434:
451:, followed by the major calyces that ultimately join the renal pelvis. From here, urine continues its flow from the renal pelvis into the ureter, transporting urine into the urinary bladder. The anatomy of the human urinary system differs between males and females at the level of the urinary bladder. In males, the urethra begins at the internal urethral orifice in the trigone of the bladder, continues through the external urethral orifice, and then becomes the prostatic, membranous, bulbar, and penile urethra. Urine exits the male urethra through the
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by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron. Vasopressin increases water permeability of the kidney's collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels in the kidney nephron collecting duct plasma membrane.
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plays a central role in regulating blood pressure through its effects on the kidney. It acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephron and increases reabsorption of sodium from the glomerular filtrate. Reabsorption of sodium results in retention of water, which increases blood
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The urinary system refers to the structures that produce and transport urine to the point of excretion. In the human urinary system there are two kidneys that are located between the dorsal body wall and parietal peritoneum on both the left and right sides.
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into the tubules. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients facilitate filtration across a semipermeable membrane. The filtrate includes water, small molecules, and ions that easily pass through the filtration membrane. However, larger molecules such as
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The formation of urine begins within the functional unit of the kidney, the nephrons. Urine then flows through the nephrons, through a system of converging tubules called collecting ducts. These collecting ducts then join together to form the
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have been identified and recorded about as long as written historical records exist. The urinary tract including the ureters, as well as their function to drain urine from the kidneys, has been described by
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can help in this condition by strengthening the pelvic floor. There can also be underlying medical reasons for urinary incontinence which are often treatable. In children, the condition is called
587:(L) per day, depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little urine requires medical attention.
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774:), the process of urination is under voluntary control. In infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur as an involuntary
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lining of most organs, transitional epithelium can flatten and distend. Urothelium covers most of the urinary system, including the renal pelvis, ureters, and bladder.
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267:
1957:
1178:"Uncontrolled hypertension is associated with a rapid progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with proteinuria and preserved renal function"
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800–2,000 milliliters (mL) of urine are normally produced every day in a healthy human. This amount varies according to fluid intake and kidney function.
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or GFR and amounts to 180 litres per day. About 99% of this filtrate is reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron and the remaining 1% becomes urine.
1952:
1301:"Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Clinical Outcomes"
903:. Findings recent systematic reviews demonstrate that behavioral therapy generally results in improved urinary incontinence outcomes, especially for
1119:"Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels to plasma membrane"
2037:
243:
1487:
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The first step in urine formation is the filtration of blood in the kidneys. In a healthy human, the kidney receives between 12 and 30% of
331:. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine. The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the
319:. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of
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1101:
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472:
419:
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Maton, Anthea; Jean
Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993).
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Balk, Ethan M.; Rofeberg, Valerie N.; Adam, Gaelen P.; Kimmel, Hannah J.; Trikalinos, Thomas A.; Jeppson, Peter C. (2019-04-02).
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Balk, Ethan; Adam, Gaelen P.; Kimmel, Hannah; Rofeberg, Valerie; Saeed, Iman; Jeppson, Peter; Trikalinos, Thomas (2018-08-08).
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Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function. For instance, it has been shown that
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are prevented from passing through the filtration membrane. The amount of filtrate produced every minute is called the
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Nahon, I; Waddington, G; Dorey, G; Adams, R (2011). "The history of urologic surgery: from reeds to robotics".
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fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled through the
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is a condition of excessive urine production (> 2.5 L/day). Conditions involving low output of urine are
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The first to examine the ureter through an internal approach, called ureteroscopy, rather than surgery was
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363:. The female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.
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This article is about the human urinary system. For urinary systems of other vertebrates, see
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459:. The female urethra is much shorter, beginning at the bladder neck and terminating in the
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Handbook of
Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Neuroactive Proteins and Peptides
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Nielsen S, Chou CL, Marples D, Christensen EI, Kishore BK, Knepper MA (February 1995).
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1240:"Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Systematic Review Update"
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Anatomical system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra
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can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system. As an example,
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approaches within the urinary system employed during the preceding two millennia.
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938:. Due to the role and location of these organs, treatment is often complicated.
