395:
299:
367:, and subsequently acquiring symbiotic bacteria. The symbiotic bacteria, on which adult worms depend for sustenance, are not present in the gametes, but are acquired from the environment through the skin in a process akin to an infection. The digestive tract transiently connects from a mouth at the tip of the ventral medial process to a foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus and was previously thought to have been the method by which the bacteria are introduced into adults. After symbionts are established in the midgut, they undergo substantial remodelling and enlargement to become the
49:
1486:(6 μm), the nucleus (26 μm) and the tail (98 μm). Thus, the single spermatozoa is about 130 μm long overall, with a diameter of 0.7 μm, which becomes narrower near the tail area, reaching 0.2 μm. The sperm is arranged into an agglomeration of around 340-350 individual spermatozoa that create a torch-like shape. The cup part is made up of acrosomes and nucleus, while the handle is made up by the tails. The spermatozoa in the package are held together by
62:
668:, receiving back a portion of the organic matter synthesized by the symbiont population. The adult tubeworm, given its inability to feed on particulate matter and its entire dependency on its symbionts for nutrition, the bacterial population is then the primary source of carbon acquisition for the symbiosis. Discovery of bacterial–invertebrate chemoautotrophic symbioses, initially in vestimentiferan tubeworms and then in
1281:, but the relative importance of translocation and symbiont digestion is not yet known. Studies proved that within 15 min, the label first appears in symbiont-free host tissues, and that indicates a significant amount of release of organic carbon immediately after fixation. After 24 h, labeled carbon is clearly evident in the epidermal tissues of the body wall. Results of the pulse-chase
1682:, which in turn suggests that low water temperature and high pressure in the deep sea do not necessarily limit the metabolic rate of animals and that hydrothermal vents sites display characteristics that are completely different from the surrounding environment, thereby shaping the physiology and biological interactions of the organisms living in these sites.
440:
1447:
symbiont has at least one gene needed for flagellum synthesis. Hence, the question arose as to the purpose of the flagellum. Flagellar motility would be useless for a bacterial symbiont transmitted vertically, but if the symbiont came from the external environment, then a flagellum would be essential
1613:
larvae that are transported through sea-bottom currents until they reach active hydrothermal vents sites, are referred to as trophocores. The trophocore stage lacks endosymbionts, which are acquired once larvae settle in a suitable environment and substrate. Free-living bacteria found in the water
608:
is a soft tissue that runs through almost the whole length of the tube's coelom. It retains a large number of bacteria on the order of 10 bacteria per gram of fresh weight. Bacteria in the trophosome are retained inside bacteriocytes, thereby having no contact with the external environment. Thus,
416:
that contain up to 144 globin chains (each presumably including associated heme structures). These tube worm hemoglobins are remarkable for carrying oxygen in the presence of sulfide, without being inhibited by this molecule, as hemoglobins in most other species are. The plume provides essential
1326:), respectively less, or no longer, usable for microbial oxidation metabolism. This causes the substrates to be less available for microbial activity, thus bacteria are constricted to compete with oxygen to get their nutrients. In order to avoid this issue, several microbes have evolved to make
1521:
Males release their sperm into sea water. While the released agglomerations of spermatozoa, referred to as spermatozeugmata, do not remain intact for more than 30 seconds in laboratory conditions, they may maintain integrity for longer periods of time in specific hydrothermal vent conditions.
574:
tube worm. Scientists discovered a remarkable source of nutrition that helps to sustain the conspicuous biomass of invertebrates at vents. Many studies focusing on this type of symbiosis revealed the presence of chemoautotrophic, endosymbiotic, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria mainly in
1522:
Usually, the spermatozeugmata swim into the female's tube. Movement of the cluster is conferred by the collective action of each spermatozoon moving independently. Reproduction has also been observed involving only a single spermatozoon reaching the female's tube. Generally,
1497:
of females run within the gonocoel along the entire length of the trunk and are ventral to the trophosome. Eggs at different maturation stages can be found in the middle area of the ovaries, and depending on their developmental stage, are referred to as:
4136:
Cary SC, Warren W, Anderson E, Giovannoni SJ (February 1993). "Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques".
1618:
opening of the branchial plume. This opening is connected to the trophosome through a duct that passes through the brain. Once the bacteria are in the gut, the ones that are beneficial to the individual, namely sulfide- oxidizing strains are
1305:
fluid of hydrothermal vents is rich in sulfide, but poor in oxygen, whereas sea water is richer in dissolved oxygen. Moreover, sulfide is immediately oxidized by dissolved oxygen to form partly, or totally, oxidized sulfur compounds like
330:. The discovery was unexpected, as the team was studying hydrothermal vents and no biologists were included in the expedition. Many of the species found living near hydrothermal vents during this expedition had never been seen before.
2036:
2636:
599:
lacks a digestive system. To provide its energetic needs, it retains those dissolved inorganic nutrients (sulfide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen) into its plume and transports them through a vascular system to the
462:
cavity. Here is located also the trophosome, spongy tissue where a billion symbiotic, thioautotrophic bacteria and sulfur granules are found. Since the mouth, digestive system, and anus are missing, the survival of
1921:
Koschinsky A, Garbe-Schönberg D, Sander S, Schmidt K, Gennerich HH, Strauss H (2008). "Hydrothermal venting at pressure-temperature conditions above the critical point of seawater, 5°S on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge".
3932:
Bailly X, Jollivet D, Vanin S, Deutsch J, Zal F, Lallier F, Toulmond A (September 2002). "Evolution of the sulfide-binding function within the globin multigenic family of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm
1646:
has the fastest growth rate of any known marine invertebrate. These organisms have been known to colonize a new site, grow to sexual maturity, and increase in length to 4.9 feet (1.5 m) in less than two years.
1474:
and are found clustered together around deep-sea hydrothermal vents of the East
Pacific Rise and the Galapagos Rift. The size of a patch of individuals surrounding a vent is within the scale of tens of metres.
2797:
Childress JJ, Lee RW, Sanders NK, Felbeck H, Oros DR, Toulmond A, Desbruyeres D, Kennicutt II MC, Brooks J (1993). "Inorganic carbon uptake in hydrothermal vent tubeworms facilitated by high environmental
3821:
Zal F, Suzuki T, Kawasaki Y, Childress JJ, Lallier FH, Toulmond A (December 1997). "Primary structure of the common polypeptide chain b from the multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm
579:, which inhabits extreme environments and is adapted to the particular composition of the mixed volcanic and sea waters. This special environment is filled with inorganic metabolites, essentially
1053:
2589:
Simon V, Purcarea C, Sun K, Joseph J, Frebourg G, Lechaire JP, Gaill F, Hervé G (2000-01-18). "The enzymes involved in synthesis and utilization of carbamylphosphate in the deep-sea tube worm
333:
At the time, the presence of thermal springs near the midoceanic ridges was known. Further research uncovered aquatic life in the area, despite the high temperature (around 350–380 °C).
1993:
949:
4448:
Karaseva NP, Rimskaya-Korsakova NN, Galkin SV, Malakhov VV (December 2016). "Taxonomy, geographical and bathymetric distribution of vestimentiferan tubeworms (Annelida, Siboglinidae)".
1350:
that can bind sulfide reversibly and apart from oxygen by functional binding sites determined to be zinc ions embedded in the A2 chains of the hemoglobins. and then transport it to the
2040:
1826:
McClain, Craig R.; Balk, Meghan A.; Benfield, Mark C.; Branch, Trevor A.; Chen, Catherine; Cosgrove, James; Dove, Alistair D.M.; Gaskins, Lindsay C.; Helm, Rebecca R. (2015-01-13).
2640:
3171:
sp. nov., a mesophilic, thiosulfate-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing chemolithoautotrophic epsilonproteobacterium isolated from the tube of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent polychaete
1571:
is capable of larval dispersal across distances of 100 to 200 km and cultured larvae show to be viable for 38 days. Though dispersal is considered to be effective, the
436:, formed by muscle bands, having a winged shape, and it presents the two genital openings at the end. The heart, extended portion of dorsal vessel, enclose the vestimentum.
841:
In the second step, the symbionts make sulfite-oxidation by the "APS pathway", to get ATP. In this biochemical pathway, AMP reacts with sulfite in the presence of the
617:
pathways. At the same time, the tube worm depends completely on the microorganisms for the byproducts of their carbon fixation cycles that are needed for its growth.
6820:
6634:
1678:
is very similar to the activity of these enzymes in the tissues of shallow-living animals. This contrasts with the fact that deep-sea species usually show very low
3036:
Renosto F, Martin RL, Borrell JL, Nelson DC, Segel IH (October 1991). "ATP sulfurylase from trophosome tissue of Riftia pachyptila (hydrothermal vent tube worm)".
