Kidney ischemia - Knowledge (XXG)

1072: 628: 435: 832: 863: 1000: 676:(GFR) in patients is regulated by vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. When ACEI is taken by the patient, this vasoconstrictor effect of the efferent arteriole is blocked. This then leads to a decrease in GFR and leads to acute renal failure. Studies have shown that 6-38% of patients with renal vascular disease or hypertension will develop acute renal ischemia through acute renal failure. 950:. The camera then takes images at intervals and a measurement of the radioactivity is taken. By performing this scan, doctors can differentiate between kidney ischemia and intrinsic renal disease by checking the amount of time for the radioactivity to peak and decline. Renovascular hypertension is very sensitive to this imaging, with a specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 96%. 1156:. Acute kidney ischemia is associated with high mortality. Chronic ischemic kidney disease (CIKD) usually involves loss of renal parenchyma or reduction of GFR caused by gradual vascular obstruction. Clinically, the term “ischemic renal disease” most often describes CIKD, which contributes to 6–27% of end-stage kidney disease, particularly among patients older than 50 years 869: 868: 865: 864: 870: 867: 743:- Cystatin C is produced in kidney cells and is used as a biomarker. The level of cystatin C is used to determine whether the kidney is functioning well or not since it is removed from the kidney through glomerular filtration. Therefore, a high amount of cystatin C in the blood is a determinant of kidney injury. 737:- Clusterin is a protein ubiquitously expressed in different cell lines. Secreted clusterin is involved in lipid transport. The cells release clusterin as a response to cell stress. This is due to clusterin being able to protect the cell by reducing oxidative stress and by binding to misfolded proteins. 1040:, or the amount of the drug that reaches the blood circulation, is reduced if taken orally. Fenoldopam is used as a vasodilator and can increase blood flow to the kidneys, as well as renin secretion. Thus, it can be used to regulate the blood pressure in the arteries and reduce injury due to ischemia. 438:

Examples of Signs and Symptoms of Kidney Ischemia. On the left shows the difference in the size of the kidneys resulting from Kidney Ischemia. Kidney Ischemia may result in a shrinkage of the kidney to about 2cm or more. The top right shows the disruption of the mitochondria due to dysfunctions, This

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is activated in kidney injury. In hypoxia-induced studies of mice, an upregulation of the synthesis of IL-17C was evident upon oxygen loss in the kidney. Moreover, Knockout variants of the IL-17C decreased the inflammation caused by activation of IL-17C.Using antibodies and siRNA against IL-17C also

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Our knowledge of renal ischemia comes from animal studies. Based on these studies, kidney transplants and retrospective partial nephrectomy series indicate the risk of renal function impairment the longer the ischemic injury persists. However, based on historical studies, the use of the duration of

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Kidney features can be clinically suggestive of renal ischemia. Because renal failure can be correlated to hypertension, both of these situations have been observed. In general, kidney sizes differ in patients with acute kidney ischemia. Hypertension, acute renal failure, progressive azotemia, and

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Physical symptoms implicated with kidney ischemia includes kidney shrinkage or a difference in kidney sizes, renovascular hypertension, acute renal failure, progressive azotemia, diagnosed by an increase of nitrogen compounds in urine, and acute pulmonary edema which is excess fluid in the lungs.

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is given. In ischemic preconditioning, the kidney is given a tolerable amount of ischemia. This preconditions the kidney to tolerate subsequent ischemia-induced injuries. This reduces cell lysis and apoptosis of kidney cells and improves the overall renal function of the kidneys post-ischemia as

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is currently in clinical studies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. It is protective in rat models of kidney ischemia when it was administered before the injury. Bendavia binds to cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane and this inhibits cytochrome c peroxidase activity. This protects

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or a return of blood supply to the organs. As such, using diuretics has helped in getting rid of excess water in the kidneys after reperfusion. Taking furosemide as a tablet, as a liquid solution, or via injection is used as a preventative measure or as treatment of kidney ischemia has shown to

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protein has occurred in mice models after a 24h period of ischemic injury. This is also shown in cell-based assays wherein tubule cells are monitored after ischemic-like injury. This shows that the Fas-pathway may play a role in the pathogenesis of the apoptosis of tubule cells during the early

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Little is known as to what causes ischemic injury in the kidneys; however, several physical insults are stated to be activated during injury. Physical stress such as infarction, surgery and transplant may produce kidney ischemia. Dietary habits and genetics could cause ischemic injury, as well.

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Acute pulmonary edema is characterized as a fluid collection in the air sacs of the lungs. This makes it difficult for patients to breathe. Patients with poorly-controlled hypertension and renal insufficiency usually also have recurrent acute pulmonary edema. While patients may have other risk

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and urine output. This is considered a non-invasive test and patients who are taking ACEIs should opt to take it. This is because it is useful in detecting renovascular hypertension, one of the symptoms of kidney ischemia, with sensitivity going to 90%. However, renal failure may diminish the

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Several genetic pathways that lead to apoptosis of kidney cells have been implicated in mice models and in-vitro assays. These are proapoptotic genes that can be categorized in two: extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The extrinsic pathway are directly induced upon renal ischemic injury, while

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In studies of mice models, a high-fat diet can induce greater injury to the kidney with renal ischemia-reperfusion as compared to mice with normal diet. This is because in a high-fat diet model, accumulation of phospholipids resulted in enlarged lysosomes within proximal tubular cells. This

803:- Ischemic Modified Albumin. IMA can be used as an early biomarker for ischemic injury. Moreover, the amount of IMA in the blood is proportional to the duration of ischemic injury and necrosis factor, as such it can be used as a biomarker to determine how long the injury has been. 486:

requires a high concentration of oxygen. These compounds, as well as some reactive oxygen species, are required for the kidney to function properly. With an injury, cellular respiration is compromised. This leads to an imbalance of the supply of oxygen and the products of

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Likewise above, patients who are being treated with an antihypertensive drug for renovascular, refractory or severe hypertension exhibit progressive azotemia. Acute kidney ischemia may result from taking ACEIs due to the alteration of intrarenal hemodynamics.

