405:. Because of some commonly occurring symbols in paintings, it was believed that at least portions of the rock art depicted themes of fertility, water, and rain; however, the Native California Indians are very reluctant to talk to anyone about the rock art and some deny any knowledge of it altogether. The natives' hesitancy to discuss the art led archaeologists to believe that they had no idea of the origin of the pictographs. Kroeber recorded some of his thoughts on the origins of the rock art in 1925.
17:
416:, Steward wrote: "It has frequently been stated that the petroglyphs and pictographs are meaningless figures made in idle moments by some primitive artist. The facts of distribution, however, show that this cannot be true. Since design elements and style are grouped in limited areas, the primitive artist must have made the inscriptions with something in mind. ... He executed, not random drawings, but figures similar to those made in other parts of the same area."
330:, shamans received visions and supernatural power from spirit helpers often in the forms of dangerous and powerful animals like rattlesnakes and grizzly bears. Spirit helpers almost never took the form of an animal that was an important source of food, because it was 'taboo for a shaman to eat meat from the species of his helper.' The discovery of chewed quids (plant material chewed to extract a drug) in the ceiling of a site named Pinwheel Cave were identified as
311:. According to David Whitley, shamanism is "a form of worship based on direct, personal interaction between a shaman (or medicine man) and the supernatural (or sacred realm and its spirits)." In Chumash territory, the sites for the vision quests were usually located near the shaman's village. The Chumash considered caves, rocks, and water sources quite powerful, and the shamans saw them as a "portal to the sacred realm...where they could enter the supernatural."
381:. Paint was applied with a person's finger or a brush. Grant organized the types of images depicted in the paintings into two categories: representational and abstract. Representational images include squares, circles and triangles, zigzags, crisscrosses, parallel lines, and pinwheels., Grant noted that in settled villages, abstract paintings were prominent, while the areas occupied by bands of hunting people reveal representational images.
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408:"The cave paintings of ...represent a particular art, or local style or cult. This can be connected, in all probability, with the technological art of the Chumash. association with...religion is also to be considered, although nothing positive is known in the matter. Many of the pictures may have been made by shamans; and it is quite possible that medicine men were not connected with the making of any."
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shades of a single color) to elaborate polychromes (many various colors). The
Chumash made paint from a mixture of mineralized soil, stone mortar, and some kind of liquid binder like blood or oil from animals or mashed seeds. The addition of an oil binder helped to make the paint permanent and waterproof. Orange and red paint contained
133:. The rock art sites are always found near streams, springs, or some other source of permanent water. In his research of southern California rock art, Grant recorded numerous sites from different areas that were all close to a water source. He found twelve painted sites in the highest parts of the mountainous Chumash territory, the
483:
in San Luis Obispo County was discovered to be
Chumash art. The tree, locally known as the "scorpion tree," was originally believed to have been the work of cowboys. However, archaeologists believe it to be the only known Native American arborglyph in the western United States. The work on the tree
411:
Kroeber was unsure about what specific associations could be made between the paintings and the artists. Julian
Steward researched California rock art as well, and in 1929 he deduced that the only way to understand the meanings of the petroglyphs and pictographs was to compare them with the art and
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society whose livelihood was based on the sea. They developed excellent skills for catching fish, shellfish, and other marine mammals. Beyond fishing, however, they were also skilled in creating rock art. Hudson and
Blackburn define rock art as "an aesthetic, symbolic representation of significant
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Chumash rock art depicts images like humans, animals, celestial bodies, and other (at times ambiguous) shapes and patterns. These depictions vary considerably and appear to be in no particular order or arrangement. The colors of the paintings vary as well, from red or black monochromes (different
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found in the cave. In the 1990's, it was obvious the art was deteriorating and needed preservation. The conservation efforts revealed new data about the human occupation of the cave. "They identified three periods of human use, including an initial occupation around 3,550 years ago, an occupation
390:
50:
The
Chumash are probably best known for the pictographs, which were brightly colored paintings of humans, animals, and abstract circles. They were thought to be part of religious rituals and astrononomical events .
236:, all in a typical Chumash style. However, the rock art at the shelters displays more colors and is more complex than at any other Chumash site. Limited work continues to be done at this site due to deterioration.
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are common through interior
California, the rock painting tradition thrived until the 19th century. Chumash rock art is considered to be some of the most elaborate and plentiful rock art tradition in the region.
