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152:. Later the painting on glass spread to Italy, where in Venice it influenced its Renaissance art. Since the middle of the 18th century, painting on glass became favored by the Church and the nobility throughout Central Europe. A number of clock faces were created using this technique in the early-to-mid-19th century. Throughout the 19th century painting on glass was widely popular as
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figures are usually outlined first with thin black lines, in contrast to those of
Kandinsky’s, which generally were outlined with thick black lines. After the line art, Chinese reverse glass paintings are filled with different colors applied to various areas to create the details. After the colors, a
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in
Austria, Bavaria, Moravia, Bohemia and Slovakia. Unfortunately, during the inter-war period (1914–1945) this traditional "naive" technique fell nearly to a complete oblivion and its methods of paint composition and structural layout had to be re-invented by combining acrylic and oil paints. A new
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usually are painted first, while backgrounds are painted last. Different colors can be applied one after the other after each layer has dried or a thin layer of paint before drying. In paintings like those of
Kandinsky, black cardboards were used as background to intensify the depth of
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method of reverse painting emerged using polymer glazing methods that permitted the artworks to be painted direct to an acrylic UV coating on the glass. The unique under glass effect retains a curious depth even though the layered painting on the glass was bonded to a final linen
347:. One of the most distinctive aspects of this type of painting is the glass that works as a paint holder for the piece. The glass used to create these pictures is usually very resistant. It was used in reverse paintings during the 16th and 18th centuries in
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is an art form consisting of applying paint to a piece of glass and then viewing the image by turning the glass over and looking through the glass at the image. Another term used to refer to the art of cold painting and gilding on the back of glass is
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Four of
Kandinsky's works of art investigated in-depth show more than two layers of applied paint that vary in thickness. The technique varies, but Kandinsky's paintings show internal layers with rapid sweeping brush strokes in large regions and
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James began reverse painting in 1928, after
Hartley introduced her to the technique. Over the next three decades, she created some 200 floral still lifes, desert landscapes, and non-objective portraits in this medium.
216:, applying the front most layer first and the background layer last. In these artworks, the final result must be well thought out before starting the piece and must be taken into account with each layer applied. In
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thin white layer of paint is applied as background to the reverse side of the painting, differently from non-Chinese reverse glass paintings that use black to intensify the colors on the back side of the glass.
671:) was first seen in Iran during the 15th century, but the art flourished starting in the 19th century. One of the earliest surviving examples of this art in Iran is from the Qajar dynasty, during the reign of
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and now stretcher bar mounted after being carefully removed from the original 'glass easel'. Current glass painting may disappear with the advent of using aerospace mylar as a preliminary support.
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China, Beijing palace workshops, Qing
Dynasty (1644-1911), Qianlong reign - Screen with European Figures (obverse) and Landscape (reverse) with Stand - 1964.243 - Cleveland Museum of Art
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176:. Japanese artists took up the technique during the nineteenth century. Reverse glass painting was also popular in India and Senegal in the nineteenth century.
137:, named after the French decorator Jean-Baptiste Glomy (1711–86), who framed prints using glass that had been reverse-painted. In German it is known as
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The pigments' size affects the paint's cohesion and the adhesive characteristics. A study in which nine pigments were tested implemented different
362:, starting a painting on the back side of the glass can be complicated. At the same time, its crystal-clear structure makes it possible to copy an
39:
679:, many large reverse glass portraiture paintings were made, however few survived breakage due to their size and the thinness of the glass used.
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of curvilinear vessels with flowers using this method, but after his initial enthusiasm, he gave up reverse glass painting in less than a year.
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onto a glass area. But due to the speed of deterioration, the technique of reverse glass was developed for the glass to work as a protective
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was the easiest to observe. It had a more considerable hardening, especially with the addition of adhesive. Pigments were more adherent on
185:
838:
Steger, Simon; Oesterle, Diana; Bretz, Simone; Frenzel, Lisa; Stege, Heike; Winkelmeyer, Iris; Hahn, Oliver; Geiger, Gisela (2019-05-07).
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479:, made artworks using reverse glass painting. Both were inspired by American folk art that included painting on glass, for instance,
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840:"Kandinsky's fragile art: a multidisciplinary investigation of four early reverse glass paintings (1911–1914) by Wassily Kandinsky"
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952:"First insights into Chinese reverse glass paintings gained by non-invasive spectroscopic analysis—tracing a cultural dialogue"
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260:, a Russian painter who created more than 70 reverse paintings on glass) is line art, with black lines that show the primary
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were necessary since reverse glass paintings are viewed using reflected light rather than traditional transmitted light.
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Nardo, V. Mollica; Renda, V.; Anastasio, G.; Caponetti, E.; Saladino, M. L.; Vasi, C. S.; Ponterio, R. C. (2019-05-01).
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268:. In Kandinsky's illustrations, thick and defined lines are applied at the beginning of each reverse glass painting.
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32:
1024:"On the study of oil paint adhesion on optically transparent glass: Conservation of reverse paintings on glass"
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950:
Steger, Simon; Oesterle, Diana; Mayer, Rupprecht; Hahn, Oliver; Bretz, Simone; Geiger, Gisela (2019-08-01).
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One of the main challenges of creating a reverse glass painting is how layers are applied when painting. An
192:
1076:"A combination of portable non-invasive techniques to study on reverse glass paintings at Mistretta museum"
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Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
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During the 19th and 20th centuries, China had one of the most significant influences on art. Unlike
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layers of adhesive, which explains the need for a well-applied adhesive layer to achieve better
798:. Munich, New York: Prestel, in association with the Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren.
