Roman–Volscian wars - Knowledge (XXG)

1152:

that Camillus had become too old and slow and soon won over the whole army to his side. While his colleague prepared for battle, Camillus formed a strong reserve and awaited the outcome of the battle. The Volsci started to retire soon after the battle had started, and, as they had planned, the Romans were drawn into following them up the rising ground toward the Volscian camp. Here the Volsci had placed several cohorts in reserve and these joined the battle. Fighting uphill against superior numbers, the Romans started to flee. However Camillus brought up the reserves and rallied the fleeing soldiers to stand their ground. With the infantry wavering, the Roman cavalry, now led by Lucius Furius, dismounted and attacked the enemy on foot. As a result, the Volsci were defeated and fled in panic; their camp was also taken. A large number of Volsci were killed and an even larger number taken prisoners. According to Plutarch, a sick Camillus was waiting in the camp while his colleague engaged the enemy. When he heard that the Romans had been routed, he sprung from his couch, rallied the soldiers and stopped the enemy pursuit. Then on the second day Camillus led his forces out, defeated the enemy in battle and took their camp. Camillus then learned that Satricum had been taken by Etruscans and all the Roman colonists there slaughtered. He sent the bulk of his forces back to Rome, while he and the youngest men fell upon the Etruscans and expelled them from Satricum. Having described Camillus' victory at Satricum, Livy and Plutarch move on to narrate the Roman annexation of the Latin town of

1014:. In addition to Volsci, the Antiates had brought a large number of Latins and Hernici to the field. At first daunted by the size and composition of the enemy army, after a rousing speech by Camillus the Roman soldiers charged the enemy. It was claimed that to further incite his men, Camillus ordered the army standard flung into the enemy's lines. The Volsci were routed and slaughtered in great number during their flight until a rainstorm brought an end to the fighting. The Latins and Hernici now abandoned the Volsci who took refuge inside Satricum. Camillus first began a regular investment, but when sorties disrupted the construction of his siege works, he changed tactics and carried the city by storm. Leaving Valerius in command of the army, Camillus returned to Rome to urge the senate to continue the war and attack Antium, the Volscian capital. However upon news that the Etruscans were attacking the border strongholds of 833:) to make the enemy think the Romans were about to make a counter-attack. This kept the enemy on edge during the night, and allowed the Romans a good sleep. The Romans thus refreshed, at daylight the consul led the Romans against the Volsci. The Volsci took a position on higher ground. The consul hesitated to attack uphill, but the Roman troops convinced him to give the order for attack. The Romans left their spears fixed in the ground to lessen the burden. In the major battle which followed, the Romans were victorious. Quinctius then led the Romans to besiege Antium, and the town surrendered shortly afterward. A Latin colony was planted in the town in the following year, representing a major defeat for the Volsci. Quinctius celebrated a triumph for his victory. 1241:

of Satricum in 377 and 346 is a doublet. Beloch, believing that the Romans would not have recorded a Latin attack on Satricum, considered the burning in 377 a retrojection of the events of 346. Oakley (1997) takes the opposite view, believing that the ancient historians are less likely to have invented the burning by the Latins than the burning by the Romans. Though the twice miraculous saving of the temple is discarded as a doublet, it does not automatically follow that hotly contested Satricum could not have been captured both in 377 and 346. Livy records that Satricum was recolonized by the Volsci in 348, but this is unlikely to be historical; if Satricum was destroyed by the Latins, it must have been reoccupied soon thereafter.

1191:

Roman camp. In Rome it was first decided to nominate a Dictator, but when the Romans realized that the Volsci did not intend to follow up their victory, they chose to recall their army from Volscian territory instead. New colonists were also sent to reinforce Setia. The next year, 378, the Volsci invaded and plundered Roman territory in all directions. At Rome the tribunes of the plebs first obstructed the enrolment of troops until the patricians accepted their conditions that no war tax would be paid until the war was over and no debt suits be brought to court. With these internal difficulties out of the way, the Romans divided their forces into two armies. One, commanded by consular tribunes Spurius

1220:, marched against them. The battle that followed was interrupted on the first day by a rainstorm. On the second the Latin resisted the Romans for some time, being familiar with their tactics, but a cavalry charge disrupted their ranks and when the Roman infantry followed up with a fresh attack they were routed. The Volsci and Latins retreated first to Satricum and thence to Antium. The Romans pursued, but lacked the equipment to lay siege to Antium. After a quarrel whether to continue the war or sue for peace, the Latin forces departed and the Antiates surrendered their city to the Romans. In fury the Latins set fire to Satricum and burned the whole city down except the temple of 1165:

Velitrae. Of the two versions of Camillus' victory at Satricum in 381, Plutarch's is thought to be closer to the earlier annalists than that of Livy. Notably, Livy presents a more noble picture of Camillus than Plutarch, and he has also compressed all the fighting into one day rather than two. That the Praenestines should have joined with the Volsci at Satricum and been defeated there by Camillus is credible enough; however most, if not all the details surrounding the battle, including the supposed quarrel between Camillus and Lucius Furius, are today considered to be later inventions. Especially the scale of the battle and the Roman victory have been vastly exaggerated.

1446:, campaigned against the Samnites. Plautius first defeated the Privernates and captured their city. A Roman garrison was imposed on them and two-thirds of their territory confiscated. Plautius then marched against the Antiates at Satricum. A hard battle which ended only a storm prevented further losses. Counting their losses, the Volsci decided to withdraw during the night, retreating to Antium and leaving their wounded and part of their baggage behind. The Romans gathered a large quantity of arms left behind at the battlefield and in the Volscian camps which the consul ordered burnt as a sacrifice to 897:

sally out. Rather than risk being attacked from two sides, the Volsci retreated into their own camp and barricaded themselves inside. Knowing that a strong wind would blow down from the mountains at sunrise, Camillus ordered part of his forces to make a diversionary attack on the opposite side, while he led the rest of the army to hurl fire into the enemy camp once the sun rose. Aided by the wind, the fires burnt the camp to the ground. Most of the enemy perished, either in the fire or by desperate attacks on the Roman army.

463:

back the Roman troops at first, allowing the Volsci to destroy a large part of the fortifications surrounding the camp. Then he gave the order to attack and the Volsci were routed at the first engagement. The Roman army pursued the Volscian army to its own camp, and the camp was surrounded then taken and plundered following the flight of the Volsci. The Roman force followed the Volscian army to Suessa Pometia, and took and plundered that town. The Romans then returned to Rome in glory. Ambassadors from the Volscian town of

1057:. Preparing for battle on the morrow after his arrival, Cornelius ordered his soldiers to receive the enemy's charge. The Romans stood firm and when, as planned, the cavalry under Titus Quinctius attacked, panic broke out among the enemy. The Volsci fled the field and their camp was taken. Cornelius bestowed all the plunder, except the prisoners, on the soldiers. Returning to Rome, Aulus Cornelius celebrated his triumph over the Volsci. Satricum was colonized with 2000 Roman citizens, each to receive two and a half 507:

line. The Roman consul ordered his troops to stand firm, and to neither advance nor return the enemy's battle cries. Indeed, the Romans were directed to leave their spears fixed in the ground, but to draw their swords and lay into the Volscian troops when they met the Roman line. The Volsci, wearied from their charge, were overcome by the Roman resistance and fell back in disorder. The Roman army pursued and took the Volscian camp, and from there went on to capture the Volscian town of

1384:

for a second time. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that only the temple of Mater Matuta survived of Satricum after the mid-fourth century. However, if then the double destruction of Satricum is rejected as unhistorical, it does not necessarily follow that this hotly contested town was not captured both in 377 and 346. The claim of 4000 captives taken, whether they be prisoners of war or slaves, is most likely a later invention and not based on any authentic record.