528:
ions, which then are available for production of amino acids in the bacteria, which are in turn released to the tube worm. To transport nitrate to the bacteria,
6920:
6846:
6660:
1560:
distribution. The distance between active sites along a rift or adjacent segments can be very high, reaching hundreds of km. This raises the question regarding
4088:
1877:
1058:
The electrons released during the entire sulfide-oxidation process enter in an electron transport chain, yielding a proton gradient that produces ATP (
4003:
Laue BE, Nelson DC (September 1997). "Sulfur-oxidizing symbionts have not co-evolved with their hydrothermal vent tube worm hosts: an RFLP analysis".
1631:
manages to discern between essential and nonessential bacterial strains. The worm's ability to recognise a beneficial strain, as well as preferential
1277:, it must be assimilated by the host tissues. The supply of fixed carbon to the host is transported via organic molecules from the trophosome in the
3263:
Fisher CR (1995). "Toward an appreciation of hydrothennal-vent animals: Their environment, physiological ecology, and tissue stable isotope values".
3071:
Fisher CR (1995). "Toward an
Appreciation of Hydrothennal-Vent Animals: Their Environment, Physiological Ecology, and Tissue Stable Isotope Values".
6794:
6608:
2013:
1957:
Childress JJ (October 1988). "Biology and chemistry of a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the
Galapagos Rift; the Rose Garden in 1985. Introduction".
1234:
partial pressures are transferred to the vicinity of vent fluids due to the enriched inorganic carbon content of vent fluids and their lower pH. CO
258:. The vents provide a natural ambient temperature in their environment ranging from 2 to 30 °C, and this organism can tolerate extremely high
6833:
6647:
4780:
3686:
Flores, Jason F.; Fisher, Charles R.; Carney, Susan L.; Green, Brian N.; Freytag, John K.; Schaeffer, Stephen W.; Royer, William E. (2005-02-22).
3329:"Cloning and sequencing of a form II ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from the bacterial symbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm
1427:
Another proof to support the environmental transfer comes from several studies conducted in the late 1990s. PCR was used to detect and identify a
1627:
cells found in the midgut are then retained. Bacteria that do not represent possible endosymbionts are digested. This raises questions as to how
524:
Nitrate and nitrite are toxic, but are required for biosynthetic processes. The chemosynthetic bacteria within the trophosome convert nitrate to
4729:
262:
levels. These worms can reach a length of 3 m (9 ft 10 in), and their tubular bodies have a diameter of 4 cm (1.6 in).
3753:
Flores, Jason F.; Hourdez, téphane M. (2006). "The zinc-mediated sulfide-binding mechanism of hydrothermal vent tubeworm 400-kDa hemoglobin".
6673:
3088:
2459:
2377:
2350:
2323:
2296:
1795:
1753:
1285:
experiments were also evident with ultrastructural evidence for digestion of symbionts in the peripheral regions of the trophosome lobules.
1089:
and other fundamental bacterial nutrients such as N and P. This means that the tubeworm must be able to access both oxic and anoxic areas.
4753:
2062:
1420:
takes its symbionts from a free-living bacterial population in the environment. Other studies also support this thesis, because analyzing
6905:
379:
Isolating the vermiform body from white chitinous tube, a small difference exists from the classic three subdivisions typical of phylum
3839:
830:-HS and then it is transported to the trophosome, where bacterial symbionts reside. Here, HS is oxidized to elemental sulfur (S) or to
6910:
5226:
1530:
is considered internal. However, some argue that, as the sperm is released into sea water and only afterwards reaches the eggs in the
2904:
Robidart JC, Bench SR, Feldman RA, Novoradovsky A, Podell SB, Gaasterland T, et al. (March 2008). "Metabolic versatility of the
1770:
1424:
eggs, 16S rRNA belonging to the symbiont was not found, showing that the bacterial symbiont is not transmitted by vertical transfer.
613:
for the assimilation of nutrients needed for the array of metabolic reactions they employ and for the excretion of waste products of
532:
concentrates nitrate in its blood, to a concentration 100 times more concentrated than the surrounding water. The exact mechanism of
6915:
5099:
3292:
425:. If the animal perceives a threat or is touched, it retracts the plume and the tube is closed due to the obturaculum, a particular
4166:"Identification and characterization of a flagellin gene from the endosymbiont of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila"
3468:
Bright M, Keckeis H, Fisher CR (2000-05-19). "An autoradiographic examination of carbon fixation, transfer and utilization in the
2492:
Cavanaugh CM, Gardiner SL, Jones ML, Jannasch HW, Waterbury JB (July 1981). "Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm
6872:
6699:
5263:
1062:). Thus, ATP generated from oxidative phosphorylation and ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation become available for CO
2540:
2083:
497:
bacteria. Due to the capillaries, these compounds are absorbed by bacteria. During the chemosynthesis, the mitochondrial enzyme
5258:
1148:
the production of hydrogen sulfide starts after 24h of hypoxia. In order to avoid physiological damage some animals, including
850:
6838:
6652:
2956:"Energy Metabolism Pathways of Hydrothermal Vent Animals: Adaptations to a Food-Rich and Sulfide-Rich Deep-Sea Environment"
394:
5342:
5332:
5315:
4661:
Lutz RA, Shank TM, Fornari DJ, Haymon RM, Lilley MD, Von Damm KL, Desbruyeres D (1994). "Rapid growth at deep-sea vents".
1706:
4708:
3688:"Sulfide binding is mediated by zinc ions discovered in the crystal structure of a hydrothermal vent tubeworm hemoglobin"
955:
845:
APS reductase, giving APS (adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate). Then, APS reacts with the enzyme ATP sulfurylase in presence of
4358:"Role of flagellin and the two-component CheA/CheY system of Listeria monocytogenes in host cell invasion and virulence"
2993:
Rau GH (July 1981). "Hydrothermal Vent Clam and Tube Worm 13C/12C: Further
Evidence of Nonphotosynthetic Food Sources".
1448:
to reach the host organism and to colonize it. Indeed, several symbionts use this method to colonize eukaryotic hosts.
6755:
6569:
4773:
4738:
2637:"Riftia pachyptila - Knowledge (XXG) - Symbiotic relationship between chemosynthetic bacteria and riftia tube worms"
5084:
5017:
4405:
Jones ML (July 1981). "Riftia pachyptila Jones: Observations on the
Vestimentiferan Worm from the Galapagos Rift".
4317:"Bacteria that express lateral flagella enable dissection of the multifunctional roles of flagella in pathogenesis"
3418:
Goffredi SK, Childress JJ (2001). "Activity and inhibitor sensitivity of ATPases in the hydrothermal vent tubeworm
1066:
fixation in Calvin cycle, whose presence has been demonstrated by the presence of two key enzymes of this pathway:
863:
792:
660:. The host tubeworm enables the uptake and transport of the substrates required for thioautotrophy, which are HS, O
632:
analyses showing Gram-negative bacteria packed within a highly vascularized organ in the tubeworm trunk called the
614:
31:
3107:
López-García P, Gaill F, Moreira D (April 2002). "Wide bacterial diversity associated with tubes of the vent worm
604:, which is suspended in paired coelomic cavities and is where the intracellular symbiotic bacteria are found. The
298:
6851:
6665:
1141:
1059:
3593:"Symbioses of chemoautotrophic bacteria and marine invertebrates from hydrothermal vents and reducing sediments"
2854:
Childress JJ, Arp AJ, Fisher CR (1984). "Metabolic and blood characteristics of the hydrothermal vent tube-worm
4935:
1671:
61:
1191:-symbiont associations. Ambient deep-sea water contains an abundant amount of inorganic carbon in the form of
4276:"Lateral flagella are required for increased cell adherence, invasion and biofilm formation by Aeromonas spp"
1885:
744:) according to availability of carbon resources and whether it is free living in the environment or inside a
6561:
5347:
5058:
5051:
5037:
4942:
1164:
1125:
1105:
811:
to bacteria, and in turn it receives organic matter from them. Thus, because of lack of a digestive system,
637:
48:
6496:
5219:
4766:
1584:
788:
6760:
6574:
6534:
1081:
has to absorb all the substances necessary for both sulfide-oxidation and carbon fixation, that is: HS, O
5310:
5044:
4973:
426:
235:
176:
4754:
https://web.archive.org/web/20090408022512/http://www.ocean.udel.edu/deepsea/level-2/creature/tube.html
3216:"Sulfur-oxidizing bacterial endosymbionts: Analysis of phylogeny and specificity by 16S rRNA sequences"
1262:
in tubeworms, and was subsequently demonstrated through incubations of intact animals under various pCO
696:(formerly class Epsilonproteobacteria) as supported by the recent discovery in 2016 of the new species
4606:
Marsh AG, Mullineaux LS, Young CM, Manahan DT (May 2001). "Larval dispersal potential of the tubeworm
2205:. II. Complete polypeptide chain composition investigated by maximum entropy analysis of mass spectra"
818:
In the first step of sulfide-oxidation, reduced sulfur (HS) passes from the external environment into
543:, which anchors the animal to the tube and is used for the storage of waste from bacterial reactions.