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Under microscopy, the urinary system is covered in a unique lining called
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Urination, also sometimes referred to as micturition, is the ejection of
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The main functions of the urinary system and its components are to:
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778:. Physiologically, micturition involves coordination between the
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1087:"Oxytocin and Vasopressin: Genetics and Behavioral Implications"
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National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
715:. Its two primary functions are to retain water in the body and
567:
2026:
1476:
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2169:
1363:"The History of Urinary Stones: In Parallel with Civilization"
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The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the
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UI, than medications alone. Pelvic floor exercises known as
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pressure and blood volume. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a
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to the outside of the body. Urine is ejected through the
574:) before it and other products are removed from the body.
1176:
Baba, T; Murabayashi, S; Tomiyama, T; Takebe, K (1990).
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Contributes to the production of red blood cells by the
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of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of
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Some cancers also target the urinary system, including
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where it is stored until it exits the body through the
42:
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Diseases of the kidney tissue are normally treated by
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Average urine production in adult humans is about 1–2
198:(longer in males, shorter in females) during urination
840:, while diseases of the urinary tract are treated by
400:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
1096:(3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 573–607.
1064:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
790:. Brain centers that regulate urination include the
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977:, bypassing the ureters and urinary tract, called
339:. Each kidney consists of functional units called
859:sensitizes the kidney to the damaging effects of
606:, but it averages about 20% or about 1.25 L/min.
351:) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of
182:Urinary system in the male. Urine flows from the
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1020:"The Urinary Tract & How It Works | NIDDK"
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965:who is the first published use of a flexible
688:The urinary system is under influence of the
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848:may also treat female urinary incontinence.
1182:The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine
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1284:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
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1361:Tefekli, Ahmet; Cezayirli, Fatin (2013).
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420:Learn how and when to remove this message
613:. Its chief function is to regulate the
396:Relevant discussion may be found on the
32:This is an accepted version of this page
1037:C. Dugdale, David (16 September 2011).
1011:
660:The urinary system is regulated by the
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684:Regulation of concentration and volume
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78:
829:is a urologic disease that can cause
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883:can result from a weakening of the
719:. Vasopressin regulates the body's
887:muscles caused by factors such as
636:In the first part of the nephron,
57:
1043:MedLine Plus Medical Encyclopedia
961:in 1929. This was improved on by
869:also can have a direct effect in
473:Development of the urinary system
378:
335:which leave the kidneys via the
1426:10.7257/1053-816X.2011.31.3.173
1000:Major systems of the human body
1847:Extraglomerular mesangial cell
1727:Intraglomerular mesangial cell
566:Stores waste products (mainly
1:
69:urinary systems of amphibians
1707:Glomerular basement membrane
1367:The Scientific World Journal
1123:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
621:and soluble substances like
1305:Annals of Internal Medicine
855:released by the kidneys in
65:urinary systems of reptiles
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1745:Proximal convoluted tubule
954:in the second century AD.
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809:
792:pontine micturition center
731:
655:glomerular filtration rate
481:
470:
438:3D model of urinary system
58:
1940:Internal urethral orifice
1917:Median umbilical ligament
1824:Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1465:Resources in your library
827:urinary tract obstruction
770:. In healthy humans (and
273:
175:
86:
1772:Distal convoluted tubule
1060:Human Biology and Health
709:neurohypophysial hormone
61:Urinary systems of birds
39:latest accepted revision
1648:Peritubular capillaries
1252:(inactive 2024-04-03).
1218:"Peripheral Neuropathy"
875:peripheral neuropathies
818:Urinary tract infection
788:somatic nervous systems
640:filters blood from the
494:transitional epithelium
2497:Lymphoid immune system
2066:Musculoskeletal system
1873:Ureteropelvic junction
1777:Collecting duct system
1560:medullary interstitium
1273:Cite journal requires
1249:10.23970/ahrqepccer212
1144:10.1073/pnas.92.4.1013
1039:"Female urinary tract"
595:(< 400 mL/day) and
516:and composition (e.g.
