Knowledge (XXG)

Rita of Cascia

Source 📝

539: 304: 547: 293: 409:, but was turned away. Although the convent acknowledged Rita's good character and piety, the nuns were afraid of being associated with her due to the scandal of her husband's violent death and because she was not a virgin. However, Rita persisted in her cause and was given a condition before the convent could accept her: the task of reconciling her family with her husband's murderers. She implored her three patron saints ( 60: 616: 1223: 555: 1199: 1235: 1263: 365:. Rita eventually bore two sons, Giangiacomo (Giovanni) Antonio and Paulo Maria, and brought them up in the Christian faith. As time went by and the family feud between the Chiqui and Mancini families became more intense, Paolo Mancini became congenial, but his allies betrayed him and he was stabbed to death by Guido Chiqui, a member of the feuding family. 278: 591:
glistening light reflected from the drops of blood. Her body showed no signs of deterioration. Over several years, her body was exhumed two more times. Each time, her body appeared the same. She was declared an incorruptible after the third exhumation. Relics were taken at that time as is the custom in the Catholic Church in preparation for sainthood.
445: 1211: 599:
It is said that near the end of her life Rita was bedridden at the convent. While visiting her, a cousin asked if she desired anything from her old home. Rita responded by asking for a rose from the garden. It was January, and her cousin did not expect to find one due to the season. However, when her
650:
as an infant. On the day after her baptism, her family noticed a swarm of white bees flying around her as she slept in her crib. However, the bees peacefully entered and exited her mouth without causing her any harm or injury. Instead of being alarmed for her safety, her family was mystified by this
943:
Vita della B. Rita da Cassia, dell'Ordine di S. Agostino, Raccolta, e descritta da F. Agostino Cavallucci da Fuligno Agostiniano Baccelliere in Sacra Teologia, Curato, e Custode dell' honorata Compagnia de' Centurati di S. Agostino della Città di Siena. Dedicata All' Illustriss. e Reverendiss. Sig.
377:
ancestral home. As her sons grew, their characters began to change as Bernardo became their tutor. Rita's sons wished to avenge their father's murder. Rita, fearing that her sons would lose their souls, tried to dissuade them from retaliating, but to no avail. She asked God to remove her sons from
590:
At the time of her death, the sisters of the convent bathed and dressed her body for burial. They noticed that her forehead wound remained the same, with drops of blood still reflecting light. When her body was later exhumed, it was noted that her forehead wound still remained the same, with the
582:
When Rita was approximately sixty years of age, she was meditating before an image of Christ crucified. Suddenly, a small wound appeared on her forehead, as though a thorn from the crown that encircled Christ's head had loosened itself and penetrated her own flesh. It was considered to be a
525:
Augustinians claim that Rita's body has remained incorrupt over the centuries, and it is venerated today in the shrine at Cascia which bears her name. Part of her face has been slightly repaired with wax. Many people visit her tomb each year from all over the world. French painter
425:, which ravaged Italy at the time, infected Bernardo Mancini, causing him to relinquish his desire to feud any longer with the Chiqui family. She was able to resolve the conflicts between the families and, at the age of thirty-six, was allowed to enter the monastery. 368:
Rita gave a public pardon at Paolo's funeral to her husband's murderers. Paolo Mancini's brother, Bernardo, was said to have continued the feud and hoped to convince Rita's sons to seek revenge. Bernardo convinced Rita's sons to leave their
356:
Rita endured his insults, physical abuse and infidelities for many years. According to popular tales, through humility, kindness and patience, Rita was able to convert her husband into a better person, more specifically renouncing a family
348:
of religious sisters. Her husband, Paolo Mancini, was known to be a rich, quick-tempered, immoral man, who had many enemies in the region of Cascia. The marriage lasted for eighteen years, during which she is remembered for her
1308: 739:
St. Rita's Church is located in Nanthirickal, Kollam district, in the state of Kerala, India. It is the only church in Asia to have relics of Saint Rita. It is the only Catholic church in Kerala named after St. Rita.
343:
but she resisted his offer. She was married at age twelve to a nobleman named Paolo Mancini. Her parents arranged her marriage, a common practice at the time, despite her repeated requests to be allowed to enter a
620: 327:, means "pearl". She was affectionately called Rita, the short form of her baptismal name. Her parents, Antonio and Amata Ferri Lotti, were known to be noble, charitable persons, who gained the epithet 247:
and for the efficacy of her prayers. Various miracles are attributed to her intercession, and she is often portrayed with a bleeding wound on her forehead, which is understood to indicate a partial
522:
and St. Jude, as a saint of impossible causes. She is also the patron saint of sterility, abuse victims, loneliness, marriage difficulties, parenthood, widows, the sick, bodily ills, and wounds.