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regulates vasomotor movement by controlling blood pressure going through the kidneys. Similarly to the APO-E polymorphism, patients with the D-allele for ACE has an increased risk of acute kidney injury after coronary artery bypass grafting, as well.

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and for patients with hypertension, it is not necessary to relieve the administration of ACEIs. By assessing the velocity of blood flow, the doctors can measure whether the kidney is receiving enough blood and nutrients to function normally.

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provided the same results. Also, studies of IL-60174GG showed that carriers of this polymorphism have a higher creatinine levels in the blood; however, carriers of the G-allele of IL-10 have a decreased risk of death after organ failure.

1132:(MSCs) are multipotent mature stem cells that are capable of differentiating into different types of cells. This is a promising line of therapy as regenerative medicine has shown benefits in the restoration of the kidneys. MSCs have 572:

by which proteins, organelles, and cytoplasmic components are recycled and degraded by the lysosomes. The process of autophagy helps in removing unnecessary components of the cells to maintain more important functions. In this case,

731:- Serum creatinine is a standard biomarker to define acute kidney injury. However, it is insensitive, nonspecific. Also, it is a fairly late marker of damage, highly dependent on diet, skeletal muscle function, and kidney stability. 886:

and occlusions in the kidney. This test can also be used to determine aneurysms in the brain. More clinical uses of MRA is used to check blood vessels in different parts of the body, such as the thorax, lower limbs, and the heart.

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restrict blood flow and consequently prevent necessary nutrients to reach the kidneys. This accounts for 60-97% of renal arterial lesions, which could lead to the occlusion of the renal artery and ischemic atrophy of the kidneys.

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accumulation of phospholipids lead to an increase aggregation of ubiquitin in the kidney cells. When this happens, autophagy becomes exaggerated and results in malfunction of the mitochondria and inflammation of the tissue.

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This figure shows how Carbon Monoxide, Nitric Oxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide help in attenuating kidney ischemia by reducing inflammation, tissue injury, hypoxia, apoptosis of cells, and vasoconstriction. This was drawn using

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uses radioisotopes in diagnosing renovascular disease. This test compares normal function of kidney versus stenotic kidney by measuring the amount of the radionucleotides going to the kidney and being excreted by it. Two

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the ischemia as a dichotomous marker has been found to have significant flaws in predicting renal function outcomes. The duration of kidney ischemia does not affect kidney function either in the short term or long term.

866: 797:. (SOURCE). NGAL is used as a biomarker for kidney injury. This is because a high NGAL excretion can be correlated to ischemic insult. NGAL is secreted at high levels in the blood and urine within two hours of injury. 1019:

reduce the severity of renal failure, reduce apoptosis induced by ischemia, and speed the recovery of renal function. This as also lead to the reduction of the need of surgical renal replacement in some patients.

50:, and a need for surgery. What causes kidney ischemia is not entirely known, but several pathophysiology relating to this disease have been elucidated. Possible causes of kidney ischemia include the activation of 439:

leads to a release of proapoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and results in cell death. The lower right shows inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys. This schematic diagram was drawn using BioRender.com

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In normal patients, the length of the two kidneys only differ by less than 1.5 cm; however, hypertensive patients tend to have an asymmetric kidney size. This strongly suggests ischemic renal disease.

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Yamamoto, Takeshi; Takabatake, Yoshitsugu; Takahashi, Atsushi; Kimura, Tomonori; Namba, Tomoko; Matsuda, Jun; Minami, Satoshi; Kaimori, Jun-ya; Matsui, Isao; Matsusaka, Taiji; Niimura, Fumio (2017-05-01).

813:. In the distal tubular regions, there is an elevation of the expression of TIMP2 and IGFBP7 and this is linked to early tubular damage in ischemic injury and reperfusion, as well as acute kidney injury. 755:- also known as Kidney Injury Model 1 is a protein that is highly expressed upon kidney injury. Therefore, higher levels of KIM-1 signifies that there is an injury with proximal tubes due to ischemia. 58:

due to surgery or transplant. Several signs and symptoms include injury to the microvascular endothelium, apoptosis of kidney cells due to overstress in the endoplasmic reticulum, dysfunctions of the

942:(mercaptoacetyltriglycine) and TC99m-DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentacetate). In this test, the radionucleotides are injected intravenously to the system. The compound then progresses through the 658:

Renovascular hypertension or renal artery stenosis is characterized as an increase in blood pressure through the arteries to the kidneys. This is due to an abnormal narrowing of the arteries.

1119:. Like with NO, inhalation of H2S has been found to be therapeutic and has been shown to stabilize hypothermia and stabilize cardiovascular hemodynamics which protects from ischemic injury. 767:- Endothelin-1 is a vasoconstrictor and can be detected in the urine. More specifically, urinary endothelin-1 levels are used as an acute marker in cold ischemic reperfusion and injury. 761:- Interleukin-6 expression is a response to ischemia and reperfusion injury linked to renal dysfunction. This is also highly expressed when a transplant of the kidney is rejected. 524:(UPR). The unfolded protein response is an adaptive mechanism to restore cell and tissue homeostasis. If the stress is too severe, the maladaptive response is activated and the 1140:

into kidney cells. Moreover, they can give anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties and therefore protecting the kidney as well as repairing it from ischemic injury.