439:
275:Anatomical terminology
2485:Myeloid immune system
2271:Cardiovascular system
1837:Juxtaglomerular cells
816:Further information:
806:Clinical significance
437:
95:Human urinary system:
2837:Islets of Langerhans
2697:Genitourinary system
2433:Integumentary system
1195:10.1620/tjem.161.311
881:Urinary incontinence
670:antidiuretic hormone
559:(the active form of
389:factual accuracy is
295:, also known as the
2727:Reproductive system
2446:Subcutaneous tissue
2215:Cartilaginous joint
2000:Lacunae of Morgagni
1945:Urethral sphincters
1380:10.1155/2013/423964
1135:1995PNAS...92.1013N
796:periaqueductal gray
678:parathyroid hormone
599:(< 100 mL/day).
149:Common iliac artery
29:Page version status
2509:Respiratory system
2262:Circulatory system
772:many other animals
721:retention of water
690:circulatory system
642:circulatory system
440:
303:, consists of the
141:Inferior vena cava
117:. (Left side with
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2358:Glymphatic system
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2020:
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1782:Connecting tubule
1451:Library resources
857:diabetes mellitus
831:urinary retention
760:placental mammals
625:by filtering the
555:Helps synthesize
430:
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289:
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220:systema urinarium
16:(Redirected from
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2804:Endocrine system
2566:Digestive system
2311:Lymphatic system
2294:Lymphatic vessel
2267:
2071:
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1894:Vesical arteries
1717:Filtration slits
1702:Bowman's capsule
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1414:Urologic Nursing
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995:Excretory system
823:Urologic disease
812:Urologic disease
762:and through the
717:vasoconstriction
698:endocrine system
662:endocrine system
638:Bowman's capsule
461:vulval vestibule
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281:edit on Wikidata
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2633:Small intestine
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2230:Muscular system
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1995:navicular fossa
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1912:Detrusor muscle
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1765:Thick ascending
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1689:Renal corpuscle
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1577:Cortical lobule
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1503:Anatomy of the
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932:ureteral cancer
913:Kegel exercises
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800:cerebral cortex
744:urinary bladder
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579:Urine formation
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111:Urinary bladder
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2220:Synovial joint
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1103:0-387-30348-0
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496:. Unlike the
495:
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449:minor calyces
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19:
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2335:
2318:
2278:
1985:intermediate
1890:Circulation
1832:Macula densa
1814:Renal pelvis
1737:Renal tubule
1628:interlobular
1608:Renal artery
1504:
1455:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1370:
1366:
1308:
1304:
1294:
1266:cite journal
1233:
1222:. Retrieved
1220:. Patient UK
1212:
1188:(4): 311–8.
1185:
1181:
1171:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1093:
1080:
1059:
1051:
1042:
1032:
1023:
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975:renal pelvis
971:fiber optics
956:
945:
921:
899:, and being
885:pelvic floor
879:
865:
861:hypertension
850:
835:
821:
737:
702:
687:
659:
635:
608:
601:
582:
514:blood volume
507:
492:, a type of
487:
478:Microanatomy
445:
441:
416:
407:
388:
365:
343:. Following
321:electrolytes
301:renal system
300:
296:
292:
290:
244:A08.0.00.000
219:
157:Translucent:
156:
133:Renal artery
128:
103:Renal pelvis
94:
76:
46:
37:This is the
31:
18:Renal system
2827:Parathyroid
2527:Nasopharynx
2389:Spinal cord
2324:Bone marrow
2093:Collar bone
1809:Major calyx
1804:Minor calyx
1597:Circulation
979:nephrostomy
963:VF Marshall
768:vertebrates
704:Aldosterone
674:aldosterone
651:blood cells
543:homeostasis
467:Development
457:glans penis
325:metabolites
209:Identifiers
47:1 July 2024
2606:Oropharynx
2346:Lymph node
2279:peripheral
2125:Metatarsus
2120:Metacarpus
2099:Thigh bone
2095:(clavicle)
1755:Descending
1697:Glomerulus
1663:interlobar
1653:Vasa recta
1643:Renal vein
1618:interlobar
1373:: 423964.