6900:
6877:
6781:
6704:
6595:
6543:
4966:
4726:
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4619:
4578:
4515:
4457:
4414:
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4043:
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3699:
3563:
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3272:
3120:
3002:
2917:
2867:
2815:
2685:
2602:
2505:
2163:
1966:
1931:
1679:
1564:
1471:
1137:
323:
275:
3383:
Van Dover CL, Lutz RA (2004). "Experimental ecology at deep-sea hydrothermal vents: a perspective".
2340:
5165:
5142:
5089:
5064:
4998:
4833:
1779:
1572:
1067:
764:
737:
717:
713:
709:
364:
4089:"Absence of cospeciation in deep-sea vestimentiferan tube worms and their bacterial endosymbionts"
6691:
5775:
5327:
5305:
5293:
5268:
4686:
4643:
4473:
3851:
3497:
3447:
3144:
2975:
2883:
2831:
2618:
2181:
2118:
56:
4112:"Phylogeny and Biogeography of Deep Sea Vestimentiferan Tubeworms and Their Bacterial Symbionts"
3515:
Bright M, Sorgo A (2005-05-11). "Ultrastructural reinvestigation of the trophosome in adults of
676:
mussels, pointed to an even more remarkable source of nutrition sustaining the invertebrates at
6639:
2541:"The biology of hydrothermal vent animals: physiology, biochemistry, and autotrophic symbioses"
2434:
Stewart FJ, Cavanaugh CM (2006). Overmann J (ed.). "Symbiosis of thioautotrophic bacteria with
6859:
6825:
6768:
6582:
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6117:
5467:
5337:
5300:
5288:
5278:
5212:
5170:
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5010:
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4256:
4203:
4146:
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4012:
3985:
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3914:
3843:
3803:
3735:
3717:
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3288:
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3196:
3136:
3084:
3053:
3018:
2933:
2779:
2701:
2571:
2559:
2521:
2465:
2455:
2373:
2367:
2346:
2319:
2313:
2292:
2286:
2226:
2005:
1859:
1791:
1749:
1711:
1667:
1394:
756:
741:
705:
677:
625:
571:
472:
255:
149:
4356:
Dons L, Eriksson E, Jin Y, Rottenberg ME, Kristensson K, Larsen CN, et al. (June 2004).
1662:
species that do not inhabit hydrothermal vents sites; the activity of diagnostic enzymes for
6864:
5252:
5104:
4902:
4897:
4873:
4678:
4627:
4586:
4533:
4523:
4465:
4422:
4377:
4369:
4328:
4287:
4246:
4238:
4193:
4185:
4059:
4051:
3946:
3904:
3894:
3835:
3793:
3762:
3725:
3707:
3627:
3571:
3528:
3489:
3439:
3400:
3352:
3344:
3280:
3235:
3227:
3186:
3128:
3076:
3045:
3010:
2967:
2925:
2875:
2823:
2769:
2732:
2693:
2610:
2513:
2447:
2267:
2216:
2171:
2110:
1974:
1939:
1849:
1839:
1783:
1339:
1117:
1113:
780:
768:
693:
552:
486:
259:
220:
2393:
6478:
6384:
6235:
6138:
5995:
5528:
5188:
5124:
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4888:
4853:
4733:
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3073:
Seafloor
Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions
1801:
1603:
1243:
360:
106:
4748:
1397:
gene analysis showed that vestimentiferan tubeworms belonging to three different genera:
4674:
4623:
4582:
4519:
4461:
4418:
4181:
4111:
4047:
3890:
3780:
Royer, William E.; Zhu, Hao; Gorr, Thomas A.; Flores, Jason F.; Knapp, James E. (2005).
3703:
3567:
3485:
3435:
3396:
3310:"Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps"
3276:
3124:
3006:
2921:
2871:
2819:
2689:
2606:
2509:
2167:
1970:
1935:
1635:
infection by bacteria have been both suggested as being the drivers of this phenomenon.
799:. Unfortunately, most of these bacteria are still uncultivable. Symbiosis works so that
6143:
5939:
5851:
5829:
5792:
5283:
5180:
5119:
4838:
4538:
4499:
4032:"Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms"
3532:
3214:
Distel DL, Lane DJ, Olsen GJ, Giovannoni SJ, Pace B, Pace NR, et al. (June 1988).
2672:
Felbeck H (July 1981). "Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm,
1854:
1827:
1721:
1700:
1632:
1549:
1507:
1302:
1282:
494:
468:
371:, while the remainder of the digestive tract has not been detected in adult specimens.
231:
4382:
4357:
4333:
4316:
4292:
4275:
4251:
4222:
3730:
3687:
3357:
3328:
3240:
3215:
2754:"Biochemical and enzymological aspects of the symbiosis between the deep-sea tubeworm
6894:
6288:
6192:
5691:
5135:
4198:
4165:
4064:
4031:
4030:
Di Meo CA, Wilbur AE, Holben WE, Feldman RA, Vrijenhoek RC, Cary SC (February 2000).
3909:
3870:
3648:
3576:
3547:
3132:
3049:
2929:
2774:
2753:
2248:
2126:
1978:
1523:
1343:
846:
645:
251:
4477:
4373:
4242:
4189:
3974:"Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts"
3973:
3869:
Zal F, Leize E, Lallier FH, Toulmond A, Van
Dorsselaer A, Childress JJ (July 1998).
3855:
3501:
3451:
3348:
3231:
3165:
Giovannelli D, Chung M, Staley J, Starovoytov V, Le Bris N, Vetriani C (July 2016).
2887:
2622:
688:
A wide range of bacterial diversity is associated with symbiotic relationships with
454:
or third body region, is full of vascularized solid tissue, and includes body wall,
6773:
6746:
6587:
6394:
6389:
6277:
6133:
6019:
5905:
5808:
5787:
5657:
5608:
5564:
5545:
5193:
5154:
5129:
5109:
4948:
4883:
4789:
4690:
3148:
2835:
2185:
1907:
1828:"Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna"
1716:
1694:
1620:
1595:
1557:
1541:
1479:
796:
733:
669:
657:
563:
443:
Hydrothermal vent tubeworms get organic compounds from bacteria that live in their
380:
327:
243:
227:
216:
139:
4647:
4055:
406:
6731:
4426:
3014:
2955:
2697:
2517:
1742:
700:
belonging to the phylum
Campylobacterota, family Helicobacteraceae isolated from
17:
6807:
6740:
6686:
6621:
6528:
6355:
6326:
6312:
6302:
5887:
5703:
5616:
5398:
5160:
5114:
4893:
4878:
4808:
3871:"S-Sulfohemoglobin and disulfide exchange: the mechanisms of sulfide binding by
3404:
1307:
1192:
749:
629:
356:
266:
6548:
3879:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
336:
Many samples were collected, including bivalves, polychaetes, large crabs, and
6452:
6437:
6432:
6413:
6408:
6336:
6283:
6253:
6245:
6187:
6061:
6053:
6036:
5816:
5728:
5681:
5621:
5583:
5557:
5403:
5388:
5175:
5004:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4843:
4813:
4803:
4743:
4469:
3667:
Polz MF, Ott JA, Bregut M, Cavanaugh CM (2000). "When
Bacteria Hitch a Ride".
3075:. Geophysical Monograph Series. American Geophysical Union. pp. 297–316.
2737:
2720:
2271:
1663:
1624:
1606:, but are acquired later during the larval stage of the vestimentiferan worm.
1580:
1579:
metapopulation is low compared to other vent species. This may be due to high
1351:
1347:
1160:
1133:
633:
605:
601:
444:
422:
413:
368:
119:
6519:
4563:"Observations on the reproductive biology of the hydrothermal vent tube worm
3807:
3721:
2575:
2451:
2369:
Morphology, Molecules, Evolution and Phylogeny in Polychaeta and Related Taxa
2009:
1787:
1258:
was first inferred based on measures of elevated blood and coelomic fluid pCO
1203:, that is easily diffusible across membranes. The low partial pressures of CO
269:"giant tube worm" is, however, also applied to the largest living species of
6418:
6365:
6360:
6331:
6320:
6269:
6264:
6216:
6128:
6121:
5915:
5910:
5872:
5721:
5713:
5642:
5594:
5515:
5502:
5483:
5478:
5437:
5028:
4907:
4863:
4823:
4528:
3899:
3766:
3712:
2221:
2200:
1553:
1467:
1440:
1436:
1410:
1331:
1327:
1278:
1274:
745:
729:
673:
653:
567:
555:
498:
316:
304:
270:
239:
129:
73:
4639:
4547:
4434:
4391:
4342:
4301:
4260:
4207:
4073:
3958:
3798:
3781:
3739:
3200:
3191:
3166:
3140:
3022:
2937:
2783:
2705:
2525:
2469:
1863:
4150:
4016:
3989:
3918:
3847:
3840:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0134(199712)29:4<562::AID-PROT15>3.0.CO;2-K
3632:
3615:
3493:
3443:
3366:
3249:
3057:
2614:
2230:
6725:
6513:
6442:
6426:
6349:
6341:
6296:
6259:
6240:
6229:
6211:
6205:
6066:
6007:
5983:
5880:
5761:
5650:
5534:
5425:
5416:
5322:
4953:
4926:
4828:
4818:
4498:
Coykendall DK, Johnson SB, Karl SA, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC (April 2011).