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which results in poor blood flow in the kidneys. More complications happen when failure of the kidney functions result in toxicity in various parts of the body which may cause

882:(MRA) also images blood vessels. MRA uses magnetic resonance and unlike a traditional angiogram, this does not require inserting a catheter. This test can be used to evaluate 587:

The renal inflammatory process involves events that lead to injury or death of renal cells. When the kidneys undergo inflammatory responses, it produces mediators such as

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Bennett, Michael; Dent, Catherine L.; Ma, Qing; Dastrala, Sudha; Grenier, Frank; Workman, Ryan; Syed, Hina; Ali, Salman; Barasch, Jonathan; Devarajan, Prasad (May 2008).

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intrinsic pathways are dependent on mitochondrial signaling pathways. Moreover, several genes have been implicated as risk factors in the development of ischemic injury.

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respiration during the early reperfusion and accelerates the recovery of ATP. In the animal models, it was found that tubular cell death and dysfunction were reduced.

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Wang, Feng; Yin, Jianyong; Lin, Yingying; Zhang, Fangfei; Liu, Xuanchen; Zhang, Guangyuan; Kong, Yiwei; Lu, Zeyuan; Wu, Rui; Wang, Niansong; Xing, Tao (2020-06-01).

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Bove, Tiziana; Belletti, Alessandro; Putzu, Alessandro; Pappacena, Simone; Denaro, Giuseppe; Landoni, Giovanni; Bagshaw, Sean M.; Zangrillo, Alberto (2018-04-24).

3082: 770: 1477:"Preclinical Evidence for the Efficacy of Ischemic Postconditioning against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 1111:

during renal ischemia. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) is also an endogenous product of metabolic activity in cells. This is a byproduct of the metabolism of

550:. When mitochondrial dysfunction happens, cellular respiration is disrupted. This leads to the mitochondria releasing pro-apoptotic proteins such as 2852: 194:

refers to the buildup of cholesterol and fats in the artery walls. Because the blood vessels carry oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, having

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Several pathophysiological conditions that change when the kidney is undergoing ischemic injuries are listed below. This includes changes in the

85:, it was found that it has significant flaws in predicting renal function outcomes. More emerging treatments are in the clinical trials such as 1666: 2501: 1136:

properties and has been applied in animal and human patients. Because of their regenerative capabilities, the kidney can benefit from it by

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Noce, Annalisa; Marrone, Giulia; Rovella, Valentina; Busca, Andrea; Gola, Caterina; Ferrannini, Michele; Di Daniele, Nicola (April 2019).

2323: 428: 326: 2157: 847:, to locate and assess the renal artery and the velocity of blood flowing through it. This test is useful even in the presence of 2576:"Intermittent furosemide administration in patients with or at risk for acute kidney injury: Meta-analysis of randomized trials" 2903: 1103:. This gas is available in all cells, and inhalation of NO has been found to be therapeutically active. This reduces pulmonary 347: 2073: 843:(DDS) is an imaging test for evaluating blood flow in the kidney or the renal system. B-mode ultrasonography is combined with 131:

or death of a group of cells in the tissue. In studies of mice models, clamping of the kidney may result in kidney ischemia.

3092: 981: 879: 142: 627: 434: 2908: 384: 314: 1701:"Gene expression in early ischemic renal injury: clues towards pathogenesis, biomarker discovery, and novel therapeutics" 1087:, which helps in regulating autophagy and hypoxic response. Through this, inflammation and tissue injury are stabilized. 603:. In mice models, studies wherein removal of these mediators from plasma were observed and has shown beneficial to mice. 2845: 2879: 1116: 749:- lower levels of EGF mRNA and proteins in the kidneys are indicative of injury after kidney ischemia and reperfusion. 617:

become maladaptive. This leads to cell and tissue malfunction. This could lead to chronic kidney disease progression.

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Progressive Azotemia (with Renovascular Hypertension, refractory or severe hypertension, or atherosclerotic diseases)

831: 2968: 2099:"Emerging biomarkers and metabolomics for assessing toxic nephropathy and acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonatology" 1550:"High-Fat Diet–Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Impaired Autophagic Flux Contribute to Lipotoxicity in the Kidney" 1475:

Jonker, Simone J.; Menting, Theo P.; Warlé, Michiel C.; Ritskes-Hoitinga, Merel; Wever, Kimberley E. (2016-03-10).

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factors for having pulmonary edema, volume-dependent renovascular hypertension appears to be the dominant factor.

694:(BUN) in the plasma. Patients who have renovascular hypertension often get a deterioration of the renal function. 3003: 1153: 916: 800: 565: 521: 1940:"Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review" 672:, treatment of the disease using Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are sometimes necessary. The 3153: 3104: 2998: 985: 525: 2211:

Shiva, Niharika; Sharma, Nisha; Kulkarni, Yogesh A.; Mulay, Shrikant R.; Gaikwad, Anil Bhanudas (2020-09-01).

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is a substance that promotes excretion of water from the body. When the kidneys undergo ischemia, it leads to

2787:"Concise review: Mesenchymal stem cell treatment for ischemic kidney disease: MSC in Ischemic Kidney Disease" 3008: 2838: 844: 746: 354:

e4 allele was found to have a decreased risk of acute kidney injury compared to non-carriers of the allele.