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of
November 24, 1677. Pinwheel shapes, dots, and concentric circles are believed to be celestial bodies. Figures combining human and animal features represent states of transformation the '
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98:(engravings on rock) as well. No one is absolutely certain about the meaning of the Chumash Rock art, but scholars generally agree that it is connected with religion and astronomy.
213:(SSFL), which has protected them from public harm since 1947. The SSFL is closed and in the initial stage of a significant toxins and radionuclides site investigation and cleanup.
1973:
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Robinson, David W. et al. (November 2020). "Datura quids at
Pinwheel Cave, California, provide unambiguous confirmation of the ingestion of hallucinogens at a rock art site".
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2011:
787:
Final Report: Cultural
Resource Compliance and Monitoring Results for USEPA's Radiological Study of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory Area IV and Northern Buffer Zone
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is theorized to be correlated to the movement of celestial bodies. If true, it would demonstrate that
Chumash art was likely used as astronomical calendars.
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Chumash rock art is almost invariably found in caves or on cliffs in the mountains, although some small, portable painted rocks have been recorded by
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The rock art site named "House of the Two Suns" was first described by Dick Smith, a historian and naturalist. The site is on the land now known as
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336:. This match was the first confirmation of the consumption of an hallucinogen at any Chumash site (and possibly any in the world).
832:
Saint Onge, Rex W.; Johnson, John R.; Talaugon, Joseph R. (2009), "Archaeological Implications of a Northern Chumash Arborglyph",
191:. The interior alcove of the horseshoe-shaped rock features pictographs by Chumash, neighboring tribes, and non-Native Americans.
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At Painted Cave, a circle enclosing five spokes surrounded by other circles–some spoked, some rayed–is thought to represent the
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In the early 20th century, non-Natives began studying California rock art, including a number of archaeologists, such as
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about 660 years later, and a final Native American occupation that occurred much later, between A.D. 1787 and 1804."
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Rivers and several coastal streams flow through this area. He also recorded forty-one painted rock art sites in the
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232:. The site consists of four cave shelters all adjacent to a creek. The cave shelters have elaborate and colorful
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on pigment from a Santa Barbara area pictograph site showed that the sample was 'not over 2,000 years old.'"
278:, where he did a majority of his work. There are several cave shelters located one above the other in a rock
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concepts and entities that is painted on or carved into a rock surface." Rock art may have been created by
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282:. The pictographs are red and black, possibly representing the sun during the summer and winter solstice.
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experienced. Certain animals, such as rattlesnakes and frogs, are believed to represent spirit helpers.
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221:(DTSC) are responsible to protect Chumash and other historical elements during the extensive SSFL work.
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113:, there are at least six other organizations that self-identify as Chumash, but there may be more.
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is a genre of paintings on caves, mountains, cliffs, or other living rock surfaces, created by the
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The way a shaman interacted with the supernatural was by entering a hallucinogenic trance, or
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259:. The pictographs in the cave were first described by John V Frederick who teamed up with
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symbolism of the different Indian groups and their respective culture areas. In his book
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team who protect and manage artifacts, landscapes and sacred places. According to the
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326:. In this altered state, brought on either by surprisingly potent native tobacco or
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Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History: "Painted Cave Art of the Chumash Indians"
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87:
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Steward, Julian Haynes (1929), "Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States",
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655:"Native Californians got high on hallucinogens and painted rock art, study finds"
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599:"The Archaeology and Rock Art of Swordfish Cave | The University of Utah Press"
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217:, U.S. DOE, and NASA (current property owners and responsible parties) and the
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465:. Inside the cave are motifs that are described as "a possible solar symbol".
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83:
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University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology
776:
The Rock Paintings of the Chumash: A Study of the California Indian Culture
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1989:
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Lebow, Clayton G.; Harro, Douglas R.; McKim, Rebecca L. (2023-05-11).
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716:"Archaeoastronomical Implications of a Northern Chumash Arborglyph"
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879:
A Guide to Rock Art Sites: Southern California and Southern Nevada
714:
SAINT-ONGE, REX W.; JOHNSON, JOHN R.; TALAUGON, JOSEPH R. (2009).