4274:
Gavín R, Merino S, Altarriba M, Canals R, Shaw JG, Tomás JM (July 2003).
3592:
3309:
1769:
Bright M, Lallier FH (2010). "The biology of vestimentiferan tubeworms".
1659:
1610:
1499:
1483:
1355:
1188:
584:
525:
459:
418:
388:
384:
3972:
Feldman RA, Black MB, Cary CS, Lutz RA, Vrijenhoek RC (September 1997).
1354:, where bacterial metabolism can occur. It has also been suggested that
6799:
6613:
6402:
6378:
6370:
6307:
6221:
6041:
6028:
5961:
5952:
5897:
5822:
4989:
4591:
4562:
3284:
3080:
2979:
2879:
2560:"La vida que brolla a la foscor: les fumaroles hidrotermals submarines"
2122:
1994:"The biology of deep-sea vents and seeps: Alvin's magical mystery tour"
1655:
1545:
1531:
1511:
1319:
1294:
1101:
1071:
831:
352:
287:
283:
280:
223:
93:
5204:
3616:"Microbial symbiosis: patterns of diversity in the marine environment"
3160:
3158:
1943:
1844:
1556:
activity that create active hydrothermal vent sites with a patchy and
6812:
6626:
6556:
6447:
6181:
5471:
5381:
5368:
5239:
5236:
4979:
4749:
Introduction to the Pogonophora: Weird tube worms of the deepest seas
4682:
4631:
3265:
Washington DC American Geophysical Union Geophysical Monograph Series
2827:
2247:
Hahlbeck E, Pospesel MA, Zal F, Childress JJ, Felbeck H (July 2005).
2199:
Zal F, Lallier FH, Green BN, Vinogradov SN, Toulmond A (April 1996).
2176:
2151:
1615:
1503:
1487:
1298:
1250:
diffuses into the vascular blood of the plume. The facilitation of CO
1208:
1176:
1109:
1097:
842:
641:
592:
588:
580:
479:
429:
that protects and isolates the animal from the external environment.
83:
6490:
2971:
2114:
1778:. Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review. Vol. 48.
1373:(symbiont acquired from a free-living population in the environment)
1096:
sulfur compounds requires the presence of oxidized reagents such as
974:
897:
501:
catalyzes the disproportionation reaction of the thiosulfate anion S
478:
The soluble hemoglobins, present in the tentacles, are able to bind
439:
315:
was discovered in 1977 on an expedition of the American bathyscaphe
1908:"Exploring the deep ocean floor: Hot springs and strange creatures"
467:
is dependent on this mutualistic symbiosis. This process, known as
1561:
1515:
1494:
1482:
are thread-shaped and are composed of three distinct regions: the
1093:
776:
536:’s ability to withstand and concentrate nitrate is still unknown.
455:
438:
393:
297:
213:
3179:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
2721:"Cindy Lee Van Dover: The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents"
1366:
The acquisition of a symbiont by a host can occur in these ways:
6678:
4758:
2201:"The multi-hemoglobin system of the hydrothermal vent tube worm
1199:, but it is actually the chargeless form of inorganic carbon, CO
6600:
6494:
5500:
5208:
4762:
3650:
Ecophysiology of primary production at deep-sea vents and seeps
6786:
1223:
may be as much as two orders of magnitude greater than the pCO
652:
oxidize reduced-sulfur compounds to synthesize ATP for use in
2088:
sp. and observations on the nervous system and trophosome of
1104:. Hydrothermal vents are characterized by conditions of high
724:
Endoriftia persephone (Gammaproteobacteria) is a facultative
2084:"On the early development of the vestimentiferan tube worm
1591:
is one of the first species to colonize a new active site.
1490:. Fibrils also coat the package itself to ensure cohesion.
1239:
3782:"Allosteric Hemoglobin Assembly: Diversity and Similarity"
1614:
column are ingested randomly and enter the worm through a
1451:
Thus, these results confirm the environmental transfer of
763:
chemoautotrophic bacteria belong to two different clades:
4110:
McMullin ER, Hourdez ST, Schaeffer SW, Fisher CR (2003).
1393:
acquires its symbionts through its environment. In fact,
1183:-symbiont association has a demand for a net uptake of CO
1744:
Invertebrate Zoology: A functional Evolutionary Approach
815:
depends entirely on its bacterial symbiont to survive.
2260:
Deep-Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
1959:
Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers
1163:
in the blood to eventually expel it in the surrounding
570:
mussels revealed the chemoautotrophic potential of the
4739:
Podcast on Giant Tube Worm at the Encyclopedia of Life
648:
characterizations confirmed that the end symbionts of
539:
In the posterior part, the fourth body region, is the
517:’s bloodstream is responsible for absorption of the O
1431:
symbiont gene whose sequence was very similar to the
958:
866:
826:, it is bound by hemoglobin, forming the complex Hb-O
620:
Initial evidence for a chemoautotrophic symbiosis in
3102:
3100:
2372:. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media.
1346:
areas to get both sulfide and oxygen thanks to its
1048:{\displaystyle {\ce {APS + PPi -> ATP + SO4^2-}}}
6715:
6503:
6171:
6052:
6027:
6018:
5994:
5972:
5937:
5896:
5871:
5864:
5849:
5801:
5774:
5759:
5712:
5690:
5670:
5641:
5634:
5607:
5592:
5581:
5544:
5513:
5436:
5397:
5366:
5077:
5027:
4988:
4925:
4916:
4796:
1207:in the deep-sea environment is due to the seawater
1179:, which respire carbon dioxide as a waste product,
1128:
conditions is common among thiotrophic symbiosis. H
340:. It was the first time that species was observed.
4504:tubeworms from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents"
4500:"Genetic diversity and demographic instability in
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
3385:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
3327:Robinson JJ, Stein JL, Cavanaugh CM (March 1998).
1741:
1552:distribution is profoundly linked to volcanic and
1246:and thus promotes a steep gradient across which CO
1047:
943:
401:community with extroflexion of red branchial plume
3378:
3376:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2545:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2342:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review
2063:"Larval dispersal: Vent life in the ocean column"
1470:vestimentiferan. Individuals of this species are
1435:gene that encodes some primary protein subunits (
1379:(parents transfer symbiont to offspring via eggs)
3597:Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington
2899:
2897:
2339:Gibson RN, Atkinson RJ, Gordon JD (2010-05-12).
2242:
2240:
3692:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3314:The Microbiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
1171:Carbon fixation and organic carbon assimilation
4164:Millikan DS, Felbeck H, Stein JL (July 1999).
3463:
3461:
1882:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
944:{\displaystyle {\ce {AMP + SO3^2- -> APS}}}
5220:
4774:
2908:endosymbiont revealed through metagenomics".
2496:Jones: possible chemoautotrophic symbionts".
2440:Progress in Molecular and Subcellular Biology
2077:
2075:
2061:Adams DK, Arellano SM, Govenar B (Mar 2012).
1650:Because of the peculiar environment in which
1602:are not passed to the fertilized eggs during
1540:is completely dependent on the production of
1534:, it should be defined as internal-external.
1238:uptake in the worm is enhanced by the higher
752:lifestyle when carbon sources are available.
412:, which is bright red due to the presence of
8:
2949:
2947:
2315:Handbook of Deep-sea Hydrothermal Vent Fauna
1301:are present in different areas. Indeed, the
684:Endosymbiosis with chemoautotrophic bacteria
558:, particularly in vestimentiferan tubeworms
4744:http://www.seasky.org/monsters/sea7a1g.html
3826:: an insight on the sulfide binding-site".
2249:"Proposed nitrate binding by hemoglobin in
1748:(7th ed.). Belmont: Thomson Learning.