1282:. A Roman relief army broke the siege of Tusculum and in return laid siege to Velitrae. This siege is then supposed to have lasted a number of years in which nothing worth mentioning took place, until it ended with Roman success in 367. According to Plutarch, Velitrae surrendered to Camillus, dictator for the fifth time in 367, without a struggle. The capture of Velitrae is Camillus' last recorded exploit. He would fall victim to a plague that ravaged Rome in 365. 685:, readied the defences of the city. But the plebeians implored them to sue for peace. The senate was convened, and it was agreed to send supplicants to the enemy. Initially ambassadors were sent, but Coriolanus sent back a negative response. The ambassadors were sent to the Volsci a second time, but were refused entry to the enemy camp. Next priests, in their regalia, were sent by the Romans, but achieved nothing more than had the ambassadors. 916:. Livy also provides a description of the amount of spoils taken. Having won three simultaneous wars, Camillus returned to Rome in triumph. The many prisoners taken in the Etruscan war were publicly sold; after the gold owed to Rome's matrons had been repaid (they had contributed their gold to ransom Rome from the Gauls), enough was left for three golden bowls inscribed with the name of Camillus and placed in the 789:

disrespect for the plebeians was so notorious that his soldiers were openly insubordinate and disobedient. They refused to attack the enemy, instead retreating to their camp, and only turning against the Volscian forces when they were attacked themselves. His officers dissuaded Appius from taking immediate action against the soldiers, but the army was attacked again and fell into disarray as it left the camp.

1468:

historical, is unlikely to have remained there for long. The campaign against the Antiates has less serious problems. The battle being broken off by a storm is likely to be a later invention. The offering of the captured weapons to Lua Mater might also have been invented. But despite these later embellishments there are no fundamental reasons why Antium should not have fought against Rome in 341.

36: 1376:

Mater Matuta was spared. The 4000 who had surrendered were marched in front of the consul's chariot during his triumphal procession and subsequently sold, bringing in a large sum for the State treasury. According to some of Livy's sources these prisoners were slaves that had been captured at Satricum. Livy found this more plausible than their being surrendered fighting men. The

1339:. The territory of Privernum had long been at peace and Marcius' army captured a large amount of plunder. Marcius let his soldiers keep everything, appropriating nothing for the State. The Privernates had formed an entrenched camp in front of their walls. The Romans stormed this camp and prepared to attack the town when the Privernates surrendered. A 1114:, a Latin town which had so far been loyal to Rome, rebelled and joined the Volsci and the colonies of Circeii and Velitrae in the war against Rome. In Rome, on the advice of the senate, the tribes unanimously declared war on Velitrae after five commissioners had been appointed to distribute the Pomptine territory and three to settle a colony at 1118:. However, there was pestilence in Rome throughout the year and no campaign was launched. Among the revolting colonists a peace party was in favour of asking Rome for pardon, but the war party continued hold the population's favour and a raid was launched into Roman territory effectively ending all talk of peace. In 382 consular tribunes 954:, all other details being later inventions. Except for the repayment of the gold to the matrons, Livy's description of Camillus' triumph that year could be based on authentic information; if so this would help confirm the fighting happened. The victory that year against the Volsci opened the Pomptine region for further Roman inroads. 1002:

invaded the Pomptine territory the following year and it was reported in Rome that the Latins had sent warriors to assist them. The Romans had elected Camillus as one of the year's six consular tribunes in anticipation of an Etruscan war. He now took charge of affairs almost as if he had been elected

792:

After reaching the safety of Roman territory, Appius gathered the remnants of his army, and ordered that all of the soldiers who had lost their equipment or standards, and all of the officers who had deserted their posts should be flogged and beheaded. He then punished the remainder of the army with

506:

Verginius advanced with the Roman army and ravaged the Volscian territory in order to provoke the Volsci into battle. The two armies made camp near each other, then formed battle lines on the plain which lay between the camps. The Volscians, who were considerably superior in number, charged the Roman

1375:

marched to Satricum with his army and engaged the Antiates and other Volscian troops in battle. The Volsci fled into Satricum, but surrendered just as the Romans were about to storm the town. 4000 men and numerous non-combatants were taken prisoner. Satricum was sacked and burned; only the temple of

1240:

Mater Matuta was a deity originally connected with the early morning light. The temple at Satricum was the chief centre of her cult. However, Livy also records the burning of Satricum, except the temple of Mater Matuta, in 346, this time by the Romans. Modern historians agree that this twice burning

900:

According to Diodorus Siculus, Camillus marched out at night. At dawn he attacked the Volsci in the rear while they were attacking the camp. Those in the camp sallied forth. Attacked from two sides the Volscians were slaughtered. According to Livy, who does not mention the consular tribunes' initial

788:

At the same time the Volsci, hoping to take advantage of the internal conflict at Rome, laid waste to Roman territory. The war against them was allotted to Claudius. Stung by his defeat at the hands of the tribunes, the consul was determined to subject his army to the harshest discipline. But his

696:

and his two sons, together with the matrons of Rome, went out to the Volscian camp and implored Coriolanus to cease his attack on Rome. Coriolanus was overcome by their pleas, and moved the Volscian camp back from the city, ending the siege. Rome honoured the service of these women by the erection

462:

The Volsci attacked the Roman camp the following night, hoping to benefit from the dissent amongst the Romans. Instead the Roman army took up arms and repulsed the attack. The next day the Volsci attacked the Roman fortifications again, filling the trenches and attacking the rampart. The consul held

1096:

Circeii and Velitrae had been colonized by Rome and the Latins in 393 and 401 respectively, but these might have been little more than garrisons. By 385 the native Volsci could have seized control of these towns again, but it is also possible that the Roman and Latin settlers had now turned against

945:

policy begun three decades earlier. The accounts of these victories have been exaggerated and elaborated, and some events duplicated, but essentially describe historical events that fit into the broader picture of Rome's development. While the role of Camillus has been exaggerated, the frequency in

1383:

Modern historians have widely considered the two destructions of Satricum in 377 and 346, both times only the temple of Mater Matuta survives, to be a doublet. The town's supposed rebuilding in 348 is more likely to be a reconstruction by a later annalist to explain how Satricum could be destroyed

1261:

were elected at Rome. Modern historians consider the anarchy to have lasted no longer than a year, if it existed at all, and attribute the extension into five years being due to ancient historians' attempts to synchronize Roman and Greek history. The apparent break six-year break in Roman-Volscian

1232:

Casting the blame on the commanders rather than the soldiers, as Livy does in his description of the Roman defeat in 379, is a common theme in his writings. Livy's summary treatment of the 378 campaign suggest that there were no major Roman successes that year. Frequently mentioned in the Volscian

1151:

for Satricum with an army of four legions, each consisting of 4000 men. At Satricum they met an army considerably superior in number and eager for battle. Camillus, however, refused to engage the enemy, seeking instead to protract the war. This exasperated his colleague, Lucius Furius, who claimed

949:

Oakley (1997) considers the accounts of a Roman victory against the Volsci in 389 BC to be historical. All three surviving sources probably derived their accounts of this battle from a common tradition, the discrepancies being due to different authors omitting different details. This hypothesis is