388:
313:
303:
created the rock art. Non-Chumash people call these practitioners
171:
120:
111:
List of organizations that self-identify as Native American tribes
15:
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3256:
3056:
2912:
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2634:
2147:
1877:
461:, has a cave entrance that lines up with the sun at dawn on the
3183:
2822:
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1993:
910:
784:
Guttenberg, Richard; Corbett, Ray; Knight, Albert (June 2010),
101:
Currently, the only federally recognized Chumash tribe are the
77:
in southern California for 14,000 years. They were a maritime,
3219:
2927:
2693:
2651:
263:
to have drawings of the pictographs published in his book,
187:
near the Sierra Madre Mountains at the southern tip of the
779:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
299:
in oral history say that religious specialists, known as '
744:
616:
614:
553:
537:
535:
533:
531:
870:
The Material Culture of the Chumash Interaction Sphere
65:
The Chumash have lived in the present-day counties of
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2176:
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986:
492:Concerning the age of the paintings, Grant says "a
798:
720:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
572:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology
224:The San Emigdio Rock Art Site is located near the
881:, Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company
436:Painted Rock (San Luis Obispo County, California)
219:California Department of Toxic Substances Control
267:The site contains several elaborate examples of
149:region (north of the Ventureño area), where the
634:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
442:that looks like a lizard with what seems to be
265:Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States.
414:Petroglyphs of California and Adjoining States
239:Swordfish cave is on the land now occupied by
2005:
922:
888:The Art of the Shaman: Rock Art of California
868:Hudson, Travis; Blackburn, Thomas C. (1986),
479:In 2006, an arborglyph on an oak tree in the
8:
872:(4 ed.), Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press
161:. The most easily accessible example is at
3197:
3180:
2832:
2819:
2277:
2098:
2085:
2012:
1998:
1990:
929:
915:
907:
890:, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press
103:Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Mission Indians
1437:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
863:(4 ed.), London: Thames and Hudson
834:California and Great Basin Anthropology
745:Saint Onge, Johnson & Talaugon 2009
689:
527:
446:, the North Star and the constellation
434:interpretations of glyphs. The site at
620:
541:
756:
701:
677:
554:Guttenberg, Corbett & Knight 2010
7:
165:, which is located in canyons above
1908:Norse colonization of North America
94:(paintings on rock), but sometimes
243:. It is named after the swordfish
206:. They are on the private land of
14:
3136:Megalithic architectural elements
653:Hunt, Katie (November 23, 2020).
3877:Indigenous culture of California
506:Painted Cave State Historic Park
292:Entoptic phenomena (archaeology)
251:Indian Caves is located west of
163:Painted Cave State Historic Park
22:Santa Barbara County, California
3755:Evolutionary origin of religion
1928:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
568:"The San Emigdio Rock Art Site"
198:petroglyphs are located in the
183:is a free-standing rock on the
90:, most commonly in the form of
3867:Rock art of the Chumash people
324:altered state of consciousness
297:Chumash traditional narratives
1:
3368:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2898:British megalith architecture
805:, London: Thames and Hudson,
430:There are several sites with
393:Color enhanced Chumash glyphs
211:Santa Susana Field Laboratory
3363:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2903:Nordic megalith architecture
1893:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1843:Eastern Agricultural Complex
340:Subject matter and materials
107:cultural resource management
1277:Bandelier National Monument
1151:List of Mississippian sites
938:Pre-Columbian North America
241:Vandenberg Space Force Base
176:Aerial view of Painted Rock
3903:
3511:British Isles and Brittany
3432:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1697:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1302:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
1011:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
886:Whitley, David S. (2000),
877:Whitley, David S. (1996),
472:
289:
58:
3887:Rock art in North America
3196:
3179:
2831:
2818:
2280:
2097:
2084:
2027:
1966:
1938:Three Sisters agriculture
944:
801:North American Indian Art
797:Penney, David W. (2004),
636:. 117 (49): 31026-31037.
353:, while yellow came from
3882:Native American painting
1477:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
1036:Buttermilk Creek complex
773:Grant, Campbell (1965),
511:Burro Flats Painted Cave
318:Interior of Painted Cave
286:Religious aspects of art
196:Burro Flats Painted Cave
125:Exterior of Painted Cave
3743:Evolutionary musicology
3146:Oldest extant buildings
3073:Archaeological features
2592:Prepared-core technique
1677:Town Creek Indian Mound
1647:Sierra de San Francisco
1502:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
642:10.1073/pnas.2014529117
230:Kern County, California
3705:Unchambered long cairn
3553:Mound Builders culture
2886:Neolithic architecture
2021:Prehistoric technology
1332:Coso Rock Art District
1219:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
1122:List of Hopewell sites
394:
357:, blue and green from
319:
177:
159:Sierra Madre Mountains
126:
24:
3380:List of Stone Age art
2582:Microblade technology
2530:Langdale axe industry
2128:Ard / plough
1740:Arlington Springs Man
1582:Portsmouth Earthworks
861:Ancient North America
859:Fagan, Brian (2005),
566:LEE, GEORGIA (1979).