6491:
6168:
6024:
6000:
5976:
5945:
5868:
5861:
5857:
5780:
5771:
5767:
5696:
5674:
5667:
5638:
5604:
5600:
5589:
5578:
5550:
5521:
5510:
5497:
5409:
5374:
5363:
5227:
5213:
5205:
4922:
4781:
4767:
4759:
4139:Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology
4005:Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology
3978:Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology
3669:ASM News-American Society for Microbiology
2288:Marine Ecosystems: Diversity and Functions
471:, was recognized within the trophosome by
47:
38:
4590:
4537:
4527:
4381:
4332:
4291:
4250:
4197:
4063:
3908:
3898:
3797:
3729:
3711:
3631:
3575:
3356:
3239:
3190:
2773:
2736:
2366:Bartolomaeus T, Purschke G (2006-03-30).
2220:
2175:
1853:
1843:
1242:of its blood (7.3–7.4), which favors the
1136:processes as it inhibits the activity of
1035:
1030:
969:
959:
957:
892:
883:
878:
867:
865:
5565:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
4223:"Flagella are virulence determinants of
1510:. When the oocytes mature, they acquire
551:The discovery of bacterial invertebrate
4727:Giant Tube Worm page at the Smithsonian
4561:Cary SC, Felbeck H, Holland ND (1989).
4221:Chua KL, Chan YY, Gan YH (April 2003).
3038:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1732:
1385:(hosts that share the same environment)
1358:residues are involved in this process.
748:host. The bacteria apparently prefer a
5559:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
5529:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
4170:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4036:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
779:of inorganic sulfur compounds such as
708:. Other symbionts belong to the class
279:, which despite the name "worm", is a
3951:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004205
3548:"The products from the oxidation of H
692:. Many bacteria belong to the phylum
521:and nutrients such as carbohydrates.
7:
6921:Animals living on hydrothermal vents
5830:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1878:"Giant Tube Worm: Riftia pachyptila"
1548:-oxidizing bacteria. Therefore, its
1409:, share the same bacterial symbiont
1077:To support this unusual metabolism,
728:symbiont and has been shown to be a
27:Giant tube worm (species of annelid)
2209:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1740:Ruppert E, Fox R, Barnes R (2007).
1112:-storing organisms start producing
5427:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
3533:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2003.tb00099.x
2954:Hand SC, Somero GN (August 1983).
2312:Desbruyères D, Segonzac M (1997).
2285:Monaco A, Prouzet P (2015-10-02).
2082:Jones ML, Gardiner SL (Oct 1989).
1116:. Therefore, the production of in
25:
5100:Acidophiles in acid mine drainage
4610:at deep-sea hydrothermal vents".
6471:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
3755:Cahiers de Biologie Marine (CBM)
3267:. Geophysical Monograph Series.
3133:10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00286.x
2930:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01496.x
2775:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04248.x
2762:European Journal of Biochemistry
2394:"Hydrothermal vents Terza parte"
1443:synthesis. Analysis showed that
1293:In deep-sea hydrothermal vents,
1254:uptake by high environmental pCO
1211:pH and the high solubility of CO
857:) as end products. In formulas:
803:provides nutrients such as HS, O
636:. Additional analyses involving
60:
4374:10.1128/IAI.72.6.3237-3244.2004
4243:10.1128/IAI.71.4.1622-1629.2003
4190:10.1128/AEM.65.7.3129-3133.1999
3939:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3786:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3556:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
3349:10.1128/JB.180.6.1596-1599.1998
3232:10.1128/jb.170.6.2506-2510.1988
2758:and its bacterial endosymbiont"
2539:Childress J, Fisher CR (1992).
1772:Oceanography and Marine Biology
851:substrate-level phosphorylation
351:develops from a free-swimming,
208:and less commonly known as the
5658:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
4571:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3614:Cavanaugh CM (February 1994).
432:The second body region is the
359:larva, which enters juvenile (
1:
4334:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00445-2
4293:10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00418-X
4056:10.1128/AEM.66.2.651-658.2000
3546:Zhang JZ, Millero FJ (1993).
1707:List of long-living organisms
822:blood, where, together with O
405:The first body region is the
308:, the Navy research submarine
6270:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
4427:10.1126/science.213.4505.333
4087:Nelson K, Fisher CR (2000).
3577:10.1016/0016-7037(93)90108-9
3050:10.1016/0003-9861(91)90592-7
3015:10.1126/science.213.4505.338
2698:10.1126/science.213.4505.336
2518:10.1126/science.213.4505.340
2446:. Springer-Verlag: 197–225.
1979:10.1016/0198-0149(88)90043-X
1140:, consequentially impairing
656:carbon fixation through the
226:(formerly grouped in phylum
6327:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
6067:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
5882:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
5793:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
5682:Loricifera (corset animals)
3519:(Annelida, Siboglinidae)".
3422:: a comparative approach".
3405:10.1016/j.jembe.2003.12.024
2150:De Beer G (November 1955).
1658:differs greatly from other
1132:S can be damaging for some
775:) that get energy from the
6937:
6906:Fauna of the Pacific Ocean
6217:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
5963:Annelida (segmented worms)
5788:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
5704:Onychophora (velvet worms)
5085:Abiogenic petroleum origin
5018:Thermococcus gammatolerans
3113:Environmental Microbiology
2910:Environmental Microbiology
732:, thereby exploiting both
509:to sulfur S and sulfite SO
493:, which are necessary for
250:lives on the floor of the
32:Giant tube worm (shipworm)
29:
6911:Animals described in 1981
6467:
6265:Asterozoans inc. starfish
6167:
6160:
6111:
6062:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
6043:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
6003:
5979:
5948:
5888:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
5860:
5783:
5770:
5699:
5677:
5666:
5617:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
5603:
5577:
5553:
5524:
5509:
5496:
5461:
5412:
5389:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
5377:
5362:
5246:
4470:10.1134/S1062359016090132
4321:FEMS Microbiology Letters
4280:FEMS Microbiology Letters
4225:Burkholderia pseudomallei
2738:10.1007/s10152-001-0085-8
2725:Helgoland Marine Research
2676:Jones (Vestimentifera)".
2291:. John Wiley & Sons.
2272:10.1016/j.dsr.2004.12.011
1992:Lutz R (1 January 1991).
1142:oxidative phosphorylation
1108:. In hypoxic conditions,
1060:oxidative phosphorylation
182:
175:
57:Scientific classification
55:
46:
41:
6916:Chemosynthetic symbiosis
5823:Rotifera (wheel animals)
5622:Priapulida (penis worms)
4936:Chloroflexus aurantiacus
4508:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2558:Corbera J (2017-04-21).
2452:10.1007/3-540-28221-1_10
1788:10.1201/ebk1439821169-c4
787:S, HS, S) to synthesize
450:In the middle part, the
363:) development, becoming
204:, commonly known as the
30:Not to be confused with
6037:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
6009:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
5730:Tardigrada (waterbears)
5723:Arthropoda (arthropods)
5059:Halicephalobus mephisto
5052:Paralvinella sulfincola
5038:Cyanidioschyzon merolae
4943:Deinococcus radiodurans
4529:10.1186/1471-2148-11-96
3900:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8997
3767:10.21411/cbm.a.11ae33dc
3713:10.1073/pnas.0407455102
3337:Journal of Bacteriology
3220:Journal of Bacteriology
2960:The Biological Bulletin
2222:10.1074/jbc.271.15.8875
1389:Evidence suggests that
6212:Anthozoans inc. corals
5911:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
4362:Infection and Immunity
4315:Kirov SM (July 2003).
4231:Infection and Immunity
3799:10.1074/jbc.r500006200
3192:10.1099/ijsem.0.001106
2719:Thiel M (2001-10-17).
1672:transport of electrons
1371:Environmental transfer
1049:
945:
759:analysis affirms that
595:. In its adult phase,
447:
402:
309:
238:commonly found in the
6342:Hexapods inc. insects
5652:Nematoda (roundworms)
5045:Galdieria sulphuraria
4974:Spirochaeta americana
3591:Cavanaugh CM (1985).
3494:10.1007/s002270050722
3444:10.1007/s002270000462
2615:10.1007/s002270050014
2398:www.biologiamarina.eu
1338:is able to cover the
1050:
946:
442:
397:
301:
5535:Chordata (chordates)
4967:Thermus thermophilus
4713:Animal Diversity Web
4707:Privett, B. (2001).
3521:Invertebrate Biology
1965:(10–11): 1677–1680.
1782:. pp. 213–266.
1780:Taylor & Francis
1544:and the presence of
1362:Symbiont acquisition
1138:cytochrome c oxidase
956:
864:
276:Kuphus polythalamius
5985:Mollusca (molluscs)
5470:of the animal root
5166:Radiotrophic fungus
5143:Helaeomyia petrolei
5090:Acidithiobacillales
4999:Pyrococcus furiosus
4709:"Riftia pachyptila"
4675:1994Natur.371..663L
4624:2001Natur.411...77M
4583:1989MEPS...52...89C
4520:2011BMCEE..11...96C
4462:2016BioBu..43..937K
4419:1981Sci...213..333J
4182:1999ApEnM..65.3129M
4048:2000ApEnM..66..651D
3891:1998PNAS...95.8997Z
3792:(30): 27477–27480.