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Polymorphisms in genes have been shown to increase or decrease risk of renal ischemic injury. Genes such as

1036:, if used before kidney damage. Similar to Furosemide, this can be taken orally or intravenously; however, 3044: 2958: 2950: 2915: 2898: 977: 479: 478:

require a high amount of oxygen, as such the oxygen supply to the kidney is well regulated. Production of

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or the formation of blood vessels have all been shown to have significant effects in acute kidney injury.

2433:"Radionuclides in Nephrourology, Part 1: Radiopharmaceuticals, Quality Control, and Quantitative Indices" 3067: 2988: 1129: 1100: 904: 600: 453: 1699:

Devarajan, Prasad; Mishra, Jaya; Supavekin, Suroj; Patterson, Larry T; Steven Potter, S (2003-12-01).

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When an injury is severe, the adaptive responses that are activated to restore normal cell and tissue

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Lu, Jonathan C. T.; Coca, Steven G.; Patel, Uptal D.; Cantley, Lloyd; Parikh, Chirag R. (June 2009).

1700: 1488: 1137: 488: 82: 2408:"Renin Test: What is a Renin Test? Renin Test Definition, Procedure, Considerations, Results - UCLA" 3039: 1033: 691: 146: 2523: 717:

Screening of Biomarkers is one way to diagnose a patient if their kidney is functioning normally.

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regulates oxidative stress by conjugating with reactive oxygen species in cells. Polymorphisms in

3130: 3087: 2248: 1975: 1639: 1257: 1202: 1015: 912: 543: 261:-induced apoptosis and renal induction of TGF-beta is well documented in renal ischemia studies. 102: 98: 2268:"Urine NGAL Predicts Severity of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective Study" 1612:"Ischemic renal disease: an emerging cause of chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease" 637:

acute pulmonary edema are also signs of a developing ischemic injury for hypertensive patients.

3158: 2933: 2816: 2764: 2746: 2707: 2689: 2623: 2605: 2553: 2497: 2472: 2454: 2389: 2371: 2305: 2287: 2240: 2232: 2153: 2130: 2023:"Ischemic renal disease: an emerging cause of chronic renal... : Journal of Hypertension" 1967: 1959: 1917: 1899: 1849: 1841: 1800: 1782: 1728: 1720: 1631: 1589: 1571: 1524: 1506: 1457: 1439: 1376: 1358: 1316: 1298: 1249: 1241: 1194: 1133: 94: 55: 2491: 2980: 2928: 2923: 2806: 2798: 2754: 2738: 2697: 2681: 2613: 2595: 2543: 2535: 2462: 2444: 2379: 2361: 2295: 2279: 2224: 2120: 2110: 1951: 1907: 1891: 1831: 1790: 1774: 1712: 1623: 1579: 1561: 1514: 1496: 1447: 1431: 1366: 1350: 1306: 1288: 1233: 1186: 1104: 794: 492: 351: 343: 183: 150: 295:

into the cytosol. This then activates pro-caspase 9 and results in apoptosis of the cells.

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is a common diuretic and is used for the prevention or to reverse acute kidney injury. A

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have shown promise in animal studies; however, they have not been proven clinically yet.

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is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Blood vessels shrink and undergo

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is induced in kidneys in response to hypoxia to protect against further kidney injury.

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and with the T allele has been shown to have a greater risk of dialysis and mortality.

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Kidney ischemia can be diagnosed by checking the levels of several biomarkers such as

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Assessment of the kidneys magnetic resonance angiography in perfusion and diffusion

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are proteins that metabolize fats in the body. In studies of patients undergoing

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grafting can produce renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. This could lead to an

2600: 1501: 1221: 1174: 3111: 2890: 2173: 1716: 1435: 790: 774: 614: 449: 322: 288: 236:. This series of signaling cascade generally regulates programmed cell-death or 221: 47: 2539: 1836: 127:

is defined as the blockage of blood flow in tissues or organs, which may cause

2449: 2228: 2213:"Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury: An insight on in vitro and in vivo models" 1955: 1096: 1029: 1007: 840: 786: 740: 728: 687: 588: 496: 124: 78: 17: 2750: 2693: 2609: 2458: 2375: 2291: 2236: 1963: 1903: 1845: 1786: 1763:"Searching for Genes That Matter in Acute Kidney Injury: A Systematic Review" 1724: 1575: 1510: 1443: 1362: 1302: 1245: 431:

with a homozygous A allele resulted in reduced risk for acute kidney injury.

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initiates apoptosis via signaling from cell-surface death receptors such as

74: 63: 39: 2820: 2768: 2711: 2670:"Fenoldopam Mesylate: A Narrative Review of Its Use in Acute Kidney Injury" 2627: 2557: 2476: 2393: 2348:

Hartung, Michael P; Grist, Thomas M; François, Christopher J (2011-03-09).

2309: 2244: 2134: 1971: 1921: 1853: 1804: 1732: 1593: 1566: 1528: 1461: 1380: 1320: 1293: 1253: 1237: 1198: 1190: 2115: 1635: 1354: 2548: 2283: 1778: 1420:"Mouse model of ischemic acute kidney injury: technical notes and tricks" 1149: 1112: 1092: 1057: 1011: 930: 883: 848: 782: 500: 258: 128: 86: 34: 564:

During ischemic stress, the cross-talk between the mitochondria and the

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and injury to the microvascular endothelium promotes the recruitment of

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gene with the G allele gave an increased risk for acute kidney injury.