937:

who held that the Gallic sack had a severe and long-lasting effect on Rome's fortunes. Accordingly, Camillus' stunning victories against the Etruscans and Volsci so soon after must be inventions designed to minimize the scale of the Roman defeat. Different later writers then treated these invented

932:

The many similarities between accounts of the campaigns of 389 and 386 BC (for which see below) - in both Camillus is placed in command, defeats the Volsci and comes to the aid of Sutrium - has caused several modern authors to consider these to be doublets of each other. This was the view taken by

558:

held watch at the time of the Volscian attack. He quickly gathered a small force of Roman soldiers to fight against the Volscians who had sallied forth from Corioli. Not only did he repel the enemy, but he charged through the town gates and then began setting fire to some of the houses bordering

429:

and sent ambassadors to seek the aid of the Latins. The Latins, having been defeated by Rome the previous year, were so outraged by the Volsci attempts to lure them into another war, that they seized the Volscian ambassadors, delivered them to the consuls in Rome, and advised them that the Volsci

1190:

due to the two's high birth and popularity, but this proved to be a mistake. The Roman commanders sent out their foragers without first doing any scouting, and were then tricked into an ambush by an enemy spy who falsely reported that the foragers had been surrounded. The Volsci also attacked the

1164:

Of all the old Latin towns, Lanuvium was closest to Pomptine plain. It is therefore no surprise that she now joined the struggle against Rome. While the details provided by Livy for the campaign of 382 are plausible, the original records likely only stated there was fighting against Praeneste and

1076:

Beloch rejected Camillus' campaign of 386 as a doublet of that of 389 (itself invented) and also the events of 385 as they depended on Camillus' victory at Satricum the previous year. More recently, Cornell (1995), Oakley (1997) and Forsythe (2005) have instead chosen to interpret these events as

612:

were being celebrated in Rome on a grand scale, and a number of the Volsci had travelled to Rome to participate in the celebrations. Aufidius sought to devise a way to stir up Volscian ill-will against Rome. He obtained a private audience with the consuls, and convinced them that he feared some

1244:

Judged by the foundation of colonies and land allotments in the Pomptine region, it appears that by this time the Volsci no longer posed a serious threat to Roman power. After two decades of successful conquest and consolidation, Rome now entered an era of internal struggle and political reform.

896:

dictator. According to Plutarch, Camillus raised a new army, which included men normally considered too old for military service, eluded the Volsci by marching around Mount Marcius and arrived in the enemy's rear where he made his presence known by lighting fires. The besieged Romans prepared to

816:

led the Roman army. In an initial engagement, the Romans were almost defeated, but Quinctius lifted their spirits by telling each wing of the army that the other was having great success. Thus re-animated, the Romans won the day. A period of rest followed, as both sides re-grouped. Then the

1467:

on former Privernatian territory in the census of 318 rather than in the census of 332. It is however not implausible in itself that Rome had to fight several wars against Privernum. The names of the consuls for the two wars would then be only a coincidence. The Roman garrison at Privernum, if

957:

Forsythe (2005) takes a more sceptical view. He believes only the existence of three golden bowls dedicated by Camillus to Juno to be historical. From these ancient writers have invented a series of lightning victories against the traditional enemies of Rome at the time of Camillus—viz., the

1141:

are said to have joined forces and, according to Livy, successfully stormed the Roman colony of Satricum. In response the Romans elected Marcus Furius Camillus as consular tribune for the sixth time. Camillus was assigned the Volscian war by special senatorial decree. His fellow tribune

841:

During the second half the 5th century BC the Romans and the Latins appear to have stemmed the tide of Volscian aggression. The sources record the founding of several Roman colonies during this era, while mention of wars against the Aequi and Volsci become less frequent.

379:, a mutual military alliance between the Latin cities with Rome as the leading partner. The ancient sources record fighting against either the Aequi, the Volsci, or both almost every year during the first half of the 5th century BC. Famously the Roman nobleman 1290:

That Velitrae should have been under continuous siege for several years is unlikely. More probably she was the target of a series of annual campaigns until finally taken. After this defeat Livy makes no mention of conflict between Velitrae and Rome until 357.

224:

had been incorporated into the Roman Republic. The ancient historians devoted considerable space to Volscian wars in their accounts of the early Roman Republic, but the historical accuracy of much of this material has been questioned by modern historians.

909:. Camillus set fire to the barricades, throwing the Volscian army into such confusion so that when the Romans assaulted the camp, they had little problem routing the Volsci. Camillus then ravaged their territory until the Volsci were forced to surrender. 1215:

According to Livy in 377 the Volsci and Latins united their forces at Satricum. The Roman army, commanded by consular tribunes Publius Valerius Potitus Poplicola (the same Valerius who had commanded with Camillus against the Volsci in 386) and Lucius

746:

In 483 BC Livy says that the Volsci renewed hostilities, but gives little detail except to say that the Romans paid little attention to the issue, as their own strength was more than sufficient, and they were distracted by internal matters.

1453:

The Volsci would have been motivated in their war against Rome both by the possibility exploiting a Rome distracted by war and civil strife, and the worrying prospect of being surrounded by Roman territory should Rome gain firm control of

1211:

and the mountains. Hoping to draw the Volsci into battle, the Romans set about ravaging the Volscian countryside. Having burned several outlying villages and destroyed the enemy's harvest, the two armies returned to Rome with their booty.

804:

was given responsibility for leading an army against the Volsci. The Volscian forces left the Roman territory, but Numicius pursued them, defeated the Volscian army in an initial engagement, then when the Volscian forces took shelter in

454:

the people, and placated them initially with decrees relieving some of the more severe hardships of debt, and also with promises of further consideration of the problems of debt after the war. The people, placated, gathered to swear the

575:

Livy reports that the Volsci were preparing to attack Rome. However a pestilence spread amongst the Volsci and war was averted. The Romans took steps to protect their position. Additional Roman colonists were sent to the town of

1080:

Indebtedness was a persistent problem at Rome in this era. The favoured method of debt-relief, land allotments, provided a motivation for Roman expansion into the Pomptine region. The sources however mention many proposals for

950:

strengthened by Livy and Plutarch's very similar accounts of the fighting at Sutrium later the same year. However the original historical records probably just stated that the Romans won against the Volsci in a battle fought

553:

to Corioli. However, whilst the Romans were focused on the siege, another Volscian force arrived from Antium and attacked the Romans, and at the same time the soldiers of Corioli launched a sally. A young noble Roman,

1458:. However several elements of Livy's account has been questioned by modern historians. A Roman capture of Privernum is recorded again for 329 when Lucius Aemilius Mamercinus was consul for a second time, this time with 1126:

auxiliaries, but refrained from storming the place, doubting whether a storm would be successful and not wanting to destroy the colony. Based on the report of the tribunes, Rome declared war on Praeneste. According to

1049:. The Dictator marched his army into the Pomptine territory which he had heard was being invaded by the Volsci. The Volscian army was swelled by Latins and Hernici, and included contingents from the Roman colonies of 596:

In 491 BC Coriolanus, who had been prominent in the siege of the Volscian town of Corioli in 493 BC, was exiled from Rome because he had advocated the reversal of the pro-plebeian political reforms arising from the

1146:

was chosen by lot to be his colleague in this undertaking. There are some differences between Livy and Plutarch in their accounts of the campaign that followed. According to Livy the tribunes marched out from the

1462:

as his colleague. Some modern historians have therefore considered the war of 341 an unhistorical duplicate of that of 329. A supporting argument of this theory is that the Romans only established the tribe of

278: 1362:

threatened. The sparse mention of Volsci in Livy's account of the 350s suggest that they had been subdued by the repeated fighting in previous years and for the moment posed little threat to Roman expansion.