3704:2005PNAS..102.2713F
3633:10.1093/icb/34.1.79
3568:1993GeCoA..57.1705Z
3486:2000MarBi.136..621B
3436:2001MarBi.138..259G
3397:2004JEMBE.300..273V
3277:1995GMS....91..297F
3125:2002EnvMi...4..204L
3007:1981Sci...213..338R
2922:2008EnvMi..10..727R
2872:1984MarBi..83..109C
2820:1993Natur.362..147C
2690:1981Sci...213..336F
2607:2000MarBi.136..115S
2510:1981Sci...213..340C
2168:1955Natur.176..888D
2103:Biological Bulletin
2037:"Riftia pachyptila"
2016:on 22 December 2019
1971:1988DSRA...35.1677C
1936:2008Geo....36..615K
1639:Growth rate and age
1573:genetic variability
1383:Horizontal transfer
1318:) and ultimately
1289:Sulfide acquisition
1227:of deep-sea water.
1068:phosphoribulokinase
1043:
1017:
934:
891:
765:Gammaproteobacteria
734:Calvin Benson cycle
718:Gammaproteobacteria
704:collected from the
383:: the prosoma, the
6198:Calcareous sponges
5383:Porifera (sponges)
4732:2016-01-21 at the
4592:10.3354/meps052089
3647:Fisher CR (1996).
3620:American Zoologist
3308:Nelson DC (1995).
3285:10.1029/GM091p0297
3169:Sulfurovum riftiae
3081:10.1029/gm091p0297
2880:10.1007/bf00394718
1888:on 24 October 2018
1807:on 31 October 2013
1674:in the tissues of
1155:are able to bind H
1045:
1026:
941:
874:
849:(PPi) giving ATP (
773:Sulfurovum riftiae
755:Evidence based on
698:Sulfurovum riftiae
448:
421:living inside the
403:
310:
256:hydrothermal vents
168:R. pachyptila
6888:
6887:
6860:Open Tree of Life
6562:riftia-pachyptila
6535:Riftia pachyptila
6505:Riftia pachyptila
6497:Taxon identifiers
6488:
6487:
6463:
6462:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6075:
6074:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5630:
5629:
5573:
5572:
5492:
5491:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5202:
5201:
5149:Hydrothermal vent
5073:
5072:
5011:Pyrolobus fumarii
4960:Thermus aquaticus
4669:(6499): 663–664.
4608:Riftia pachyptila
4565:Riftia pachyptila
4502:Riftia pachyptila
3935:Riftia pachyptila
3885:(15): 8997–9002.
3873:Riftia pachyptila
3824:Riftia pachyptila
3517:Riftia pachyptila
3470:Riftia pachyptila
3420:Riftia pachyptila
3331:Riftia pachyptila
3173:Riftia pachyptila
3109:Riftia pachyptila
3090:978-1-118-66399-8
2906:Riftia pachyptila
2856:Riftia pachyptila
2814:(6416): 147–149.
2756:Riftia pachyptila
2674:Riftia pachyptila
2591:Riftia pachyptila
2504:(4505): 340–342.
2494:Riftia pachyptila
2461:978-3-540-28210-5
2436:Riftia pachyptila
2379:978-1-4020-3240-0
2352:978-1-4398-5925-4
2325:978-2-905434-78-4
2318:. Editions Quae.
2298:978-1-119-23246-9
2266:(10): 1885–1895.
2251:Riftia pachyptila
2203:Riftia pachyptila
2152:"The Pogonophora"
2094:Riftia pachyptila
1944:10.1130/g24726a.1
1845:10.7717/peerj.715
1797:978-1-4398-2116-9
1755:978-0-03-025982-1
1712:Maximum life span
1668:citric acid cycle
1416:This proves that
1377:Vertical transfer
1029:
1022:
1018:
968:
962:
939:
935:
877:
870:
853:) and sulfate (SO
742:ATP citrate lyase
740:(with an unusual
738:reverse TCA cycle
706:East Pacific Rise
572:hydrothermal vent
473:Colleen Cavanaugh
326:led by geologist
201:Riftia pachyptila
197:
196:
192:M. L. Jones, 1981
186:Riftia pachyptila
157:
156:M. L. Jones, 1981
42:Giant tube worms
18:Riftia pachyptila
16:(Redirected from
6928:
6881:
6880:
6868:
6867:
6855:
6854:
6842:
6841:
6829:
6828:
6816:
6815:
6803:
6802:
6790:
6789:
6777:
6776:
6764:
6763:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6708:
6707:
6695:
6694:
6682:
6681:
6669:
6668:
6656:
6655:
6643:
6642:
6630:
6629:
6617:
6616:
6604:
6603:
6591:
6590:
6578:
6577:
6565:
6564:
6552:
6551:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6492:
6169:
6125:
6025:
6001:
5977:
5946:
5942:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5781:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5697:
5675:
5668:
5639:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5551:
5522:
5518:
5511:
5498:
5475:
5410:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5275:
5255:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5206:
5105:Archaeoglobaceae
5078:Related articles
4923:
4903:Thermoacidophile
4898:Hyperthermophile
4874:Polyextremophile
4783:
4776:
4769:
4760:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4695:
4694:
4683:10.1038/371663a0
4658:
4652:
4651:
4632:10.1038/35075063
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4495:
4482:
4481:
4450:Biology Bulletin
4445:
4439:
4438:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4295:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3902:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3801:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3715:
3698:(8): 2713–2718.
3683:
3677:
3676:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3562:(8): 1705–1718.
3543:
3537:
3536:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3391:(1–2): 273–307.
3380:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3185:(7): 2697–2701.
3162:
3153:
3152:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3001:(4505): 338–40.
2990:
2984:
2983:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2851:
2840:
2839:
2828:10.1038/362147a0
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2768:(15): 3093–102.
2752:Minic Z (2004).
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2669:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2639:. Archived from
2633:
2627:
2626:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2489:
2474:
2473:
2431:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2256:(Free full text)
2244:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2177:10.1038/176888a0
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2125:. Archived from
2100:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2039:. Archived from
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
1989:
1983:
1982:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1884:. Archived from
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1800:. Archived from
1777:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1737:
1508:follicular cells
1334:hosts. In fact,
1283:autoradiographic
1273:is fixed by the
1219:of the blood of
1114:hydrogen sulfide
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1019:
970:
966:
960:
950:
948:
947:
942:
940:
937:
936:
893:
890:
882:
875:
868:
781:hydrogen sulfide
769:Campylobacterota
694:Campylobacterota
553:chemoautotrophic
260:hydrogen sulfide
188:
155:
65:
64:
51:
39:
21:
6936:
6935:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6876:
6871:
6863:
6858:
6850:
6845:
6837:
6832:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6806:
6798:
6793:
6785:
6780:
6772:
6767:
6759:
6754:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6730:
6729:
6724:
6711:
6703:
6698:
6690:
6685:
6677:
6672:
6664:
6659:
6651:
6646:
6638:
6633:
6625:
6620:
6612:
6607:
6599:
6594:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6568:
6560:
6555:
6547:
6542:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6499:
6489:
6484:
6459:
6385:Phylactolaemata
6173:
6163:
6162:
6148:
6139:Xenambulacraria
6115:
6071:
6048:
6014:
5996:Kryptotrochozoa
5990:
5968:
5938:
5925:
5916:Monoblastozoa (
5892:
5850:
5837:
5809:Micrognathozoa
5797:
5760:
5735:
5708:
5686:
5662:
5626:
5593:
5582:
5569:
5540:
5514:
5505:
5488:
5465:
5449:
5432:
5401:
5393:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5273:
5251:
5242:
5233:
5203:
5198:
5189:Thermostability
5125:Grylloblattidae
5095:Acidobacteriota
5069:
5023:
4984:
4918:
4912:
4854:Metallotolerant
4792:
4787:
4734:Wayback Machine
4717:
4715:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4618:(6833): 77–80.
4605:
4604:
4600:
4560:
4559:
4555:
4497:
4496:
4485:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4413:(4505): 333–6.
4404:
4403:
4399:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3945:(9): 1421–133.
3931:
3930:
3926:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3035:
3034:
3030:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2972:10.2307/1541362
2953:
2952:
2945:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2853:
2852:
2843:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2684:(4505): 336–8.
2671:
2670:
2655:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2462:
2433:
2432:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2215:(15): 8875–81.
2198:
2197:
2193:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2115:10.2307/1541941
2098:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2068:. Oceanography.
2065:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1691:
1685:
1680:metabolic rates
1641:
1518:yolk granules.