371: 272: 149:. Moreover, renal ischemia can cause the delay of graft function after 2802: 2350:"Magnetic resonance angiography: current status and future directions" 1339:"Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; from pathophysiology to treatment" 3049: 810: 778: 752: 475: 31: 2742: 1820:"IL-17C has a pathogenic role in kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury" 291:

and Bak triggers a signaling cascade that results in the release of

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Zhu, Xiang-Yang; Lerman, Amir; Lerman, Lilach O. (September 2013).

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is also known as renin assay. This assay measures the activity of

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are vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction because they rely on

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which regulates oxidative stress, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (

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Munshi, Raj; Hsu, Christine; Himmelfarb, Jonathan (2011-02-02).

939: 245: 233: 229: 2834: 773:- neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin 2 is expressed in 2097:

Mussap, M.; Noto, A.; Fanos, V.; Van Den Anker, J. N. (2014).

2050:"Renovascular hypertension: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 464:

of cells, inflammation, and incorrect or maladaptive repair.

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Sharfuddin, Asif A.; Molitoris, Bruce A. (April 16, 2011).

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A vial of furosemide taken intravenously or intramuscularly

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Acute Renal Failure caused by the treatment of hypertension

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accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum. This triggers the

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Mir Maria C.; Pavan Nicola; Parekh Dipen J. (2016-06-01).

1667:"Arteriosclerosis / atherosclerosis - Symptoms and causes" 503:. This leads to changes in perfusion and oxygen delivery. 186:

is defined as the thickening or stiffening or both of the

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and they are in a more oxidized state as compared to the

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Unlike with HSP72 polymorphism, infant studies show that

2727:"Ischemia and reperfusion—from mechanism to translation" 1277:"Advances in understanding ischemic acute kidney injury" 1220:

Sharfuddin, Asif A.; Molitoris, Bruce A. (April 2011).

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Diseases such as sepsis can cause kidney ischemia too.

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Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

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Preston, Richard A.; Epstein, Murray (December 1997).

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Eltzschig, Holger K.; Eckle, Tobias (November 2011).

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pathway (CHOP) is induced. This leads to apoptosis.