495:, had been born some fifteen kilometers (nine miles) from her birthplace and much of the impetus behind her cult is due to his enthusiasm. Rita was also mentioned in a French volume on important 538: 603:
St. Rita is often depicted holding roses or with roses nearby. On her feast day, churches and shrines of St. Rita provide roses to the congregation that are blessed by the priest during
257:
canonized Rita on 24 May 1900. Her feast day is celebrated on 22 May. At her canonization ceremony, she was bestowed the title of "Patroness of Impossible Causes," while in many
1333: 303: 515:
noted her remarkable qualities as a Christian woman: "Rita interpreted well the 'feminine genius' by living it intensely in both physical and spiritual motherhood."
390:
a year later, which pious Catholics believe was God's answer to her prayer, taking them by natural death rather than risk them committing a mortal sin punishable by
659:
In the 20th century, a large sanctuary was built for Rita in Cascia. The sanctuary and the house where she was born are among the most active pilgrimage sites of
1313: 754: 570:
Various religious symbols are related to Rita. She is depicted holding a thorn (a symbol of her penance and stigmata) or crown of thorns, holding a large
546: 749: 566:
habit is historically inaccurate: she would have worn the brown robes and white veil of the Monastery of Saint Mary Magdalene from the 13th century.)
1105: 1338: 693:. Though Mathieu claims that her prayers were not always answered, she testifies that they inspired her to become a strong and determined woman. 421:) to assist her, and she set about the task of establishing peace between the hostile parties of Cascia. Popular religious tales recall that the 1318: 1251: 990: 651:
sight. According to Butler, this was taken to indicate that the career of the child was to be marked by industry, virtue, and devotion.
1056: 600:
relative went to the house, a single blooming rose was found in the garden, and her cousin brought it back to Rita at the convent.
1180: 881: 266: 159: 850: 802: 1022: 1189: 1303: 244: 1323: 1298: 732: 910: 50: 530:
had been dedicated to her as an infant. In 1961, he created a Shrine of St. Rita, which is in Cascia Convent.
432:
at night into the garden courtyard by her three patron saints. She remained at the monastery, living by the
391: 140: 1269: 1095:
Mathieu, Mireille; Cartier, Jacqueline. Oui Je Crois. First Edition, Paris: Robert Laffont Publisher, 1988
723: 1113: 428:
Pious Catholic legends later recount that Rita was transported into the monastery of Saint Magdalene via
698: 418: 1293: 1288: 979: 686: 429: 1328: 87: 1135: 1227: 414: 258: 167: 1052: 986: 512: 353:
as a model wife and mother who made efforts to convert her husband from his abusive behavior.
31: 1215: 678: 410: 350: 232: 71: 1343: 885: 711: 488: 292: 177: 127: 114: 959: 1172: 703: 604: 422: 402: 64:
Portrait of St. Rita, detail of the chest that contained the body, Sanctuary of Cascia.
1086:
Sicardo, Jose. St. Rita of Cascia, Chicago. D.B. Hansen & Sons. 1916. pgs 134-136.
878: 1282: 1203: 854: 810: 504: 484: 472: 254: 200: 144: 121: 1030: 59: 1239: 889: 682: 671: 667: 563: 500: 496: 480: 456: 433: 240: 208: 187: 134: 91: 1069: 689:. In her autobiography, Mathieu describes buying a candle for Rita using her last 615: 587:, and she bore this external sign of union with Christ until her death in 1457. 492: 464: 370: 312: 282: 83: 1222: 554: 475:, but the title page nevertheless refers to Rita as already ‘blessed’. Another 323:
where various sites connected with her are the focus of pilgrimages. Her name,
1005:
Histoire de la vie du glorieux pre St. Augustin religieux, docteur de l'Eglise
527: 379: 212: 192:
Lost and impossible causes, sickness, wounds, marital problems, abuse, mothers
779: 519: 508: 398: 387: 262: 1003: 941: 918: 718: 584: 571: 559: 324: 248: 228: 277: 1177:
Invisible Monastery of charity and fraternity – Christian family prayer
833:
The Complete Illustrated history of Catholicism and the Catholic Saints
647: 639: 460: 345: 17: 706:. The story of Rita increased in popularity due to a 2004 film titled 736:
features a fictional group of nuns known as the Order of Saint Rita.
674:, was built in 1907 and is a popular pilgrimage and devotional site. 660: 631: 624: 449: 406: 383: 336: 320: 316: 297: 265:
of abused wives and heartbroken women. Her bodily remains lie in the
153: 103: 1156: 807:, National Shrine of St. Rita of Cascia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" 717:
Rita is often credited as also being the unofficial patron saint of
444: 397:
After the deaths of her husband and sons, Rita desired to enter the
1166: 690: 635: 614: 553: 545: 537: 468: 443: 374: 302: 291: 286: 276: 43: 511:
is 22 May. On the 100th anniversary of her canonization in 2000,
335:). According to pious accounts, Rita was originally pursued by a 30:"Saint Rita" redirects here. For the 2004 biographical film, see 358: 236: 204: 893: 558:
A popular religious depiction of Saint Rita during her partial
463:
wrote the first biography of Rita based on oral tradition. The
1309:
15th-century Italian Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
1161: 1051:
Weitemeier, Hannah, Yves Klein, Taschen, Köln 2001, S. 70–71,
646:
are featured. This depiction originates from the story of her
643: 1245: 550:
Santa Rita de Cascia Parish Church, Philam Homes, Quezon City
235:. After Rita's husband died, she joined a small community of 1008:. Toulouse: A. Colomiés, Imprimeur du Roy. pp. 565–584. 714:. The latter film altered the facts of Rita's early life. 574:, often with roses. She may also have a forehead wound. 1173:"Saint Rita of Cascia: advocate of the impossible cases" 1023:"ST. RITA OF CASCIA :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)" 1110:
Christian Movies All in One Place, Easy to Find! CFDb!