1461:
1439:) required for
1364:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1291:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:bicarbonate ion
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1186:
1173:
1158:
1131:
1121:
1088:
1084:
1065:
954:
953:
862:
861:
856:
837:
829:
825:
810:
806:
793:carbon fixation
786:
686:
667:
663:
615:carbon fixation
549:
520:
512:
508:
504:
490:
483:
410:branchial plume
377:
361:metatrochophore
355:, nonsymbiotic
346:
296:
286:rather than an
210:giant beardworm
206:giant tube worm
193:
190:
184:
171:
154:
107:Pleistoannelida
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6934:
6932:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6893:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6869:
6856:
6843:
6830:
6817:
6804:
6791:
6778:
6765:
6752:
6737:
6721:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6696:
6683:
6670:
6657:
6644:
6631:
6618:
6605:
6592:
6579:
6566:
6553:
6540:
6525:
6509:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6350:Platyhelminths
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6286:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6177:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6144:Centroneuralia
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6004:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5980:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5959:
5949:
5943:
5940:Lophotrochozoa
5935:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5877:
5875:
5866:
5855:
5852:Platytrochozoa
5847:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5826:
5814:
5811:(Limnognathia)
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5765:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5678:
5672:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5598:
5587:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:(Triploblasts)
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5423:
5421:and relatives)
5413:
5407:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5360:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:Mesomycetozoea
5345:
5340:
5330:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5284:Diaphoretickes
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5151:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5120:Thermoproteota
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5002:
4994:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4939:
4931:
4929:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4891:
4889:Radioresistant
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4839:Lithoautotroph
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4724:
4702:
4701:External links
4699:
4697:
4696:
4653:
4598:
4553:
4483:
4456:(9): 937–969.
4440:
4397:
4368:(6): 3237–44.
4348:
4307:
4266:
4213:
4176:(7): 3129–33.
4156:
4128:
4102:
4079:
4022:
3995:
3964:
3924:
3861:
3834:(4): 562–574.
3813:
3772:
3745:
3678:
3659:
3639:
3606:
3583:
3552:S in seawater"
3549:
3538:
3527:(4): 347–368.
3507:
3480:(4): 621–632.
3474:Marine Biology
3457:
3430:(2): 259–265.
3424:Marine Biology
3410:
3372:
3319:
3300:
3293:
3255:
3226:(6): 2506–10.
3206:
3154:
3096:
3089:
3063:
3028:
2985:
2966:(1): 167–181.
2943:
2893:
2866:(2): 109–124.
2860:Marine Biology
2841:
2803:
2789:
2744:
2731:(4): 308–309.
2711:
2653:
2628:
2601:(1): 115–127.
2595:Marine Biology
2581:
2550:
2531:
2475:
2460:
2409:
2385:
2378:
2358:
2351:
2331:
2324:
2304:
2297:
2277:
2236:
2191:
2142:
2109:(2): 254–276.
2071:
2053:
2027:
1984:
1949:
1913:
1899:
1869:
1818:
1796:
1761:
1754:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1722:Chemosynthesis
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1701:Lamellibrachia
1697:
1690:
1687:
1654:thrives, this
1640:
1637:
1550:metapopulation
1542:volcanic gases
1460:
1457:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1363:
1360:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1290:
1287:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1187:instead, as a
1184:
1172:
1169:
1156:
1129:
1119:
1086:
1082:
1063:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
965:
951:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
896:
889:
886:
881:
873:
854:
835:
827:
823:
808:
804:
784:
685:
682:
665:
661:
638:stable isotope
548:
545:
518:
510:
506:
502:
495:chemosynthetic
488:
481:
469:chemosynthesis
376:
375:Body structure
373:
345:
342:
324:Galápagos Rift
295:
292:
232:Vestimentifera
195:
194:
191:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
163:
159:
158:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
110:
109:
104:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6933:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6879:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6779:
6775:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6706:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6493:
6480:
6479:dubious phyla
6476:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6278:Hemichordates
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6193:Glass sponges
6191:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6170:
6166:
6159:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:Deuterostomia
6132:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6120:of Bilateria
6119:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5953:Cycliophora (
5951:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5936:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5848:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5692:Panarthropoda
5689:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Stramenopiles
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5274:(major groups
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5230:
5225:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5136:Halobacterium
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:extremophiles
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4790:Extremophiles
4784:
4779:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4714:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4237:(4): 1622–9.
4236:
4232:
4228:
4226:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3984:(3): 268–77.
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3675:(9): 531–539.
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3343:(6): 1596–9.
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3294:9781118663998
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:(4): 204–15.
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2916:(3): 727–37.
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2643:on 2019-12-10
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2345:. CRC Press.
2344:
2343:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:(4488): 888.
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2132:on 2015-09-23
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2043:on 2015-04-02
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1793:
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1785:
1781:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1745:
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1733:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
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1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1676:R. pachyptila
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:R. pachyptila
1648:
1645:
1644:R. pachyptila
1638:
1636:
1634:
1633:host-specific
1630:
1629:R. pachyptila
1626:
1622:
1621:phaghocytized
1617:
1612:
1609:
1608:R. pachyptila
1605:
1601:
1600:R. pachyptila
1597:
1596:endosymbionts
1592:
1590:
1589:R. pachyptila
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:R. pachyptila
1574:
1570:
1569:R. pachytpila
1566:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:R. pachyptila
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:R. pachyptila
1525:
1524:fertilization
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:R. pachyptila
1458:
1456:
1454:
1453:R. pachyptila
1449:
1446:
1445:R. pachyptila
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:R. pachyptila
1425:
1423:
1422:R. pachyptila
1419:
1418:R. pachyptila
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:R. pachyptila
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:R. pachyptila
1333:
1329:
1321:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1245:
1241:
1228:
1222:
1221:R. pachyptila
1215:, yet the pCO
1210:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1181:R. pachyptila
1178:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:R. pachyptila
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:physiological
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:Oxidation of
1090:
1080:
1079:R. pachyptila
1075:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
971:
963:
952:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
894:
887:
884:
879:
871:
860:
859:
858:
852:
848:
847:pyrophosphate
844:
839:
833:
821:
820:R. pachyptila
816:
814:
813:R. pachyptila
802:
801:R. pachyptila
798:
794:
790:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:R. pachyptila
758:
753:
751:
750:heterotrophic
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:R. pachyptila
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
702:R. pachyptila
699:
695:
691:
690:R. pachyptila
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
659:
655:
651:
650:R. pachyptila
647:
646:physiological
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:R. pachyptila
618:
616:
612:
611:R. pachyptila
609:they rely on
607:
603:
598:
597:R. pachyptila
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
577:R. pachyptila
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:R. pachyptila
557:
554:
546:
544:
542:
537:
535:
534:R. pachyptila
531:
530:R. pachyptila
527:
522:
516:
515:R. pachyptila
500:
496:
492:
484:
476:
474:
470:
466:
465:R. pachyptila
461:
457:
453:
446:
441:
437:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
417:nutrients to
415:
411:
408:
400:
399:R. pachyptila
396:
392:
390:
386:
382:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:R. pachyptila
343:
341:
339:
338:R. pachyptila
334:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:
314:
313:R. pachyptila
307:
306:
300:
293:
291:
289:
285:
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
252:Pacific Ocean
249:
248:R. pachyptila
245:
244:pelagic zones
241:
237:
234:) related to
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
189:
187:
181:
178:
177:Binomial name
174:
170:
169:
164:
161:
160:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6716:
6504:
6477:Potentially
6472:
6425:
6401:
6395:Gymnolaemata
6390:Stenolaemata
6379:Ectoproctans
6377:
6348:
6319:
6295:
6289:Pterobranchs
6276:
6252:
6228:
6204:
6180:
6174:within phyla
6172:Major groups
6042:
6029:Bryozoa s.l.
6020:Lophophorata
6008:
5984:
5962:
5954:
5917:
5906:Orthonectida
5881:
5828:
5821:
5810:
5729:
5722:
5651:
5609:Scalidophora
5558:
5546:Ambulacraria
5533:
5446:(see below↓)
5426:
5418:
5382:
5333:Opisthokonta
5194:Thermotogota
5181:
5155:Methanopyrus
5153:
5141:
5134:
5130:Halobacteria
5110:Berkeley Pit
5065:Pompeii worm
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5016:
5009:
4997:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4949:Deinococcota
4941:
4934:
4896: /
4884:Psychrophile
4718:February 25,
4716:. Retrieved
4712:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4556:
4511:
4507:
4501:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4410:
4406:
4400:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4327:(2): 151–9.
4324:
4320:
4310:
4286:(1): 77–83.
4283:
4279:
4269:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4145:(1): 51–62.
4142:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4118:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4042:(2): 651–8.