3060: 3017: 2979: 2949: 2889: 2868: 325:cytokines which is an inflammation modulator, and 2524:"Current Paradigm for Ischemia in Kidney Surgery" 1661: 1659: 1222:"Pathophysiology of ischemic acute kidney injury" 1175:"Pathophysiology of ischemic acute kidney injury" 1152:, irreversible renal dysfunction, and a need for 1424:American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology 1337:Malek, Maryam; Nematbakhsh, Mehdi (2015-06-01). 81:. While the duration of ischemia was used as a 1944:Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 1878:Zuk, Anna; Bonventre, Joseph V. (2016-01-14). 279:signaling pathways which are regulated by the 2846: 1554:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 994:Furosemide to Promote Post-perfusion Diuresis 321:which helps in tolerance of ischemic injury, 8: 2354:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 989:compared to not having the preconditioning. 686:Azotemia is characterized as an increase of 174:A common cause of ischemic renal disease is 153:and can cause rejection of the transplant. 2853: 2839: 2831: 2645:"Furosemide: MedlinePlus Drug Information" 491:. When that happens, the kidney undergoes 2810: 2758: 2701: 2617: 2599: 2547: 2496:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2466: 2448: 2383: 2365: 2299: 2124: 2114: 1911: 1835: 1794: 1583: 1565: 1518: 1500: 1451: 1418:Wei, Qingqing; Dong, Zheng (2012-12-01). 1370: 1310: 1292: 1091:(NO) is a byproduct of the metabolism of 632:This diagram is drawn using BioRender.com 595:, and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as 554:and end up in the death of kidney cells. 309:, which controls cholesterol metabolism, 249:ischemic-reperfusion period. The role of 182:is a specific type of arteriosclerosis. 70:of the kidneys, and maladaptive repair. 2074:"Pulmonary edema - Symptoms and causes" 1165: 1148:Ischemic kidney injury might result in 925:Renography after administration of ACEI 2639: 2637: 2569: 2567: 2490:Elgazzar, Abdelhamid H. (2011-05-10). 2324:"Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)" 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 2780: 2778: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2150:Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry III 2044: 2042: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1933: 1931: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 398:In infant studies, it was shown that 7: 3083:Abderhalden–Kaufmann–Lignac syndrome 2674:Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 1938:Chatterjee, Prabal K. (2007-10-01). 1605: 1603: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1332: 1330: 1032:is used postoperatively in treating 2493:A Concise Guide to Nuclear Medicine 1343:Journal of Renal Injury Prevention 1066:Therapeutic Gases: CO, NO, and H2S 283:family of proteins. Activation of 93:dysfunction and using Mesenchymal 25: 2686:10.2174/1389201020666190417124711 1896:10.1146/annurev-med-050214-013407 1705:Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 2431:Taylor, Andrew T. (2014-04-01). 1628:10.1097/00004872-199715120-00001 257:mediates both Fas-dependent and 348:coronary artery bypass grafting 938:are used in renography: Tc99m- 880:Magnetic Resonance Angiography 857:Magnetic Resonance Angiography 568:is activated. This results in 538:In acute kidney ischemia, the 1: 2103:BioMed Research International 385:Angiotensin-converting enzyme 379:Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 119:Infarction or Physical Injury 2601:10.1371/journal.pone.0196088 1502:10.1371/journal.pone.0150863 508:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress 412:Researchers have found that 317:) for vasomotor regulation, 136:Renal Surgery and Transplant 2880:Template:Glomerular disease 2437:Journal of Nuclear Medicine 1717:10.1016/j.ymgme.2003.09.012 1436:10.1152/ajprenal.00352.2012 1209:– via www.nature.com. 456:stress, disfunction of the 253:is still unclear; however, 228:proteins and their ligands 3175: 2969:Balkan endemic nephropathy 2540:10.1016/j.juro.2015.09.099 2178:National Kidney Foundation 1837:10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.015 1395:"Definition of INFARCTION" 1083:(CO) helps in stabilizing 674:glomerular filtration rate 3004:Renovascular hypertension 2450:10.2967/jnumed.113.133447 2229:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117860 1956:10.1007/s00210-007-0183-5 1884:Annual Review of Medicine 1226:Nature Reviews Nephrology 1179:Nature Reviews Nephrology 1154:renal replacement therapy 917:blood pressure regulation 826:Duplex Doppler Sonography 777:and in low levels in the 653:Renovascular hypertension 533:Mitochondrial Dysfunction 522:unfolded protein response 3105:Renal papillary necrosis 2999:Hypertensive nephropathy 1117:cystathionine-b-synthase 986:ischemic preconditioning 971:Ischemic Preconditioning 915:, which plays a role in 526:C/EBP Homologous Protein 474:Normal functions of the 307:Apolipoprotein E (APO E) 3009:Renal cortical necrosis 2367:10.1186/1532-429X-13-19 2328:www.hopkinsmedicine.org 1616:Journal of Hypertension 1399:www.merriam-webster.com 920:accuracy of this test. 845:Doppler ultrasonography 713:Diagnosis and Screening 642:Kidney size differences 601:tumor necrosis factor-a 3045:Chronic kidney disease 2959:Interstitial nephritis 2916:Acute tubular necrosis 2899:Renal tubular acidosis 1567:10.1681/ASN.2016070731 1294:10.1186/1741-7015-9-11 1238:10.1038/nrneph.2011.16 1191:10.1038/nrneph.2011.16 1130:Mesenchymal Stem Cells 1077: 1004: 982:coronary artery bypass 976:In patients who get a 960:Traditional Treatments 946:and is tracked with a 875: 836: 633: 480:adenosine triphosphate 440: 143:coronary artery bypass 3068:Analgesic nephropathy 2989:Renal artery stenosis 1880:"Acute Kidney Injury" 1355:10.12861/jrip.2015.06 1124:Mesenchymal Stem Cell 1074: 1002: 905:Plasma renin activity 899:Plasma renin activity 873: 834: 703:Acute pulmonary edema 630: 454:endoplasmic reticulum 437: 190:; more specifically, 3073:Renal osteodystrophy 2284:10.2215/CJN.04010907 1824:Kidney International 1779:10.2215/CJN.05411008 1138:transdifferentiation 489:cellular respiration 300:Genetic Risk Factors 97:. Several receptors 3040:Acute renal failure 2592:2018PLoSO..1396088B 2148:Tarrant, J (2017). 2116:10.1155/2014/602526 1493:2016PLoSO..1150863J 1430:(11): F1487–F1494. 