571:

In 492 BC Rome was beset by a famine. The consuls sought to buy grain amongst the neighbouring peoples. Amongst the Volsci the grain merchants were threatened with violence if grain was sold to the Romans.

438:

in Rome. A great crowd formed, including the freed Latin prisoners, who thanked their captors. Great bonds of friendship were said to have arisen between the Romans and the Latins as a result of this event.

1437:

and Setia. News also reached Rome that a Volscian army led by the Antiates had concentrated at Satricum. The Romans assigned both the war against Privernum and against Antium to one of the consuls for 341,

1412:

took it from the Romans in 315. It is however unknown whether Rome held continuous control of Sora from 345 to 315. The next recorded Roman operations against the northern Volsci only took place in 329.

3034: 450:

senators was quickly avoided. The plebs refused to enroll to fight against the Volsci on account of their grievances. The senate dispatched the consul Servilius to deal with the issue. Servilius

711:. However a dispute broke out as the Aequi would not accept Aufidius as their leader, and the Volsci and Aequi fought a furious battle in which the strength of each was seriously diminished. 938:

victories in different ways, assigning them to different years with different incidental detail, until in Livy's writings they emerge as separate, but ultimately both unhistorical, events.

1351:

valley, at that time the south-eastern limit of Roman power. Livy seems not to have considered Privernum a Volscian town, but several other ancient sources attest that this was the case.

885:

provide roughly similar narratives of the ensuing Roman campaign against the Volsci, with Plutarch's account being the most detailed. According to Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus the Roman

1371:

Livy states that colonists from Antium rebuilt Satricum in 348. Then in 346 news reached Rome that emissaries from Antium were attempting to stir up the Latins against Rome. Consul

941:

Cornell (1995) believes the Gallic sack to have been a setback to Rome from which she rapidly recovered, and sees the Roman victories that followed as continuation of an aggressive

271: 1278:, and the opening of this office to plebeians; making only passing references to Rome's external affairs. He writes that in 370 the Velitraeans raided Roman territory and attacked 1480:, 340–338, but Rome was once again victorious and the Volscian cities were incorporated into the Roman Republic with varying degrees of political rights. Roman reversals in the 1347:

records that Marcius Rutilus celebrated his triumph over the Privernates on 1 June. This is the first appearance in Roman history of Privernum, a powerful town located in the

774: 559:

the town wall. The citizens of Corioli cried out, and the whole Volscian force was dispirited and was defeated by the Romans. The town was captured, and Marcius gained the

800:

In 469 BC, at a time when riots seemed imminent in Rome due to popular unrest, the Volsci again invaded Roman territory and began burning Roman country estates. The consul

383:

is supposed to have gone over to the Volsci after being spurned by his countrymen. This annual warfare would have been dominated by raids and counter-raids rather than the

723:, was allocated responsibility for continuing the war with the Volsci. The outcome of the hostilities at that time is unclear, although it seems the Romans fared better. 1354:

Livy writes that in 353 the Latins reported to Rome that the Volsci had assembled an army and intended to ravage Roman territory. Command of this war was given to consul

1270:

Livy chose to focus his account of the years 376-367 on internal political struggles at Rome leading up to the decision in 367 to replace the consular tribunes with two

264: 613:

discord might erupt between the Volscian youth and the Romans. The consuls put the matter before the senate, and the senate decided to expel the Volsci from Rome.

1077:

part of an expansionist Roman policy to take control of the Pomptine region. Hence the fighting takes place at Satricum and Antium rather than on Roman territory.

998:, tribune of the plebs, again raised the question of the Pomptine territory. However, when news reached Rome that Etruria was in arms the subject was dropped. The 237:

was the first to go to war against the Volsci, commencing two centuries of a relationship of conflict between the two states. Tarquinius took the wealthy town of

3150: 3145: 407:'s speedy march, the Volsci forces did not arrive in time to participate in the battle. However, the Romans learnt of the Volscian activities and in 495 BC the 2721: 1093:, but it's questionable how much of this has any historical basis. The plebeian tribune of 388, L. Sicinius, is otherwise unknown and could be an invention. 866:, the Volsci and the Aequi all raised armies in hope of exploiting this blow to Roman power while the Latins and Hernici abandoned their alliance with Rome. 451: 3155: 1122:

marched against Velitrae, their four colleagues being left to defend Rome. The Romans defeated the Veliternian army, which included a large number of

727: 674:, five miles outside Rome, and ravaged the countryside. Coriolanus directed the Volsci to target plebeian properties and to spare the patricians'. 500: 1237:

appears here for the last time in recorded history. Modern historians have not been able to securely determine the location of this Volscian town.

1186:

successful campaign against Praeneste who was forced to sue for peace. In 379 the Romans assigned command of the Volscian war to consular tribunes

758:

but without the assistance of any Roman troops or Roman commander, repelled the enemy and captured a significant amount of booty. The Roman consul

442:

Some time later in 495 BC, a group of Latin horsemen rode to Rome to warn that a Volscian army was approaching the city. Discord between the Roman

2869: 2730: 678: 2977: 958:

Etruscans, the Aequi and the Volsci—and dated them to the year after the Gallic sack when Rome was supposed to be beset by enemies on all sides.

434:, so thankful at the assistance of the Latins, returned 6,000 prisoners to the Latin towns and in return the Latins sent a crown of gold to the 3024: 2738: 762:

was then sent against the Volsci and the Volscian territory was ravaged, but there was no significant engagement between the opposing forces.

2690: 2629: 1400:

valley, from the Volsci by a surprise attack. This is the earliest known Roman campaign into the Liri valley, made possible by their earlier

1097:

Rome. These two settlements more than any other Latin towns would have felt vulnerable to Rome's aggressive designs for the Pomptine region.

3063: 813: 1045:, ostensibly to deal with the Volscian war and the defection of the Latins and Hernici, but the true reason was the trouble stirred up by 1022:, it was instead decided that Camillus and Valerius should take on the Etruscans with a new army raised at Rome. Consular tribunes Lucius 100: 72: 411: 1324:

was established in the Pomptine region where Rome, after the successful wars of the previous decades, must now have had a firm grip.

3140: 3135: 3130: 2671: 2652: 2568: 2547: 2496: 2484: 2463: 2433: 2421: 2400: 2366: 2354: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2197: 2180: 2159: 2147: 2064: 2052: 2040: 1741: 1721: 1699: 1679: 1664: 1649: 1634: 1619: 1601: 1586: 1571: 1556: 1541: 1507: 1034: 917: 435: 242: 119: 2580: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1929: 1912: 1900: 1861: 1831: 901:

difficulties, the news of Camillus' appointment to command was enough to cause the Volsci to barricade themselves in their camp at

79: 57: 50: 511:

where they slaughtered many of the remaining Volscian troops, except for a small number who were offered quarter and surrendered.