1224:2014-03-20
1006:References
901:overweight
893:childbirth
842:urologists
798:, and the
557:calcitriol
498:epithelial
490:urothelium
484:Urothelium
482:See also:
410:March 2024
345:filtration
337:renal vein
315:, and the
291:The human
2812:Pituitary
2661:accessory
2616:Esophagus
2336:secondary
2248:Diaphragm
2192:Cartilage
2140:Phalanges
1980:prostatic
1949:External
1842:Mesangium
1722:Mesangium
1613:segmental
1604:Arteries
1325:0003-4819
969:based on
967:endoscope
889:pregnancy
871:urination
784:autonomic
766:in other
750:from the
742:from the
734:Urination
728:Urination
572:uric acid
561:Vitamin D
538:Regulate
531:Regulate
522:potassium
512:Regulate
398:talk page
370:Structure
361:urination
190:into the
2852:Category
2792:Placenta
2755:Testicle
2750:Prostate
2677:Pancreas
2638:Appendix
2628:lower GI
2601:upper GI
2549:Bronchus
2492:Lymphoid
2175:Vertebra
2130:Ossicles
2115:Mandible
1965:Internal
1906:(female)
1712:Podocyte
1668:efferent
1633:afferent
1555:pyramids
1434:21805756
1399:24348156
1341:83458685
1333:30884526
1258:80659370
989:See also
917:enuresis
867:Diabetes
668:such as
666:hormones
647:proteins
593:oliguria
589:Polyuria
504:Function
391:disputed
341:nephrons
329:blood pH
186:via the
129:Vessels:
43:reviewed
2832:Adrenal
2822:Thyroid
2740:Scrotum
2717:Urethra
2712:Bladder
2621:Stomach
2544:Trachea
2480:Myeloid
2319:primary
2185:Sternum
2135:Patella
2110:Humerus
2101:(femur)
1932:Urethra
1922:Trigone
1883:Bladder
1865:Ureters
1680:Nephron
1658:arcuate
1623:arcuate
1587:Nephron
1550:Medulla
1533:Capsule
1513:Kidneys
1390:3856162
1204:2256104
1163:7532304
1131:Bibcode
942:History
873:due to
853:protein
780:central
748:urethra
713:mammals
611:nephron
526:calcium
455:in the
359:during
357:urethra
317:urethra
313:bladder
309:ureters
305:kidneys
232:D014551
204:Details
196:urethra
192:bladder
188:ureters
184:kidneys
115:Urethra
2817:Pineal
2777:Vagina
2772:Uterus
2767:Female
2707:Ureter
2702:Kidney
2648:Rectum
2584:Tongue
2532:Larynx
2451:Breast
2423:Tissue
2341:Spleen
2329:Thymus
2284:Artery
2243:Tendon
2238:Muscle
2202:Joints
2180:Pelvis
2155:Tarsus
2145:Radius
2105:Fibula
2088:Carpus
2058:organs
1990:spongy
1958:female
1639:Veins
1543:column
1538:Cortex
1528:Fascia
1521:Layers
1453:about
1432:
1397:
1387:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1256:
1202:
1161:
1151:
1100:
1068:
934:, and
905:stress
786:, and
776:reflex
764:cloaca
696:, and
676:, and
623:sodium
597:anuria
585:litres
550:kidney
518:sodium
169:Pelvis
167:, 14.
163:, 13.
147:, 11.
143:, 10.
107:Ureter
99:Kidney
67:, and
2787:Ovary
2782:Vulva
2745:Penis
2667:Liver
2643:Colon
2594:Tooth
2574:Mouth
2539:Lower
2517:Upper
2394:Nerve
2384:Brain
2301:Heart
2160:Tibia
2150:Skull
1567:Sinus
1337:S2CID
1254:S2CID
1154:42627
1090:(PDF)
952:Galen
897:aging
756:vulva
752:penis
740:urine
631:urine
627:blood
619:water
349:urine
279:[
215:Latin
161:Liver
139:, 9.
113:, 6.
109:, 5.
105:, 4.
101:, 3.
2735:Male
2653:Anus
2554:Lung
2522:Nose
2470:and
2441:Skin
2289:Vein
2165:Ulna
2083:Bone
2056:and
1953:male
1572:Lobe
1430:PMID
1395:PMID
1371:2013
1329:PMID
1321:ISSN
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