1045:Emerging Treatments 1034:Acute Kidney Injury 1024:Fenoldopam Mesylate 692:blood urea nitrogen 147:acute kidney injury 3131:Reflux nephropathy 3088:Diabetes insipidus 2870:Glomerular disease 2528:Journal of Urology 2412:www.uclahealth.org 2330:. 19 November 2019 1078: 1005: 913:angiotensinogenase 876: 837: 835:Sonography example 634: 608:Maladaptive Repair 544:aerobic metabolism 441: 240:. Upregulation of 141:Renal surgery and 3141: 3140: 3018:General syndromes 2939:Liddle's syndrome 2934:Gitelman syndrome 2803:10.1002/stem.1449 2737:(11): 1391–1401. 2503:978-3-642-19426-9 1622:(12): 1365–1377. 1134:anti-inflammatory 978:kidney transplant 871: 795:alimentary tracts 668:In patients with 622:Physical Symptoms 518:unfolded proteins 266:Intrinsic Pathway 215:Extrinsic Pathway 95:Stem Cell Therapy 16:(Redirected from 3166: 2929:Bartter syndrome 2924:Fanconi syndrome 2855: 2848: 2841: 2832: 2825: 2824: 2814: 2797:(9): 1731–1736. 2782: 2773: 2772: 2762: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2621: 2603: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2551: 2534:(6): 1655–1663. 2519: 2508: 2507: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2452: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2418: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2387: 2369: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2303: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2208: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2084: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2046: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2019: 1984: 1983: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1915: 1875: 1858: 1857: 1839: 1830:(6): 1219–1229. 1815: 1809: 1808: 1798: 1773:(6): 1020–1031. 1758: 1737: 1736: 1696: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1663: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1607: 1598: 1597: 1587: 1569: 1560:(5): 1534–1551. 1544: 1533: 1532: 1522: 1504: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1455: 1415: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1334: 1325: 1324: 1314: 1296: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1170: 1105:vasoconstriction 911:, also known as 892:Functional Tests 878:Similar to DDS, 872: 540:proximal tubules 493:oxidative stress 344:Apolipoprotein E 338:Apolipoprotein E 329:which regulates 275:is dependent on 184:Arteriosclerosis 151:renal transplant 21: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3154:Kidney diseases 3144: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3056: 3013: 2975: 2945: 2885: 2864: 2859: 2829: 2828: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2743:10.1038/nm.2507 2731:Nature Medicine 2724: 2723: 2719: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2649:medlineplus.gov 2643: 2642: 2635: 2586:(4): e0196088. 2573: 2572: 2565: 2521: 2520: 2511: 2504: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2416: 2414: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2331: 2322: 2321: 2317: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2210: 2209: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2080: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2056: 2054:medlineplus.gov 2048: 2047: 2040: 2031: 2029: 2021: 2020: 1987: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1877: 1876: 1861: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1760: 1759: 1740: 1698: 1697: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1648: 1646: 1609: 1608: 1601: 1546: 1545: 1536: 1487:(3): e0150863. 1474: 1473: 1469: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1336: 1335: 1328: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1146: 1127: 1081:Carbon monoxide 1069: 1055: 1048: 1038:bioavailability 1027: 997: 974: 963: 956: 928: 902: 895: 862: 860: 839:Duplex Doppler 829: 822: 725: 715: 706: 684: 666: 656: 645: 625: 611: 585: 562: 536: 511: 472: 446: 444:Pathophysiology 425: 410: 396: 382: 362: 341: 303: 269: 218: 207: 196:atherosclerosis 192:atherosclerosis 180:Atherosclerosis 176:atherosclerosis 172: 169:Atherosclerosis 161: 139: 122: 111: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3121:Hydronephrosis 3109: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2994:Renal ischemia 2991: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2964:Pyelonephritis 2955: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2862:Kidney disease 2860: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2774: 2717: 2680:(5): 366–375. 2660: 2633: 2563: 2509: 2502: 2482: 2443:(4): 608–615. 2423: 2399: 2340: 2315: 2278:(3): 665–673. 2258: 2190: 2165: 2158: 2140: 2089: 2065: 2038: 1985: 1927: 1890:(1): 293–307. 1859: 1810: 1738: 1711:(4): 365–376. 1682: 1655: 1599: 1534: 1467: 1410: 1386: 1326: 1267: 1232:(4): 189–200. 1212: 1185:(4): 189–200. 1164: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1145: 1142: 1126: 1121: 1068: 1063: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1026: 1021: 996: 991: 973: 968: 962: 957: 955: 952: 927: 922: 901: 896: 894: 889: 859: 854: 828: 823: 821: 816: 815: 814: 804: 798: 768: 762: 756: 750: 744: 738: 732: 724: 719: 714: 711: 705: 700: 683: 678: 665: 660: 655: 650: 644: 639: 624: 619: 610: 605: 584: 579: 561: 556: 548:distal tubules 535: 530: 510: 505: 471: 466: 445: 442: 424: 419: 409: 404: 395: 390: 381: 376: 361: 356: 350:, carriers of 340: 335: 302: 297: 285:Bcl-2 proteins 271:Activation of 268: 263: 220:Activation of 217: 212: 206: 201: 171: 166: 160: 158:Dietary Habits 155: 138: 133: 121: 116: 110: 107: 27:Kidney disease 26: 24: 18:Renal ischemia 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3171: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3100:Renal papilla 3098: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3035:Renal failure 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2549:11368/2968852 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2424: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:Life Sciences 2214: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2159:9780128032008 2155: 2151: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 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1184: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1076:BioRender.com 1073: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1001: 995: 992: 990: 987: 983: 979: 972: 969: 967: 961: 958: 953: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 936:radionuclides 932: 926: 923: 921: 