3110: 3098: 2714: 1404:. The capture of Sora might represent a new Roman policy to completely destroy Volscian power. Sora is next heard of during the 1224:- a voice coming from the temple is said to have threatened terrible punishment if the fire was not kept away from the shrine. 632: 598: 535: 476: 2644: 1068:. This could also be a reference to the colonization of Satricum, the name having been corrupted by Diodorus or his copyist. 86: 623:

Coriolanus and Aufidius led the Volscian army against Roman towns, colonies and allies. Roman colonists were expelled from

1030:

were sent to carry on the Volscian war Livy then describe how Camillus again defeated the Etruscans at Sutrium and Nepete.

2768: 1401: 982:. The Pontine region is the scene of much of the recorded fighting between Romans and Volsci during the 380s and 370s BC. 693: 652: 499:

were raised, a greater number than had been raised previously at any one time, three of which were assigned to the consul

324: 912:

The ancient sources then tell how Camillus won great victories first against the Aequi and then against the Etruscans at

373:

and into the plains. Several peripheral Latin communities appear to have been overrun. In response the Latins formed the

1503: 68: 3093: 2707: 1430: 770:

The Volsci invaded Roman territory in 471 BC, and again from 469 to 468 BC, during a time of social upheaval in Rome.

656: 538:(to the north of Antium). The Romans took Longula, and then pursuing the Volsci further north, also took the town of 1046: 527: 234: 2793: 1358:. He set up camp at Tusculum, but had to return to Rome to nominate a dictator when war with the Etruscan city of 344: 46: 3068: 3051: 1027: 459:

and soon afterwards Servilius led the Roman army from the city and pitched camp a short distance from the enemy.

415: 380: 3044: 414:

marched into Volscian territory. The Volsci were alarmed, and gave three hundred children of the leading men of

2748: 740: 555: 467:

then arrived in Rome, and the senate agreed to grant them peace on condition that their land be given to Rome.

447: 289: 3078: 2997: 2982: 2753: 304: 3083: 1459: 1433:. Livy writes that the Privernates exploited this to make a sudden raid and devastate the Roman colonies of 794: 492: 400: 141: 3088: 2859: 2960: 1439: 1380:

records that Marcus Valerius Corvus celebrated his triumph over the Antiates and Satricani on 1 February.

1372: 1090: 893: 889:

marched out with the army and pitched camp near Mount Marcius, but their camp was attacked by the Volsci.

818: 801: 720: 602: 366: 205: 3073: 2800: 2778: 349: 339: 93: 2965: 2955: 2852: 2842: 1336: 778: 759: 751: 707:

The Volscian army subsequently returned to Roman territory to attack the city. They were joined by the

213: 2987: 2763: 620:

and stirred up their feelings against Rome, and thereby caused the Volsci to declare war against Rome.

314: 809:, Numicius captured the neighbouring port town of Caenon; that small town was definitively destroyed. 2945: 2847: 2837: 1007:, as his colleague in the Volscan war, tasking the other four with defending and governing the city. 994:

proposed to divide up the Pontine territory, but met little support from the plebs. In 387 BC Lucius

991: 946:

which he is recorded to have held office attest to his political importance in Rome during this era.

1253:

According to traditional Roman chronology the years 375-371 were supposed to have been a period of

1128: 1089:, some of which might be unhistorical. The Sicinii feature prominently as plebeian leaders in the 739:

Again in 484 BC hostilities with the Volsci and Aequi were renewed. The Romans led by the consul

220:. By the late 5th century BC, the Volsci were increasingly on the defensive and by the end of the 2926: 2758: 1405: 934: 456: 309: 817:

Volsci launched a night attack on the Roman camp. But the consul kept the enemy at bay with a

704:

Coriolanus' fate after this point is unclear, but it seems he took no further part in the war.

2939: 2931: 2921: 2827: 2686: 2667: 2648: 2625: 1522: 1429:

and in 342 Rome were, according to several ancient writers, troubled with civil unrest and an

1422: 1310: 670:

From there the Volsci marched on Rome and besieged it. The Volscians initially camped at the

2618:

The Beginnings of Rome- Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)

830: 3039: 2950: 2874: 2815: 1275: 1258: 1042: 921: 886: 882: 782: 375: 3056: 2894: 2832: 2820: 2810: 1178:

Livy is our only source for the next few years. He reports that in 380 the Romans stormed

971: 859: 671: 3003: 2906: 2879: 1148: 743:

defeated the enemy, and the Roman cavalry slaughtered many in the rout which followed.

488: 419: 404: 384: 238: 197: 179: 1064:

According to Diodorus, in the Varronian year 386 BC, the Romans sent 500 colonists to

601:. Coriolanus fled to Rome's enemies, the Volsci and resided with the Volscian leader 3124: 3014: 2992: 2889: 2884: 1447: 1340: 1200: 967: 682: 246: 2084:

Forsythe (2005) p. 257, but Sardinia is accepted by Cornell (1995), p. 321

3009: 2916: 2911: 2864: 2783: 1481: 1443: 1271: 1221: 1217: 1204: 1196: 1137:

Livy and Plutarch provide parallel narratives for 381. In that year the Volsci and

1082: 995: 990:

Livy is our only source for the next few years. According to him, in 388 the Roman

975: 942: 581: 515: 496: 431: 408: 396: 329: 221: 17: 797:, the earliest instance of this particular punishment occurring in Roman history. 1476:

The Volsci joined the Latins in their final bid to shake off Roman dominion, the

862:

and then sacked Rome. The ancient writers report that in the following year, the

616:

Aufidius met the fleeing Volscians outside Rome in a grove sacred to the goddess

2972: 2901: 2788: 1393: 1305: 1187: 1086: 609: 334: 35: 750:

In 475 BC the Volsci together with the Aequi invaded the Latin territory. The

233:

According to Rome's early semi-legendary history, Rome's seventh and last king

2805: 1331:

and then Velitrae raided Roman territory. The Romans assigned the war against

1199:, was to march towards Antium and the coastal areas, the other, under Quintus 1192: 1138: 217: 726:

The Volsci and the Aequi were together defeated again in 485 BC. The consul

2621: 1477: 1332: 1328: 1183: 1123: 1038: 1023: 863: 617: 370: 2093:

Cornell (1995), p. 323; Oakley (1997), pp. 351-352; Forsythe (2005), p. 257

256: 730:

incurred the anger of the plebs by lodging the spoils of victory with the

1455: 1426: 1409: 1355: 1316: 1279: 1179: 1153: 1119: 1111: 1065: 1054: 1011: 906: 878: 826: 732: 644: 636: 628: 577: 560: 539: 508: 1348: 1254: 1050: 1019: 1004: 913: 822: 755: 698: 689: 640: 624: 543: 480: 426: 777:, hated by the people in Rome, was consul. He unsuccessfully opposed 403:, the Volsci raised troops to assist the Latins. Because of the Roman 2699: 1234: 1208: 1115: 1058: 1015: 999: 806: 660: 648: 531: 464: 209: 201: 184: 425:

Shortly afterwards, however, the Volsci formed an alliance with the

530:

fought and defeated a force of the Volsci from the coastal town of

395:

According to Livy, in around 496 BC before the Romans defeated the

365:, a related people, invaded Latium, as part of a larger pattern of 2664:

A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X, Volume 1 Introduction and Book VI

1434: 1359: 1143: 1132: 855: 708: 664: 585: 550: 484: 446:(who were angry at levels of debt being suffered by them) and the 443: 362: 475:

During the period of popular discontent in Rome which led to the

1737: 1717: 1695: 1675: 1660: 1645: 1630: 1615: 1597: 1582: 1567: 1552: 1537: 1499: 1397: 874: 2703: 1484:

caused some unrest among the Volsci but had no lasting impact.

