a bailiff, and three other administrators who provide judicial services for criminal and civil proceedings pertaining to the tribe's jurisdiction and the enforcement of tribal
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Creating a diverse economic base in support of the growing self-sufficiency of the Colony's members has been the principal focus of its economic development activities since the Tribal Council initiated its diversification efforts.
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The tribe's residential community is surrounded by industrial land uses. In some instances, the Colony has purchased surrounding parcels which were redeveloped to provide a buffer between the residential and industrial land uses.
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The explorers and settlers did not understand how The People survived well in this area, using seasonal bounty and living lightly on the land. Settlers struggled to establish farms or ranches according to their known models.
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of 1830 halted any future treaties with tribes and it gave Congress the authority to isolate the People in order to allow economic growth throughout the United States. This was done through the creation of reservations.
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While the RSIC continued to build its sovereignty and explore economic opportunities, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower changed the federal government's policy toward American Indians and began the Termination Era.
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lands into trust status for six Nevada tribes. This will provide the tribes with more sustainable bases for their peoples, as well as enlist other parties with an interest in conservation of animals and resources.
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The RSIC uses both traditional teachings and practices as well as contemporary business methods and governmental practices. The tribe employs more than 300 people, with around half of those being tribal members.
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For over two decades, the Colony assembled development sites in Reno, Sparks and Washoe County. Located in urban, suburban and high-growth areas, this land has been acquired for development and redevelopment.
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At the Colony's expense, the RSIC completed a $ 1.3 million environmental cleanup of the site with the assistance of a Brownfields Loan, administered by the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection.
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Most often charters enabled tribes to get credit which would assist the Indians with economic development. Bowler did not think the RSIC could get credit because it had no agricultural resources.
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Bowler returned the petition with instructions to have persons who could not write, make a cross or a thumbprint, but that action had to be witnessed by two other persons.
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In 1871, the Indian Appropriations Act gave the U.S. Congress (rather than the states) exclusive right and power to regulate trade and affairs with the Indian tribes. The
485:, The People sustained their way-of-life and ethnic identity much longer than most Tribes in other parts of the country. When first contact occurred between Europeans and
352:(BLM) land to the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony. This was achieved under the Nevada Native Nations Lands Act. It authorized the transfer of more than 71,000 acres of BLM and
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However, the Colony school was closed in the early 1940s because the building was in such disrepair. The Indian children's only option was to attend public school.
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and George Hunter, drafted a constitution for the Colony. Additional assistance crafting the constitution came from George LaVatta, a Northern Shoshone from the
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the Colony's real estate projects provide funds for the Colony's government which provides essential services to its members, residents and other urban Indians.
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The redevelopment of Reno's East Second Street neighborhood where half of the Colony's residents live, near Route 395, is another goal of economic development.
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Today, the RSIC has expanded its original land base to just over 2,000 acres. The Colony employees over 350 employees and more than half are The People.
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From 1492-1828, or during the Colonial Period, Indians were dealt with as sovereign nations. Many treaties and agreements were negotiated with
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followed the food and over the years, each band evolved as an efficient, social and economic unit that could comfortably inhabit the land.
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and dispersed for several hundred miles throughout the remainder of the year. The Newe were found in what is today called Eastern Nevada,
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Bands within these groups were often known by names that referred to their geographic location or characteristic foods. For example, the
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which lasted from 1945 to 1968, eliminated 109 tribal governments and reservations. Fortunately, no tribes in Nevada were terminated.
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in what would become Nevada, hundreds of other Tribes in areas of earlier settlement were already enduring the fourth major shift in
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solve land disputes and reduce tensions between cultures. The development of reservations was a campaign promise of U.S. President
337:) and another 1,920 acres put into trust for the tribe in 1984 in Hungry Valley, which is 19 miles north of the Colony and west of
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Also under Sampson's leadership, the RSIC tried to take advantage of a provision in the IRA to purchase more land for the Colony.
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Nevada Department of Corrections. The Colony will also make annual payments to the Washoe County School District in the future.
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eaters near the Stillwater Marshes. The People continue to recognize their special place on Earth and all the life cycles.
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In the early 20th century, the U.S. government commissioned a study to evaluate the conditions of Indian communities. The
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Other community and regional facilities currently are in the planning stage for construction in the next several years.
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influence here. While the population did not meet regulations, the administration approved Nevada as a state in 1864.
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The 11-person police force, which shares cross-jurisdiction with the State of Nevada, engages in community policing.
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Living in cycles with the seasons, the Numu occupied the strip now known as Western Nevada, Eastern Nevada, Eastern
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Indians was the Treaty with the Western Shoshoni . This agreement of "Peace and Friendship" was ratified in 1866.
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Archeological evidence places the earliest residents of Nevada as living here about 10,000 years ago. In 1994, the
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established the Moapa River Paiute Reservation and the Walker River Paiute Indian Reservation by executive order.
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During the Reservation Period, Nevada gained residents but it was approved for admission to the Union during the
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389:(Southern Paiute). In each of these groups' language, their autonyms (names for themselves) meant "The People."
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Because Indian land in the Great Basin was one of the last major frontiers to be explored and settled by
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As The People struggled to adapt, the federal government shifted its policy towards Indians again. The
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In 1859, the Department of Interior recommended that land be set aside for Indian use north of the
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The Colony's constitution was adopted on December 16, 1935 and was approved by a vote of 51-1.
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legally designated Indians as domestic dependent nations and wards of the federal government.
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coalition, enrollment, human resources, economic development, and the chairman's department.