918: 914: 910: 906: 900: 897: 893: 890: 888: 885: 881: 858: 855: 853: 850: 846: 842: 833: 827: 824: 820: 819:Imaging Tests 817: 812: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 726: 723: 720: 718: 712: 710: 704: 701: 699: 695: 693: 689: 682: 679: 677: 675: 671: 664: 661: 659: 654: 651: 649: 643: 640: 638: 629: 623: 620: 618: 616: 609: 606: 604: 602: 598: 597:interleukin-1 594: 590: 583: 580: 578: 576: 571: 567: 560: 557: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 534: 531: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 509: 506: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 481: 477: 470: 467: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 443: 436: 432: 430: 423: 420: 418: 415: 408: 405: 403: 401: 394: 391: 389: 386: 380: 377: 375: 373: 370: 369:NADPH Oxidase 366: 365:NADPH Oxidase 360: 359:NADPH Oxidase 357: 355: 353: 349: 345: 339: 336: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 311:NADPH Oxidase 308: 301: 298: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 277:mitochondrial 274: 273:pro-caspase 9 267: 264: 262: 260: 256: 252: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 222:pro-caspase 8 216: 213: 211: 205: 202: 200: 197: 193: 189: 188:blood vessels 185: 181: 177: 170: 167: 165: 159: 156: 154: 152: 148: 144: 137: 134: 132: 130: 126: 120: 117: 115: 108: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 91:mitochondrial 89:in targeting 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 19: 3126:Pyonephrosis 3078:Nephroptosis 2951:Interstitium 2877: 2794: 2790: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2652:. Retrieved 2648: 2583: 2579: 2531: 2527: 2492: 2485: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2415:. Retrieved 2411: 2402: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2332:. Retrieved 2327: 2318: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2220: 2216: 2182:. Retrieved 2180:. 2015-12-24 2177: 2174:"Cystatin C" 2168: 2152:. Elsevier. 2149: 2143: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2081:. Retrieved 2077: 2068: 2057:. Retrieved 2053: 2030:. Retrieved 2026: 1947: 1943: 1887: 1883: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1770: 1766: 1708: 1704: 1674:. Retrieved 1670: 1647:. Retrieved 1619: 1615: 1557: 1553: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1402:. Retrieved 1398: 1389: 1349:(2): 20–27. 1346: 1342: 1284: 1281:BMC Medicine 1280: 1270: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1182: 1178: 1168: 1147: 1128: 1123: 1107:and lessens 1089:Nitric Oxide 1079: 1065: 1056: 1051: 1044: 1028: 1023: 1006: 993: 975: 970: 964: 959: 948:gamma camera 944:renal system 929: 924: 903: 898: 891: 877: 856: 838: 825: 818: 765:Endothelin-1 721: 716: 707: 702: 696: 685: 680: 670:hypertension 667: 662: 657: 652: 646: 641: 635: 621: 612: 607: 586: 582:Inflammation 581: 563: 558: 552:cytochrome c 537: 532: 512: 507: 484:nitric oxide 473: 468: 458:mitochondria 447: 426: 421: 411: 406: 397: 392: 383: 378: 363: 358: 342: 337: 331:angiogenesis 304: 299: 293:cytochrome c 270: 265: 219: 214: 208: 203: 173: 168: 162: 157: 140: 135: 123: 118: 112: 72: 68:inflammation 60:mitochondria 44:septic shock 30: 29: 3112:Major calyx 3093:Nephrogenic 2078:Mayo Clinic 1950:(1): 1–43. 1671:Mayo Clinic 1101:NO synthase 1016:reperfusion 791:respiratory 775:neutrophils 615:homeostasis 469:Vasculature 450:vasculature 407:Interleukin 323:Interleukin 103:antagonists 48:hypovolemia 3148:Categories 2791:Stem Cells 2654:2020-12-11 2417:2020-12-10 2334:2020-12-10 2223:: 117860. 2184:2020-12-07 2109:: 602526. 2083:2020-12-10 2059:2020-12-09 2032:2020-12-09 1676:2020-12-10 1649:2020-12-10 1404:2020-12-09 1160:References 1097:citrulline 1030:Fenoldopam 1008:Furosemide 954:Treatments 931:Renography 841:Sonography 741:Cystatin C 729:Creatinine 722:Biomarkers 688:creatinine 589:bradykinin 497:leukocytes 125:Infarction 79:cystatin C 3030:Nephrosis 3025:Nephritis 2751:1546-170X 2694:1389-2010 2610:1932-6203 2459:0161-5505 2376:1097-6647 2360:(1): 19. 2292:1555-9041 2253:219637062 2237:0024-3205 1964:1432-1912 1904:0066-4219 1846:0085-2538 1787:1555-9041 1725:1096-7192 1576:1046-6673 1511:1932-6203 1444:1931-857X 1363:2345-2781 1303:1741-7015 1287:(1): 11. 1246:1759-507X 1109:apoptosis 787:epithelia 735:Clusterin 593:histamine 575:autophagy 570:autophagy 559:Autophagy 514:Misfolded 501:platelets 462:autophagy 238:apoptosis 83:biomarker 75:clusterin 64:autophagy 40:apoptosis 3159:Ischemia 2981:Vascular 2920:Genetic 2904:proximal 2821:23766020 2769:22064429 2712:31038062 2628:29689116 2580:PLOS ONE 2558:26804756 2477:24549283 2394:21388544 2310:18337554 2245:32534037 2135:25013791 1980:25227803 1972:18038125 1922:26768243 1854:32331702 1805:19443624 1733:14654349 1644:25715659 1594:27932476 1529:26963819 1481:PLOS ONE 1462:22993069 1381:26060833 1321:21288330 1262:32234965 1254:21364518 1207:32234965 1199:21364518 1150:fibrosis 1113:cysteine 1093:arginine 1058:Bendavia 1052:Bendavia 1012:diuretic 884:stenosis 849:azotemia 783:prostate 287:such as 259:TGF-beta 204:Genetics 129:necrosis 99:agonists 87:Bendavia 35:ischemia 2891:Tubules 2812:3795813 2760:3886192 2703:6751352 2619:5915682 2588:Bibcode 2468:4061739 2385:3060856 2301:2386703 2126:4071811 1913:4845743 1796:2689876 1636:9431840 1585:5407727 1520:4786316 1489:Bibcode 1453:3532486 1372:4459724 1312:3038966 1144:Outcome 789:of the 372:p22phox 56:hypoxia 3116:pelvis 3050:Uremia 2909:distal 2819: 2809: 2767: 2757: 2749: 2710: 2700: 2692: 2626: 2616: 2608: 2556: 2500: 2475: 2465: 2457: 2392: 2382: 2374: 2308: 2298: 2290: 2251: 2243: 2235: 2156: 2133: 2123: 1978: 1970: 1962: 1920: 1910: 1902: 1852: 1844: 1803: 1793: 1785: 1731: 1723: 1642: 1634: 1592: 1582: 1574: 1527: 1517: 1509: 1460: 1450: 1442: 1379: 1369: 1361: 1319: 1309: 1301: 1260: 1252: 1244: 1205: 1197: 811:IGFBP7 807:TIMP-2 785:, and 779:kidney 476:kidney 414:IL-17C 109:Causes 52:IL-17C 32:Kidney 3061:Other 2249:S2CID 1976:S2CID 1640:S2CID 1258:S2CID 1203:S2CID 980:or a 909:renin 753:KIM-1 400:HSP72 393:HSP72 352:APO-E 319:HSP72 281:Bcl-2 2878:See 2817:PMID 2765:PMID 2747:ISSN 2708:PMID 2690:ISSN 2624:PMID 2606:ISSN 2554:PMID 2498:ISBN 2473:PMID 2455:ISSN 2390:PMID 2372:ISSN 2306:PMID 2288:ISSN 2241:PMID 2233:ISSN 2154:ISBN 2131:PMID 2107:2014 1968:PMID 1960:ISSN 1918:PMID 1900:ISSN 1850:PMID 1842:ISSN 1801:PMID 1783:ISSN 1729:PMID 1721:ISSN 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