473:Further information:
392:
317:
276:Dick Smith Wilderness
226:San Emigdio Mountains
175:
124:
19:
3787:Prehistoric medicine
3782:Prehistoric counting
3765:Prehistoric religion
3760:Paleolithic religion
3738:Behavioral modernity
3095:Causewayed enclosure
2987:Abri de la Madeleine
2111:Neolithic Revolution
1948:Transoceanic contact
1838:Container Revolution
1412:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1377:Etowah Indian Mounds
455:San Rafael Mountains
189:Great Central Valley
155:San Rafael Mountains
3826:Prehistoric warfare
2572:Magdalenian culture
2535:Levallois technique
2466:Earliest toolmaking
1868:Green Corn Ceremony
1682:Turkey River Mounds
1472:Lake Jackson Mounds
1292:Blue Spring Shelter
692:, pp. 224–225.
453:Condor cave in the
36:Southern California
3777:Origin of language
3770:Spiritual drug use
3680:Rectangular dolmen
3582:Dartmoor kistvaens
3395:Carved stone balls
3107:Circular enclosure
3066:Other architecture
3009:Alp pile dwellings
2597:Solutrean industry
2508:Gravettian culture
2158:Secondary products
1953:Underwater panther
1627:Rosenstock Village
1497:Marmes Rockshelter
1482:L'Anse aux Meadows
475:Chumash arborglyph
395:
320:
178:
153:flows between the
127:
25:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3799:Prehistoric music
3748:music archaeology
3405:Cup and ring mark
3230:Clothing/textiles
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2617:Yubetsu technique
2602:Striking platform
2567:Lithic technology
2452:
2451:
2437:Game drive system
2356:Projectile points
2248:Mortar and pestle
1987:
1986:
1979:Pre-Columbian era
1780:Spirit Cave mummy
1577:Plum Bayou Mounds
1487:Lynch Quarry Site
1006:Ancient Beringian
481:Santa Lucia Range
373:, and black from
3894:
3814:Divje Babe flute
3721:Archaeoastronomy
3464:Petrosomatoglyph
3198:
3181:
3030:Water management
2833:
2820:
2723:Denticulate tool
2545:Lithic reduction
2278:
2099:
2086:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1923:Projectile point
1760:Leanderthal Lady
1687:Upward Sun River
1662:Stallings Island
1652:Shell ring sites
1602:Recapture Canyon
1517:Moorehead Circle
1362:El Fin del Mundo
1347:Cueva de la Olla
1153:
1140:Maritime Archaic
1124:
954:
931:
924:
917:
908:
891:
882:
873:
864:
848:
828:
815:
804:
793:
792:
780:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
735:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
650:
644:
630:
624:
618:
609:
608:
606:
605:
594:
588:
587:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
494:radiocarbon test
432:archaeoastronomy
269:zoomorphic style
28:Chumash rock art
3902:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3842:
3709:
3695:Stone box grave
3665:Megalithic tomb
3570:Cotswold-Severn
3522:
3427:Guardian stones
3355:Prehistoric art
3349:
3192:
3167:
3156:Timber trackway
3061:
3025:
3021:Wattle and daub
2874:
2853:Standing stones
2827:
2806:
2621:
2448:
2425:
2350:
2267:
2177:Food processing
2172:
2121:New World crops
2093:
2080:
2023:
2018:
1988:
1983:
1974:Genetic history
1962:
1816:Ceremonial pipe
1789:
1770:Minnesota Woman
1727:
1721:
1542:Ocmulgee Mounds
1522:Morrison Mounds
1467:Kolomoki Mounds
1457:Kimball Village
1317:Candelaria Cave
1259:
1253:
1234:Suwannee Valley
1169:Old Cordilleran
1149:
1120:
988:
982:
948:
940:
935:
898:
885:
876:
867:
858:
855:
853:Further reading
831:
818:
813:
796:
790:
783:
772:
769:
764:
763:
755:
751:
743:
739:
713:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
663:
661:
652:
651:
647:
631:
627:
619:
612:
603:
601:
596:
595:
591:
565:
564:
560:
552:
548:
540:
529:
524:
502:
490:
477:
471:
463:winter solstice
387:
385:Interpretations
342:
333:Datura wrightii
294:
288:
253:San Marcos Pass
119:
79:hunter-gatherer
75:San Luis Obispo
63:
57:
12:
11:
5:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3804:Alligator drum
3796:
3795:
3794:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3731:lunar calendar
3728:
3717:
3715:
3714:Other cultural
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3518:Venus figurine
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Megalithic art
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3400:Cave paintings
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3202:Material goods
3194:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2918:Cliff dwelling
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:Fire hardening
2500:
2495:
2493:Clovis culture
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2416:Manis Mastodon
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2295:throwing stick
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2107:
2105:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1898:Mound Builders
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Medicine wheel
1880:
1875:
1873:Horned Serpent
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Roberts Island
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1547:Old Stone Fort
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:Moaning Cavern
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Kincaid Mounds
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:Cuarenta Casas
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Bluefish Caves
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1258:Archaeological
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1056:Caloosahatchee
1053:
1048:
1043:
1041:Caborn-Welborn
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
987:Archaeological
984:
983:
981:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
945:
942:
941:
936:
934:
933:
926:
919:
911:
905:
904:
897:
896:External links
894:
893:
892:
883:
874:
865:
854:
851:
850:
849:
829:
816:
811:
794:
781:
768:
765:
762:
761:
759:, p. 123.
749:
737:
706:
694:
682:
670:
645:
625:
623:, p. 130.
610:
589:
578:(2): 295–305.
558:
546:
544:, p. 129.
526:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
513:
508:
501:
498:
489:
486:
470:
467:
403:Alfred Kroeber
399:Julian Steward
386:
383:
341:
338:
287:
284:
261:Julian Steward
257:San Jose Creek
204:Ventura County
131:Campbell Grant
118:
115:
105:. They have a
61:Chumash people
59:Main article:
56:
55:Chumash people
53:
32:Chumash people
20:Painted Cave,
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3899:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Simple dolmen
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3675:Passage grave
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:Gallery grave
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:Burial mounds
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3496:Statue menhir
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3484:Stone carving
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Sewing needle
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Timber circle
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3100:Tor enclosure
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3088:fulacht fiadh
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
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2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:spear-thrower
2322:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2302:Bow and arrow
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
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2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Grinding slab
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Domestication
2141:
2139:
2138:Digging stick
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:Founder crops
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:New Stone Age
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Falcon dancer
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:Miscellaneous
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Melbourne Man
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:La Brea Woman
1753:
1751:
1750:Kennewick Man
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Serpent Mound
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Pueblo Bonito
1590:
1588:
1587:Poverty Point
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Pinson Mounds
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:Painted Bluff
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Horr's Island
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Effigy Mounds
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Crystal River
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:Weeden Island
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Safety Harbor
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Poverty Point
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:Paleo-Indians
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:Mississippian
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:
985:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
953:
952:
947:
946:
943:
939:
932:
927:
925:
920:
918:
913:
912:
909:
903:
900:
899:
895:
889:
884:
880:
875:
871:
866:
862:
857:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
817:
814:
812:0-500-20377-6
808:
803:
802:
795:
789:
788:
782:
778:
777:
771:
770:
766:
758:
753:
750:
746:
741:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
710:
707:
704:, p. 91.
703:
698:
695:
691:
686:
683:
680:, p. 80.
679:
674:
671:
660:
656:
649:
646:
643:
639:
635:
629:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
600:
593:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
559:
555:
550:
547:
543:
538:
536:
534:
532:
528:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
495:
487:
485:
482:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
459:Sisquoc River
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
421:solar eclipse
417:
415:
409:
406:
404:
400:
391:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:, white from
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
339:
337:
335:
334:
329:
325:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
185:Carrizo Plain
182:
174:
170:
168:
167:Santa Barbara
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:Sisquoc River
148:
147:Cuyama Valley
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
116:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:vision quests
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Santa Barbara
62:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
23:
18:
3631:wedge-shaped
3616:Funeral pyre
3609:Great dolmen
3565:Chamber tomb
3546:Round barrow
3501:Stone circle
3373:Blombos Cave
3301:Grooved ware
3225:Chalcolithic
3129:Thornborough
3047:Flush toilet
2982:Blombos Cave
2977:Rock shelter
2933:Quiggly hole
2825:Architecture
2800:illustration
2442:Buffalo jump
2263:Storage pits
2226:Aşıklı Höyük
2216:Ground stone
2052:Subdivisions
1958:Water glyphs
1913:Oasisamerica
1903:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1863:Folsom point
1853:Effigy mound
1833:Clovis point
1801:Aridoamerica
1702:Wickiup Hill
1657:Spiro Mounds
1637:Salmon Ruins
1632:Russell Cave
1427:Helen Blazes
1422:Grimes Point
1402:Fort Juelson
1392:Fort Ancient
1367:El Vallecito
1327:Chaco Canyon
1267:Angel Mounds
1229:Steed-Kisker
1179:Paleo-Arctic
1101:Glacial Kame
1086:Fort Ancient
978:Post-Classic
949:
887:
878:
869:
860:
837:
833:
824:
820:
800:
786:
775:
752:
740:
726:(1): 29–58.