260: 29: 1450:. He then ravaged the Volscian territory down to the coast. 1425:

broke out between Rome and the Samnites over the control of

1801:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

2683:

A Commentary on Livy Books VI–X, Volume II: Books VII–VIII

1182:, but the main event of that year was the Roman Dictator 970:

in modern times, south-eastern Latium was covered by the

892:

To deal with their many enemies the Romans now appointed

812:

Hostilities continued in the following year. The consul

212:

led to conflict with that region's old inhabitants, the

1003:

dictator. He chose one of the other consular tribunes,

27:

Series of wars fought between Roman Republic and Volsci

514:

The territory surrounding Velitrae was seized, and a

487:

took up arms at the same time. To meet the threat, a

241:, the spoils of which he used to construct the great 2344:

Cornell (1995), p. 400; Forsythe (2005), pp. 369-700

1169:

Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 380–377

534:. The Roman army pursued the Volsci to the town of 3023: 2737: 1517: 1515: 719:One of the consuls in the following year (487 BC), 627:. They then retook the formerly Volscian towns of 1778: 1776: 430:together with the Hernici were fomenting war. The 592:Volscian invasion led by Coriolanus in 491–488 BC 1367:Defeat of Antium and destruction of Satricum 346 216:under leadership of Rome, the region's dominant 962:Roman designs for the Pontine region 388–385 BC 134: 2133: 2131: 2129: 1131:, the Romans in this year founded a colony at 1101:The Volsci join forces with the Latins 383–381 2715: 2590: 2588: 2220: 2218: 2101: 2099: 858:warband first defeated the Roman army at the 361:During the 5th century BC the Volsci and the 272: 8: 3099:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 2515: 2513: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1691: 1689: 1687: 526:In 493 BC the Roman army, led by the consul 1611: 1609: 1533: 1531: 2722: 2708: 2700: 1327:Livy also records that in this year first 1262:affairs after 377 is therefore deceptive. 1010:Camillus and Valerius met the Antiates at 766:Volscian attacks between 471 BC and 468 BC 279: 265: 257: 131: 1864:; Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.3; Plutarch, 1847:Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.1-2; Plutarch, 1834:; Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.1; Plutarch, 1343:was celebrated over the Privernates. The 196:were a series of wars fought between the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 1958:Oakley (1997), pp. 349-350, 399-400 1392:Livy notes that the consuls of 345 took 825:, together with mounted trumpeters (the 2870:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 1492: 542:and followed the Volsci to the town of 369:-speaking peoples migrating out of the 422:as hostages. The Roman army withdrew. 56:Please improve this article by adding 7: 3151:4th century BC in the Roman Republic 3146:5th century BC in the Roman Republic 2978:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 814:Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus 2685:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2666:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1249:Operations against Velitrae 370–367 978:there was an area of dry land, the 208:. Volscian migration into southern 1417:Wars with Privernum and Antium 341 1005:Publius Valerius Potitus Poplicola 785:, thereby inflaming the populace. 412:Publius Servilius Priscus Structus 387:described by the ancient sources. 25: 3156:Wars involving the Roman Republic 1304:In 358 the Romans formed two new 1274:as Rome's chief annually-elected 920:before the feet of the statue of 918:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 436:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 243:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 3111:Military history of ancient Rome 2641:A Critical History of Early Rome 2114:Oakley (1997), pp. 433, 441 1949:Cornell (1995), pp. 318-319 1300:First war with Privernum 358–357 974:. Between these marshes and the 34: 3094:Civil wars of the Third Century 1940:Oakley (1997), pp. 348-350 1812:Dionysius, ix, 56; Livy, ii. 63 1472:Roman subjugation of the Volsci 715:Ongoing hostilities from 487 BC 643:. Then the Volscian army took 599:First secessio plebis in 494 BC 477:First secessio plebis in 494 BC 2645:University of California Press 1335:to one of the consuls of 357, 1: 567:Hostilities averted in 492 BC 325:Roman conquest of the Hernici 58:secondary or tertiary sources 2335:Forsythe (2005), pp. 257-258 1985:Forsythe (2005), p. 257 1037:was nominated Dictator with 2170:Velleius Paterculus, i.14.2 1890:Diodorus Siculus, xiv 117.3 1207:Macerinus, was to head for 1184:Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus 1120:Spurius and Lucius Papirius 1039:Titus Quinctius Capitolinus 391:Volscian invasion in 495 BC 3172: 2390:Oakley (1997), pp. 359-360 2317:Oakely (1997), pp. 642-643 2308:Oakley (1997), pp. 633-634 2299:Oakley (1997), p. 322 2137:Cornell(1995), p. 322 2123:Oakley (1997), pp. 507-508 2105:Oakley (1997), p. 352 1976:Oakley (1997), p. 349 1967:Oakley (1997), p. 423 1442:, while the other, Lucius 1047:Marcus Manlius Capitolinus 528:Postumus Cominius Auruncus 235:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 3107: 3052:Roman conquest of Britain 2603:Oakley (1998) pp. 393-394 2594:Oakley (1998) p. 393 2519:Oakley (1998), p. 18 2444:Oakley (1998), pp. 7, 174 2075:Diodorus Siculus, xv.27.4 1356:Marcus Valerius Poplicola 1233:wars of the 5th century, 1188:Publius and Gaius Manlius 1110:Livy records that in 383 1028:Lucius Horatius Pulvillus 966:Until the development of 697:of a temple dedicated to 522:Roman reprisals in 493 BC 503:to deal with the Volsci. 381:Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus 300: 173: 147: 139: 3141:4th-century BC conflicts 3136:5th-century BC conflicts 3131:6th-century BC conflicts 2507:Oakley (1998), pp. 17-18 1803:, p. 475 ("Decimation"). 1402:victory over the Hernici 1396:, located in the middle 1144:Lucius Furius Medullinus 781:proposed by the tribune 741:Lucius Aemilius Mamercus 728:Quintus Fabius Vibulanus 688:Then Coriolanus' mother 291:Roman expansion in Italy 2749:Roman conquest of Italy 2639:Forsythe, Gary (2005). 2616:Cornell, T. J. (1995). 1821:Livy, ii. 64-65, iii. 1 1460:Gaius Plautius Decianus 1320:. Clearly at least the 679:Spurius Nautius Rutilus 493:Manius Valerius Maximus 401:Battle of Lake Regillus 142:Roman conquest of Italy 2681:Oakley, S. P. (1998). 2662:Oakley, S. P. (1997). 