4039:
4035:
4025:
4011:(3): 180–8.
4008:
4004:
3998:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3882:
3878:
3875:hemoglobins"
3872:
3864:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3649:
3642:
3626:(1): 79–89.
3623:
3619:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3559:
3555:
3541:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3477:
3473:
3472:symbiosis".
3469:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3388:
3384:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3322:
3313:
3303:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3072:
3066:
3044:(1): 66–78.
3041:
3037:
3031:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2963:
2959:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2792:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2747:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2645:. Retrieved
2641:the original
2631:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2544:
2534:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2388:
2368:
2361:
2341:
2334:
2314:
2307:
2287:
2280:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2127:the original
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2056:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2030:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:the original
2004:(4): 75–83.
2001:
1997:
1987:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1886:the original
1881:
1872:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1802:the original
1771:
1764:
1743:
1735:
1717:Pompeii worm
1699:
1695:Siboglinidae
1684:
1675:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1628:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1585:colonization
1576:
1575:observed in
1568:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1492:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1459:Reproduction
1452:
1450:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1365:
1335:
1292:
1268:
1266:conditions.
1229:
1220:
1180:
1174:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1091:
1078:
1076:
1057:
840:
819:
817:
812:
800:
797:Calvin cycle
772:
760:
754:
725:
721:
701:
697:
689:
687:
658:Calvin cycle
649:
621:
619:
610:
596:
576:
562:and then in
559:
550:
540:
538:
533:
529:
523:
514:
477:
464:
451:
449:
433:
431:
409:
407:vascularized
404:
398:
378:
348:
347:
337:
335:
332:
328:Jack Corliss
318:
312:
311:
303:
274:
264:
247:
217:invertebrate
209:
205:
200:
199:
198:
185:
183:
167:
166:
150:
140:Siboglinidae
113:
100:
36:
6901:Polychaetes
6808:iNaturalist
6741:Wikispecies
6687:SeaLifeBase
6622:iNaturalist
6529:Wikispecies
6453:Tusk shells
6438:Cephalopods
6409:Polychaetes
6356:Turbellaria
6337:Crustaceans
6313:Secernentea
6303:Chromadorea
6284:Acorn worms
6254:Echinoderms
6246:Vertebrates
6188:Demosponges
6122:is disputed
5584:Protostomia
5472:is disputed
5399:ParaHoxozoa
5161:Movile Cave
5115:Blood Falls
4894:Thermophile
4879:Psammophile
4809:Alkaliphile
3761:: 371–377.
3271:: 297–316.
2020:22 December
1587:events, as
1583:events and
1480:spermatozoa
1478:The male's
1308:thiosulfate
1193:bicarbonate
1165:environment
1161:haemoglobin
654:autotrophic
630:biochemical
626:microscopic
434:vestimentum
381:Pogonophora
357:trochophore
344:Development
267:common name
228:Pogonophora
6895:Categories
6433:Gastropods
6414:Clitellata
6321:Arthropods
6260:Sea lilies
6206:Cnidarians
6124:; see also
6054:Brachiozoa
5817:Syndermata
5776:Gnathifera
5474:; see also
5419:Trichoplax
5417:Placozoa (
5404:Planulozoa
5184:polymerase
5176:Tardigrade
5005:Strain 121
4869:Piezophile
4859:Oligotroph
4849:Methanogen
4844:Lithophile
4814:Capnophile
4804:Acidophile
4099:(1): 1–15.
3603:: 373–388.
2647:2019-12-10
2564:L'Atzavara
2403:2019-12-10
2136:2015-03-19
2047:2015-03-19
2035:Bright M.
1930:(8): 615.
1892:25 October
1811:30 October
1728:References
1664:glycolysis
1625:epithelial
1611:planktonic
1581:extinction
1493:The large
1455:symbiont.
1352:trophosome
1348:hemoglobin
1332:eukaryotic
1153:pachyptila
746:eukaryotic
722:Candidatus
672:clams and
670:vesicomyid
634:trophosome
624:came from
606:trophosome
602:trophosome
566:clams and
564:vesicomyid
541:opistosome
458:, and the
445:trophosome
423:trophosome
414:hemoglobin
387:, and the
369:trophosome
240:intertidal
236:tube worms
120:Sedentaria
6732:Q15240740
6419:Sipuncula
6366:Monogenea
6361:Trematoda
6332:Myriapods
6297:Nematodes
6241:Tunicates
6236:Lancelets
6230:Chordates
6222:Myxozoans
6129:Nephrozoa
6118:phylogeny
5918:Salinella
5873:Rouphozoa
5714:Tactopoda
5643:Nematoida
5595:Ecdysozoa
5516:Bilateria
5503:Bilateria
5484:Benthozoa
5479:Eumetazoa
5468:phylogeny
5438:Bilateria
5328:Amoebozoa
5306:Alveolata
5294:Cryptista
5269:Eukaryota
5171:Rio Tinto
5029:Eukaryota
4908:Xerophile
4864:Osmophile
4834:Lipophile
4824:Halophile
4577:: 89–94.
4514:(1): 96.
4119:Symbiosis
4093:Symbiosis
3808:0021-9258
3722:0027-8424
2576:2339-9791
2570:: 39–53.
2010:0029-8182
1565:dispersal
1558:ephemeral
1468:dioecious
1441:flagellum
1437:flagellin
1411:phylotype
1328:symbiosis
1279:hemolymph
1275:symbionts
1189:cnidarian
1177:metazoans
1126:anaerobic
1040:−
888:−
777:oxidation
730:mixotroph
642:enzymatic
556:symbiosis
547:Symbiosis
499:rhodanase
427:operculum
294:Discovery
162:Species:
130:Sabellida
80:Kingdom:
74:Eukaryota
6726:Wikidata
6640:11680920
6514:Wikidata
6443:Bivalves
6427:Molluscs
6403:Annelids
5762:Spiralia
5369:Animalia
5323:Amorphea
5301:Rhizaria
5289:Hacrobia
5279:Excavata
5264:Bacteria
4954:Snottite
4927:Bacteria
4829:Hypolith
4819:Endolith
4730:Archived
4640:11333980
4548:21489281
4478:16005133
4435:17819904
4392:15155625
4343:12892877
4302:12855171
4261:12654773
4208:10388713
4074:10653731
3959:12200470
3856:25706128
3828:Proteins
3740:15710902
3502:84235858
3452:83539580
3201:27116914
3141:12010127
3023:17819906
2938:18237306
2888:84806980
2784:15265029
2706:17819905
2623:85309709
2526:17819907
2470:16623395
2092:sp. and
1864:25649000
1838:: e715.
1689:See also
1660:deep-sea
1616:ciliated
1604:spawning
1554:tectonic
1532:oviducts
1484:acrosome
1395:16S rRNA
1356:cysteine
1303:reducing
1209:alkaline
972:→
895:→
795:via the
757:16S rRNA
664:, and CO
585:nitrogen
526:ammonium
460:coelomic
419:bacteria
389:metasoma
385:mesosoma
271:shipworm
224:Annelida
212:, is a
136:Family:
94:Annelida
90:Phylum:
84:Animalia
70:Domain:
6826:1340471
6800:2329589
6614:2329590
6520:Q133020
6448:Chitons
6371:Cestoda
6308:Enoplea
6182:Sponges
5955:Symbion
5898:Mesozoa
5338:Animals
5259:Archaea
5235:Extant
4990:Archaea
4917:Notable
4691:4357672
4671:Bibcode
4620:Bibcode
4579:Bibcode
4539:3100261
4516:Bibcode
4458:Bibcode
4415:Bibcode
4407:Science
4178:Bibcode
4151:8364689
4125:: 1–41.
4044:Bibcode
4017:9284558
3990:9284565
3919:9671793
3887:Bibcode
3848:9408952
3700:Bibcode
3564:Bibcode
3482:Bibcode
3432:Bibcode
3393:Bibcode
3367:9515935
3273:Bibcode
3250:3286609
3149:3940740
3121:Bibcode
3058:1898101
3003:Bibcode
2995:Science
2980:1541362
2918:Bibcode
2868:Bibcode
2836:4341949
2816:Bibcode
2686:Bibcode
2678:Science
2603:Bibcode
2506:Bibcode
2498:Science
2231:8621529
2186:4198316
2164:Bibcode
2123:1541941
2090:Ridgeia
2086:Ridgeia
1998:Oceanus
1967:Bibcode
1932:Bibcode
1924:Geology
1855:4304853
1656:species
1546:sulfide
1512:protein
1504:oocytes
1500:oogonia
1495:ovaries
1488:fibrils
1472:sessile
1403:Oasisia
1320:sulfate
1295:sulfide
1269:Once CO
1175:Unlike
1106:hypoxia
1102:nitrate
1094:reduced
1072:RubisCO
832:sulfite
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