723:
719:
709:
697:
690:Steward 1929
685:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:
648:
633:
628:
602:. Retrieved
592:
575:
571:
561:
549:
516:Painted Rock
491:
478:
452:
429:
424:
418:
413:
410:
407:
396:
367:kaolin clays
343:
331:
321:
305:medicine men
300:
295:
273:
264:
250:
238:
223:
208:Rocketdyne's
193:
181:Painted Rock
179:
128:
100:
64:
49:
27:
26:
3653:unchambered
3648:Long barrow
3638:Grave goods
3594:Court cairn
3589:Clava cairn
3541:Bowl barrow
3479:Rock cupule
3422:Golden hats
3415:Hill figure
3316:Unstan ware
3296:Cord-marked
3161:Sweet Track
3083:Burnt mound
3004:Stilt house
2992:Sibudu Cave
2785:Tally stick
2753:Quern-stone
2738:Hammerstone
2728:Fire plough
2699:Pesse canoe
2657:Bannerstone
2627:Other tools
2540:Lithic core
2488:Aurignacian
2376:Bare Island
2258:Quern-stone
1943:Thunderbird
1811:Black drink
1775:Peñon woman
1712:Winterville
1692:Velda Mound
1672:Taos Pueblo
1567:Parkin Park
1552:Orwell site
1537:Nodena site
1432:Holly Bluff
1407:Four Mounds
1397:Fort Center
1322:Casa Grande
1272:Anzick site
1164:Monongahela
1091:Fort Walton
1066:Coles Creek
1031:Belle Glade
1016:Anishinaabe
827:(2): 47–238
621:Penney 2004
542:Penney 2004
143:Santa Clara
96:petroglyphs
92:pictographs
44:petroglyphs
40:Pictographs
3861:Categories
3792:trepanning
3685:Ring cairn
3643:Jar burial
3626:transepted
3558:U.S. sites
3459:Petroglyph
3385:Bird stone
3343:wine press
3016:Stone roof
2999:Roundhouse
2891:long house
2868:Stonehenge
2836:Ceremonial
2780:Stone tool
2607:Tool stone
2577:Metallurgy
2481:Mousterian
2458:Toolmaking
2396:Cumberland
2369:Transverse
2339:Schöningen
2231:Qesem cave
2199:Earth oven
2153:Irrigation
2064:Technology
2032:Prehistory
1888:Metallurgy
1848:Eden point
1745:Buhl Woman
1617:Rock Eagle
1607:River Styx
1532:Mummy Cave
1527:Moundville
1507:Mesa Verde
1492:Marksville
1239:Tchefuncte
1199:Plaquemine
1135:Las Palmas
1051:Calf Creek
1046:Cades Pond
767:References
757:Grant 1965
702:Grant 1965
678:Grant 1965
664:2020-11-24
604:2023-05-15
469:Arborglyph
448:Ursa Major
440:arborglyph
425:alchuklash
363:serpentine
351:iron oxide
328:jimsonweed
301:alchuklash
290:See also:
245:petroglyph
200:Simi Hills
137:area. The
3836:symbolism
3700:Tor cairn
3658:Grønsalen
3599:Cremation
3491:Sculpture
3469:Pictogram
3454:Petroform
3274:amber use
3242:Cosmetics
3052:Reservoir
3037:Check dam
2967:Pueblitos
2962:Pit-house
2945:Longhouse
2879:Dwellings
2748:Microlith
2679:Bow drill
2674:Bone tool
2667:prismatic
2476:Acheulean
2391:Cresswell
2364:Arrowhead
2290:Boomerang
2206:Granaries
2168:Terracing
2047:Stone Age
1933:Stickball
1622:Rock Hawk
1452:Key Marco
1244:Troyville
1224:St. Johns
1209:Red Ocher
968:Formative
846:0191-3557
732:0191-3557
584:0191-3557
438:, has an
375:manganese
135:Ventureño
117:Locations
3474:Rock art
3437:painting
3410:Geoglyph
3235:timeline
3215:Beadwork
2955:Mehrgarh
2950:Mudbrick
2858:megalith
2733:Fire-saw
2555:debitage
2550:analysis
2518:Hand axe
2498:Cupstone
2076:Glossary
2037:Timeline
1821:Chanunpa
1806:Ballgame
1785:Vero man
1735:Anzick-1
1707:Windover
1667:SunWatch
1597:Rassawek
1417:Glenwood
1307:Brewster
1159:Mogollon
1130:La Jolla
1116:Hopewell
1076:Deptford
989:cultures
500:See also
379:charcoal
355:limonite
347:hematite
271:glyphs.