1373:Marcus Valerius Corvus 1286:Modern interpretations 1228:Modern interpretations 1160:Modern interpretations 1091:Struggle of the Orders 1072:Modern interpretations 1035:Aulus Cornelius Cossus 928:Modern interpretations 894:Marcus Furius Camillus 802:Titus Numicius Priscus 721:Titus Sicinius Sabinus 603:Attius Tullus Aufidius 479:, each of the Volsci, 45:relies excessively on 3079:Domitian's Dacian War 2998:Liberators' civil war 2537:Oakley (1998), p. 265 2528:Oakley (1997), p. 457 2453:Oakley (1998), p. 395 2411:Oakley (1998), p. 175 2326:Oakely (1997), p. 456 2290:Oakely (1997), p. 624 2233:Oakley (1997), p. 580 2224:Oakley (1997), p. 357 1337:Gaius Marcius Rutilus 1024:Quinctius Cincinnatus 992:tribunes of the plebs 837:Growth of Roman power 760:Gaius Nautius Rutilus 518:planted in the town. 206:ancient Italic people 69:"Roman–Volscian wars" 3084:Trajan's Dacian Wars 2769:Roman–Hernician wars 2558:Oakley (1998), p. 15 1994:Oakley(1997), p. 434 1440:Gaius Plautius Venno 549:The Roman army laid 471:Engagement in 494 BC 2983:Roman–Parthian Wars 2774:Roman–Volscian wars 2754:Roman–Etruscan Wars 2474:Oakley (1998), p. 7 1444:Aemilius Mamercinus 1388:Capture of Sora 345 1218:Aemilius Mamercinus 1129:Velleius Paterculus 1043:Master of the Horse 779:popular legislation 584:was established at 320:Roman–Volscian wars 305:Roman–Etruscan Wars 253:Volscian aggression 194:Roman–Volscian wars 135:Roman-Volscian wars 18:Roman-Volscian wars 3089:Roman–Persian Wars 2988:Caesar's civil war 2860:Roman–Seleucid war 2759:Roman-Aequian wars 2731:Ancient Roman wars 1782:Dionysius, ix. 50. 1406:Second Samnite War 1266:Ancient narratives 1259:curule magistrates 1197:Horatius Pulvillus 1174:Ancient narratives 1106:Ancient narratives 986:Ancient narratives 870:Ancient narratives 701:(a female deity). 310:Roman-Aequian wars 245:. He celebrated a 3118: 3117: 3074:Jewish–Roman wars 2946:Sulla's civil war 2940:Bellum Octavianum 2828:Illyro-Roman Wars 2801:Roman–Gallic wars 2779:Roman–Sabine wars 2692:978-0-19-815226-2 2631:978-0-415-01596-7 1770:Livy, ii. 58, 59. 1761:Livy, ii. 56, 57. 1523:Fasti Triumphales 1423:First Samnite War 1378:Fasti Triumphales 1345:Fasti Triumphales 1201:Servilius Fidenas 1193:Furius Medullinus 887:consular tribunes 677:The consuls, now 358: 357: 350:Roman–Sabine wars 249:for his victory. 190: 189: 169: 168: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 3163: 3040:Marcomannic Wars 2951:Mithridatic Wars 2875:Celtiberian Wars 2764:Roman–Latin wars 2724: 2717: 2710: 2701: 2696: 2677: 2658: 2635: 2604: 2601: 2595: 2592: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2213: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1968: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1882: 1875: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1771: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1735: 1724: 1715: 1702: 1693: 1682: 1673: 1667: 1658: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1628: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1589: 1580: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1550: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1519: 1510: 1497: 1295:Sporadic warfare 883:Diodorus Siculus 783:Volero Publilius 754:, joined by the 376:Foedus Cassianum 315:Roman–Latin wars 295: 294: 292: 281: 274: 267: 258: 149: 148: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3103: 3069:Civil war of 69 3057:Boudican revolt 3026: 3019: 2895:Cantabrian Wars 2833:Macedonian Wars 2740: 2733: 2728: 2693: 2680: 2674: 2661: 2655: 2638: 2632: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1842: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1736: 1727: 1716: 1705: 1694: 1685: 1674: 1670: 1659: 1655: 1644: 1640: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1607: 1596: 1592: 1581: 1577: 1566: 1562: 1551: 1547: 1536: 1529: 1520: 1513: 1504:Ab urbe condita 1498: 1494: 1490: 1474: 1419: 1390: 1369: 1302: 1297: 1288: 1268: 1251: 1230: 1176: 1171: 1162: 1108: 1103: 1074: 988: 972:Pontine Marshes 964: 930: 872: 860:Battle of Allia 852: 839: 775:Appius Claudius 768: 717: 672:Cluilian trench 608:Meanwhile, the 594: 569: 524: 491:was appointed, 473: 393: 385:pitched battles 359: 354: 340:Cisalpine Gauls 296: 290: 288: 287: 285: 255: 231: 157: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 55: 51:primary sources 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3169: 3167: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3031: 3029: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3004:Bellum Siculum 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2948: 2943: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2914: 2909: 2907:Jugurthine War 2904: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2880:Lusitanian War 2877: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2745: 2743: 2741:Roman Republic 2735: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2678: 2672: 2659: 2653: 2636: 2630: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2560: 2551: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2509: 2500: 2488: 2476: 2467: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2404: 2392: 2383: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2226: 2214: 2201: 2189: 2172: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2095: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1921: 1904: 1892: 1883: 1870: 1853: 1840: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1793: 1784: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1745: 1725: 1703: 1683: 1668: 1653: 1638: 1623: 1605: 1590: 1575: 1560: 1545: 1527: 1511: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1473: 1470: 1418: 1415: 1389: 1386: 1368: 1365: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1284: 1267: 1264: 1250: 1247: 1229: 1226: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1149:Esquiline Gate 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1073: 1070: 987: 984: 963: 960: 929: 926: 871: 868: 851: 844: 838: 835: 821:of the allied 767: 764: 716: 713: 593: 590: 568: 565: 523: 520: 489:Roman dictator 472: 469: 420:Suessa Pometia 392: 389: 356: 355: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 301: 298: 297: 286: 284: 283: 276: 269: 261: 254: 251: 239:Suessa Pometia 230: 229:Early conflict 227: 198:Roman Republic 188: 187: 182: 180:Roman republic 176: 175: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 155: 153: 145: 144: 137: 136: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3168: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3036: 3035:Germanic wars 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3015:War of Actium 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2993:War of Mutina 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890:Sertorian War 2888: 2886: 2885:Numantine War 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2673:0-19-815277-9 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2654:0-520-24991-7 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053:6.12.6-13.1-6 2048: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1085:to divide up 1084: 1083:agrarian laws 1078: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 985: 983: 981: 980:ager Pontinus 977: 973: 969: 961: 959: 955: 953: 947: 944: 939: 936: 927: 925: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 898: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 869: 867: 865: 861: 857: 854:In 390 BC, a 849: 845: 843: 