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Chinese reverse glass paintings also show a significant orientation toward the colors of the
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to observe the influence of adhesion of the pigments on the glass. Of all pigments studied,
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390:. Unlike wood or canvas, glass requires preparation before applying color for long-lasting
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172:. Jesuit missionaries brought it to China, and it spread to Japan from China during the
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Franz Marc owned a section of
Chinese pith paper paintings from the nineteenth century.
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The first step in a reverse glass painting, (identified in paintings such as those of
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Marc and
Kandinsky shared letters that mentioned Chinese and Japanese artworks.
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Other
American artists working in the medium of reverse glass painting include
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as a protective layer for pieces to last longer and preserve over the years.
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Wurzelbacher, Karli (2017). "19th-Century Tinsel Painting Meets Modernism".
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394:. Since Roman times, cold painting on glass has been practiced by applying
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Mary Magdalene, Iconographic Studies from the Middle Ages to the Baroque
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Historical analysis also showed an apparent Asian influence of several
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Hartley's work in this medium began in 1917. He painted about a dozen
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and sometimes on top but slightly off to the side to blend the colors.
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Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set
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461:"Saint Anne teaches Mary", Austrian folk painting, early 19th century
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This art form has been around for many years. It was widely used for
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Bayle, M.; Waugh, D. G.; Colston, B. J.; Lawrence, J. (2015-12-01).
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Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (2009-05-14).
745:"Reverse Paintings on Glass: The 200 Years of Dazzling History"
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Senegal behind glass : images of religious and daily life
15:
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Li, Tao; Ji, Jinxin; Zhou, Zhong; Shi, Jilong (2017-04-01).
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for reverse glass paintings includes the following colors:
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of this type is usually painted on the opposite side of the
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As its name suggests, a reverse glass painting utilizes
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Qing Dynasty Artist, Large Party at Throne, circa 1800.
896:"Reverse painting on glass as seen by the proton beam"
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A reverse glass painting has three fundamental steps,
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since the Middle Ages. The most famous was the art of
125:– Chinese reverse glass painting from c. 1785 – 1789.
358:Because of the reverse order of the application of
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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212:), following an opposite succession of layers of
228:are painted first, before applying color to the
164:This style of painting is found in traditional
248:, painting of internal areas, and background.
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718:"Rise & Fall of the Canton Trade System"
1214:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
956:Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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855:
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1150:"Al & Georgia & Beck & Paul"
894:Neelmeijer, C.; Mäder, M. (2004-11-01).
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301:In reverse glass paintings, details and
695:Michelle A. Erhardt and Amy M. Morris,
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374:, glass has been created by melting a
196:Vassily Kandinsky, Komposition V, 1911
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
1179:Gerard C. Wertkin (2 August 2004).
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1148:Marler, Regina (7 November 2019).
773:. New Delhi, India: Niyogi Books.
310:. In others, black backgrounds of
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1183:Encyclopedia of American Folk Art
675:(from c. 1797–1834). During the
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771:Reverse glass painting in India
31:needs additional citations for
902:. Radiation and Archaeometry.
208:(the one not presented to the
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794:Bouttiaux, FirstName (1994).
370:from a paper template. Since
289:. To create depth, he paints
150:icons in the Byzantine Empire
1092:10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.067
1040:10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.192
594:A traditional Chinese color
769:Dallapiccola, Anna (2017).
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968:10.1007/s12520-019-00799-3
912:10.1016/j.nimb.2004.02.013
446:George Huszar creating an
434:and application of color.
1226:10.1007/s12520-015-0293-9
857:10.1186/s40494-019-0268-8
130:Reverse painting on glass
1291:. OUP USA. p. 117.
1154:New York Review of Books
1123:Journal of Glass Studies
663:Reverse glass painting (
572:reverse glass paintings.
55:"Reverse glass painting"
1256:"Painting, Mahin Azima"
1028:Applied Surface Science
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477:Rebecca Salsbury James
471:Two American artists,
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322:Materials and methods
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722:Visualizing Cultures
467:In the United States
40:improve this article
1319:Painting techniques
1262:. September 7, 1999
548:Heinrich Campendonk
617:Iron oxide earths
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635:Calm shell white
577:Chinese paintings
540:Wassily Kandinsky
518:Chinese influence
258:Vassily Kandinsky
188:Vassily Kandinsky
168:originating from
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644:Natural dyes
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1260:The Iranian
1129:: 429–434.
1086:: 640–644.
1034:: 293–301.
614:Lead white
488:still lifes
428:homogeneous
1313:Categories
1266:2022-12-18
1164:27 October
805:3791314246
754:27 October
728:27 October
707:), p. 315.
705:9004231951
683:References
544:Franz Marc
483:painting.
388:stabilizer
297:Background
291:wet-on-wet
174:Edo period
66:newspapers
1324:Glass art
1242:128777151
1234:1866-9565
1108:104321981
1100:0026-265X
1058:0169-4332
984:134680434
976:1866-9565
920:0168-583X
874:157066028
866:2050-7445
850:(1): 27.
677:Qajar-era
626:Malachite
424:Vermilion
396:oil paint
285:in other
279:stippling
180:Technique
1160:(17): 10
1135:90013845
639:Lead red
610:Cinnabar
605:Orpiment
505:In China
410:Pigments
392:adhesion
384:alkaline
266:painting
252:Line art
246:line art
226:eyebrows
210:audience
154:folk art
665:Persian
659:In Iran
653:rainbow
621:Azurite
596:palette
532:history
404:varnish
400:lacquer
376:mixture
360:pigment
303:shadows
264:of the
240:Process
218:realism
159:support
80:scholar
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524:Africa
481:tinsel
416:shapes
386:and a
380:silica
349:Europe
345:canvas
308:colors
234:sclera
222:pupils
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1238:S2CID
1131:JSTOR
1104:S2CID
980:S2CID
870:S2CID
724:. MIT
583:human
420:sizes
382:with
364:image
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