234:Rock art
157:and the
3872:Chumash
3831:Symbols
3442:pigment
3328:Weaving
3291:Cardium
3286:Pottery
3281:Mirrors
3269:Jewelry
3210:Baskets
3190:culture
3042:Cistern
2848:Pyramid
2790:Weapons
2768:Scraper
2758:Racloir
2718:Cleaver
2706:Chopper
2612:Uniface
2523:Grooves
2513:Hafting
2471:Oldowan
2430:Systems
2381:Cascade
2344:woomera
2334:harpoon
2307:history
2273:Hunting
2253:Pottery
2194:Cooking
2103:Farming
2069:history
2042:Outline
1970:Related
1828:Chunkey
1728:remains
1717:Wupatki
1557:Paquime
1447:Huápoca
1312:Cahokia
1282:Bastian
1189:Patayan
1111:Hohokam
1096:Fremont
1071:ComondĂş
1026:Baytown
1021:Avonlea
1001:Alachua
973:Classic
963:Archaic
951:Periods
444:Polaris
309:shamans
280:outcrop
139:Ventura
86:during
84:shamans
71:Ventura
3809:flutes
3604:Dolmen
3528:Burial
3338:winery
3311:Linear
3141:Midden
3119:Cursus
3112:Goseck
2972:Pueblo
2923:Dugout
2908:Burdei
2587:Mining
2411:Lamoka
2406:Folsom
2386:Clovis
2243:Metate
2221:Hearth
2189:Basket
2163:Sickle
1387:Folsom
1352:Cutler
1287:Benson
1174:Oneota
1106:Glades
1081:Folsom
1061:Clovis
958:Lithic
844:
809:
730:
582:
488:Dating
371:gypsum
359:copper
215:Boeing
73:, and
3726:sites
3670:Mummy
3390:Cairn
3306:JĹŤmon
3257:shoes
3252:Hides
3124:Henge
3078:Broch
2940:Jacal
2795:Wheel
2743:Knife
2689:Canoe
2684:Burin
2662:Blade
2560:flake
2421:Plano
2329:baton
2319:Spear
2285:Arrow
2238:Manos
2091:Tools
1918:Piasa
1726:Human
1357:Eaker
1260:sites
1194:Plano
996:Adena
840:(1),
791:(PDF)
522:Notes
457:near
255:near
3819:gudi
3577:Cist
3506:list
3333:Wine
3262:Ă–tzi
3247:Glue
3220:Beds
3188:and
3186:Arts
3057:Well
2913:Cave
2843:Kiva
2773:side
2763:Rope
2711:tool
2645:bone
2635:Adze
2401:Eden
2314:Nets
2184:Fire
2148:Goad
2133:Celt
1878:Kiva
842:ISSN
807:ISBN
728:ISSN
580:ISSN
401:and
194:The
141:and
42:and
2928:Hut
2863:row
2694:Oar
2652:Axe
2640:Awl
1382:Eva
659:CNN
638:doi
377:or
369:or
361:or
349:or
307:or
228:in
202:in
34:of
3863::
838:29
836:,
825:24
823:,
724:29
722:.
718:.
657:.
613:^
574:.
570:.
530:^
450:.
169:.
69:,
38:.
2013:e
2006:t
1999:v
930:e
923:t
916:v
747:.
734:.
667:.
640::
607:.
586:.
576:1
556:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