836: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 815: 810: 808: 803: 798: 796: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 771: 765: 763: 761: 757: 753: 748: 744: 742: 737: 735: 734: 729: 724: 722: 714: 712: 710: 705: 702: 700: 695: 692:and his wife 691: 686: 684: 683:Sextus Furius 680: 675: 673: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 614: 611: 606: 604: 600: 591: 589: 587: 583: 579: 573: 566: 564: 562: 557: 556:Gaius Marcius 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 521: 519: 517: 512: 510: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 470: 468: 466: 460: 458: 457:military oath 453: 449: 445: 440: 437: 433: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 390: 388: 386: 382: 378: 377: 372: 368: 364: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 299: 293: 282: 277: 275: 270: 268: 263: 262: 259: 252: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 228: 226: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 172: 165:Roman victory 164: 161: 160: 154: 151: 150: 146: 143: 138: 133: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 53: 52: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 3109: 3064:Armenian War 3027:Roman Empire 3010:Perusine War 3002: 2938: 2917:Servile Wars 2912:Cimbrian War 2865:Galatian War 2784:Samnite Wars 2773: 2682: 2663: 2643:. Berkeley: 2640: 2620:. New York: 2617: 2610:Bibliography 2599: 2575: 2563: 2554: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2428: 2416: 2407: 2395: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2361: 2349: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2274: 2262: 2250: 2244:6.27.3-29.10 2238: 2229: 2209: 2204: 2198:6.22.7-24.11 2192: 2184: 2183:; Plutarch, 2175: 2166: 2154: 2142: 2119: 2110: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2059: 2047: 2035: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1936: 1924: 1916: 1915:; Plutarch, 1907: 1895: 1886: 1878: 1873: 1865: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1791:Livy, ii. 59 1787: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1671: 1656: 1641: 1626: 1593: 1578: 1563: 1548: 1521: 1502: 1495: 1482:Samnite Wars 1475: 1464: 1452: 1420: 1391: 1382: 1377: 1370: 1353: 1344: 1326: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1289: 1269: 1257:in which no 1252: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1222:Mater Matuta 1214: 1177: 1163: 1139:Praenestines 1136: 1109: 1095: 1079: 1075: 1063: 1032: 1009: 989: 979: 976:Monti Lepini 965: 956: 951: 948: 943:expansionist 940: 931: 911: 902: 899: 891: 873: 853: 847: 840: 811: 799: 791: 787: 772: 769: 749: 745: 738: 731: 725: 718: 706: 703: 687: 676: 669: 622: 615: 607: 595: 582:Roman colony 580:, and a new 574: 570: 563:Coriolanus. 548: 525: 516:Roman colony 513: 505: 474: 461: 441: 432:Roman senate 424: 394: 374: 360: 330:Samnite Wars 319: 232: 222:Samnite Wars 193: 191: 174:Belligerents 116: 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 44: 3025:Wars of the 2973:Gallic Wars 2902:Achaean War 2789:Pyrrhic War 2739:Wars of the 2280:6.32.4-33.5 2041:6.11.9-12.1 1431:army mutiny 1421:In 343 the 1276:magistrates 1203:and Lucius 1195:and Marcus 1124:Praenestine 1087:public land 1033:In 385 BC, 846:The Battle 610:Great Games 335:Pyrrhic War 3125:Categories 3045:Gothic War 2806:Punic Wars 2794:Social War 2377:Plutarch, 2208:Plutarch, 1877:Plutarch, 1752:Livy, 2.53 1488:References 952:ad Maecium 903:ad Maecium 848:ad Maecium 827:cornicines 795:decimation 773:In 471 BC 345:Social War 218:city-state 110:April 2023 80:newspapers 47:references 2622:Routledge 2029:6.7.1-9.7 1478:Latin War 1448:Lua Mater 1408:when the 1333:Privernum 1329:Privernum 1061:of land. 864:Etruscans 831:tubicines 618:Ferentina 501:Verginius 452:assembled 448:patrician 371:Apennines 367:Sabellian 2497:7.27.5-9 2464:7.19.6-9 2434:7.16.3-6 2379:Camillus 2355:6.36.1-6 2268:6.31.1-8 2256:6.30.1-9 2210:Camillus 2185:Camillus 2181:6.22.3-4 2160:6.22.1-3 2148:6.21.2-8 2065:vi.15.12 2017:6.6.1-18 1917:Camillus 1901:6.2.8-12 1879:Camillus 1866:Camillus 1849:Camillus 1836:Camillus 1465:Ufentina 1456:Campania 1427:Campania 1410:Samnites 1322:Pomptina 1317:Publilia 1311:Pomptina 1280:Tusculum 1205:Geganius 1180:Velitrae 1154:Tusculum 1112:Lanuvium 1066:Sardinia 1055:Velitrae 1012:Satricum 1000:Antiates 996:Sicinius 907:Lanuvium 879:Plutarch 733:publicum 694:Volumnia 653:Vitellia 645:Lavinium 637:Pollusca 629:Satricum 578:Velitrae 561:cognomen 540:Pollusca 509:Velitrae 483:and the 405:dictator 200:and the 152:Location 140:Part of 2581:8.1.1-6 2422:7.15.11 2401:7.15.12 2005:6.5.1-5 1930:6.4.1-3 1349:Amaseno 1341:triumph 1272:consuls 1255:anarchy 1051:Circeii 1020:Sutrium 914:Sutrium 856:Gaulish 823:Hernici 756:Hernici 699:Fortuna 690:Veturia 647:, then 641:Corioli 633:Longula 625:Circeii 544:Corioli 536:Longula 497:legions 495:. Ten 481:Sabines 427:Hernici 399:at the 247:triumph 94:scholar 2961:Second 2927:Second 2853:Fourth 2843:Second 2816:Second 2689: 2670: 2651: 2628: 2579:Livy, 2569:7.42.6 2567:Livy, 2548:7.28.6 2546:Livy, 2495:Livy, 2485:7.27.2 2483:Livy, 2462:Livy, 2432:Livy, 2420:Livy, 2399:Livy, 2367:6.42.4 2365:Livy, 2353:Livy, 2278:Livy, 2266:Livy, 2254:Livy, 2242:Livy, 2212:37.3-5 2196:Livy, 2179:Livy, 2158:Livy, 2146:Livy, 2063:Livy, 2051:Livy, 2039:Livy, 2027:Livy, 2015:Livy, 2003:Livy, 1928:Livy, 1913:6.2.13 1911:Livy, 1899:Livy, 1881:34.1-5 1860:Livy, 1830:Livy, 1308:, the 1306:tribes 1235:Ecetra 1209:Ecetra 1116:Nepete 1059:jugera 1016:Nepete 968:Latina 935:Beloch 850:389 BC 819:cohort 807:Antium 752:Latins 661:Lavici 657:Trebia 649:Corbio 532:Antium 465:Ecetra 409:consul 397:Latins 214:Latins 210:Latium 202:Volsci 185:Volsci 162:Result 156:Latium 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 2966:Third 2956:First 2932:Third 2922:First 2848:Third 2838:First 2821:Third 2811:First 1862:6.2.8 1832:6.2.2 1435:Norba 1360:Caere 1133:Setia 905:near 709:Aequi 665:Pedum 586:Norba 551:siege 485:Aequi 444:plebs 363:Aequi 204:, an 101:JSTOR 87:books 2687:ISBN 2668:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2626:ISBN 2381:42.1 2187:37.2 1919:35.1 1868:33.1 1851:33.1 1838:33.1 1742:2.42 1738:Livy 1722:2:40 1718:Livy 1700:2:39 1696:Livy 1680:2:38 1676:Livy 1665:2:37 1661:Livy 1650:2:35 1646:Livy 1635:2:34 1631:Livy 1620:2.33 1616:Livy 1602:2:31 1598:Livy 1587:2:30 1583:Livy 1572:2.25 1568:Livy 1557:2.24 1553:Livy 1542:2.22 1538:Livy 1508:1.53 1500:Livy 1398:Liri 1394:Sora 1314:and 1053:and 1026:and 1018:and 922:Juno 881:and 875:Livy 829:and 681:and 663:and 639:and 418:and 416:Cora 192:The 73:news 1041:as 49:to 3127:: 2647:. 2624:. 2587:^ 2512:^ 2217:^ 2128:^ 2098:^ 1775:^ 1740:, 1728:^ 1720:, 1706:^ 1698:, 1686:^ 1678:, 1663:, 1648:, 1633:, 1618:, 1608:^ 1600:, 1585:, 1570:, 1555:, 1540:, 1530:^ 1514:^ 1156:. 924:. 877:, 736:. 667:. 659:, 655:, 651:, 635:, 631:, 605:. 588:. 546:. 60:. 2723:e 2716:t 2709:v 2695:. 2676:. 2657:. 2634:. 280:e 273:t 266:v 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 54:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index