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proximity to the Colony. (Former Orvis Ring students may view history and reconnect on the
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To improve conditions and encourage revitalization of self-government, Congress passed the
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Kirner, D. L.; Burky, R.; Selsor, K.; George, D.; Taylor, R. E.; Southon, J. R. (1997).
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governmental services to Colony members, residents and neighboring communities.
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was established in the early 1900s by members of related tribes who lived near
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With its base in Reno, Nevada, the RSIC consists of 1,134 members from three
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led to dramatic changes, as it attracted thousands of miners and merchants.
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collected drinking water from a spring about a quarter of a mile away.
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Works Department, the Nevada Department of State Lands, and Wal-Mart.
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money which is more sought after than true autonomy and independence.
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to those non-tribal businesses who conduct business on tribal lands.
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91:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Typical dwellings at the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony, early 1900s
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Alysa Landry, "Obama Sets New Standard With Land Into Trust"
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administration announced transfer of 13,400 acres of former
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prove that he lived in the area more than 9,400 years ago.
906:"Dating the Spirit Cave Mummy: The value of Reexamination"
474:. According to modern science, the burial remains of the
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Business Enterprises and Economic Development Department
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From 1887-1934, the U.S. federal government, under the
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prior to European settlement were the Numa or Numu (
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749:probation program to supervise juvenile offenders.
941:Official Website of the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
1531:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
691:who worked as a federal government field agent.
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283:in 1934 after forming a government under the
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894:24 November 2016; accessed 26 November 2016
796:members and Washoe County's urban Indians.
570:, the legal year of establishment is 1859.
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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470:remains which were unearthed in 1940 near
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1536:Populated places in Washoe County, Nevada
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230:Location of the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:Learn how and when to remove this message
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628:during the administration of President
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184:Indian reservation in the United States
1526:American Indian reservations in Nevada
398:referred to the trout eaters near the
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865:National Register of Historic Places
831:provide public access to the river.
683:Five men: Sampson, Cypher, Mahoney,
427:. The Washeshu gathered annually at
913:Nevada Historical Society Quarterly
803:South Virginia and McCabe streets.
1148:Municipalities and communities of
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626:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
136:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
31:This article has multiple issues.
1521:Native American tribes in Nevada
984:Indian reservations and colonies
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1350:Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation
39:or discuss these issues on the
774:Commercial Property Management
676:In a letter to Nevada Senator
617:described the failures of the
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1541:1934 establishments in Nevada
369:The people who inhabited the
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87:the claims made and adding
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281:federally recognized tribe
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663:Orvis Ring Facebook Group
350:Bureau of Land Management
285:Indian Reorganization Act
269:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
260:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
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191:Reno-Sparks Indian Colony
762:commercial enterprises.
568:Pyramid Lake Reservation
279:for work; they became a
149:may contain suggestions.
134:may need to be rewritten
339:Spanish Springs, Nevada
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861:Field Matron's Cottage
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523:The 1848 discovery of
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344:In November 2016, the
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892:Indian Country Today,
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689:Fort Hall Reservation
630:Franklin D. Roosevelt
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1487:39.52500; -119.78583
1452:United States portal
783:Economic Development
712:never accomplished.
640:Focus on Numa, Washo
632:. It was called the
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441:Colorado River Basin
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465:Nevada State Museum
437:Southern California
354:U.S. Forest Service
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996:Reservations
921:. Retrieved
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143:You can help
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1485: /
1473:119°47′09″W
1431:Washoe City
1378:Ghost towns
1308:communities
1231:Crystal Bay
1166:County seat
1087:Reno-Sparks
1044:Summit Lake
1034:Moapa River
1024:Fort Mojave
1004:Duck Valley
743:ordinances.
608:Dawes Rolls
583:Confederate
512:difficult.
457:Uto-Aztecan
405:Toi Ticutta
385:), and the
371:Great Basin
328: /
316:119°44′44″W
1500:Categories
1470:39°31′30″N
1401:Olinghouse
1276:Sun Valley
1102:Winnemucca
923:2017-05-30
919:(1): 54–56
872:References
678:Key Pitman
429:Lake Tahoe
313:39°41′31″N
81:improve it
36:improve it
1386:Deep Hole
1332:Steamboat
1291:Wadsworth
1281:Sutcliffe
1107:Yerington
1077:Las Vegas
1009:Duckwater
863:, on the
619:Dawes Act
604:Dawes Act
147:talk page
85:verifying
42:talk page
1411:Poeville
1391:Flanigan
1082:Lovelock
1064:Colonies
855:See also
383:Shoshone
302:and the
300:Shoshone
155:May 2020
1416:Pyramid
1241:Gerlach
1092:Te-Moak
1029:Goshute
506:England
402:; the
365:History
256:Website
236:Country
79:Please
1516:Washoe
1506:Paiute
1396:Galena
1236:Empire
1196:Sparks
1183:Cities
1097:Washoe
1072:Fallon
988:Nevada
685:Tondy,
502:France
472:Fallon
435:, and
421:Oregon
387:Nuwuvi
379:Washoe
304:Washoe
298:, the
296:Paiute
294:: the
273:Nevada
250:Nevada
145:. The
1316:Clark
1286:Verdi
1266:Nixon
1261:Mogul
1054:Yomba
909:(PDF)
671:Tondy
425:Idaho
246:State
1218:CDPs
1191:Reno
1173:Reno
728:2016
504:and
433:Utah
410:tule
277:Reno
267:The
215:Flag
1426:Vya
1014:Ely
986:in
665:.)
271:in
83:by
1502::
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