542:
Pedro Antonio Fresquis (c.1800) - Saint Rita of Cascia
1187: 984:, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media 805:
The Precious Pearl/The Story of Saint Rita of Cascia
518:
Rita has acquired the reputation, together with St.
436:, until her death from tuberculosis on 22 May 1457. 196: 186: 176: 166: 150: 133: 120: 110: 97: 77: 69: 41: 702:, a film based on Rita's life, was made, starring 944:Cardinal Savli Protettore della sudetta Religione 479:" or life story of the woman was compiled by the 311:Margherita Lotti was born in 1381 in the city of 721:due to a reference made to her in the 2002 film 666:The National Shrine of Saint Rita of Cascia in 27:15th-century Italian Augustinian nun and saint 1167:National Shrine of Saint Rita in Philadelphia 642:, there is a statue of Rita in which several 8: 797: 795: 793: 307:Santa Rita da Cascia (San Giovanni la Punta) 1162:Society of Saint Rita in Roccaporena, Italy 982:Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast 467:was published in 1610 by Matteo Florimi in 1334:Christian female saints of the Middle Ages 774: 772: 770: 755:Saint Rita of Cascia, patron saint archive 243:, where she was known both for practicing 58: 38: 905: 903: 750:List of saints canonized by Pope Leo XIII 1157:Sanctuary of Saint Rita in Cascia, Italy 874: 872: 845: 843: 841: 835:. Wigton: Annes Publishing. 2011. p.416. 471:. The work was composed long before her 1258: 1194: 975: 973: 766: 491:in 1626. The pope's private secretary, 1017: 1015: 619:Saint Rita of Cassia portrayed in the 182:Forehead wound, rose, bees, grape vine 1183:from the original on 16 October 2007. 448:Saint Rita's tomb at the Basilica of 7: 499:by Simplicien Saint-Martin. She was 1314:People from the Province of Perugia 1070:"St. Rita: Art, Story, Iconography" 378:the cycle of vendettas and prevent 101:22 May 1457 (aged 75–76) 831:'Rita of Cascia', in E.Young (ed) 25: 1002:Saint-Martin, Simplicien (1641). 851:"The Story of St. Rita of Cascia" 730:The 2019 science fiction novella 483:priest Jacob Carelicci. Rita was 1261: 1233: 1221: 1209: 1197: 459:Father Agostino Cavallucci from 267:Basilica of Santa Rita da Cascia 160:Basilica of Santa Rita da Cascia 261:, Rita came to be known as the 1339:Canonizations by Pope Leo XIII 947:. Siena : Matteo Florimi. 227:; 1381 – 22 May 1457), was an 1: 1319:15th-century Christian saints 1106:"Saint Rita (Rita da Cascia)" 1074:www.christianiconography.info 940:Cavallucci, Agostino (1610). 621:Cathedral of São João del Rey 281:Sanctuary of Saint Rita at 1360: 1136:"Patron Saint of Baseball" 958:Arquidiócesis de Morelia. 915:, Augustinian Press, 2000" 913:Book of Augustinian Saints 803:"DiGregorio OSA, Michael. 296:Basilica of Saint Rita at 245:mortification of the flesh 29: 733:Sisters of the Vast Black 57: 630:In the parish church of 373:and live at the Mancini 162:, Cascia, Perugia, Italy 980:Foley O.F.M., Leonard. 106:, Perugia, Papal States 627: 567: 551: 543: 452: 329:Conciliatori di Cristo 315:, a small hamlet near 308: 300: 289: 225:Margherita Ferri Lotti 1250:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 960:"San Isdiro Labrador" 784:: St. Rita of Cascia" 782:Catholic Encyclopedia 685:on the advice of her 618: 557: 549: 541: 447: 419:Nicholas of Tolentino 361:known at the time as 333:Peacemakers of Christ 306: 295: 280: 1027:Catholic News Agency 708:Santa Rita da Cascia 687:paternal grandmother 681:adopted Rita as her 403:Saint Mary Magdalene 141:St. Peter's Basilica 1116:on 15 February 2013 1033:on 21 November 2015 895:Lives of the Saints 884:5 June 2011 at the 857:on 21 November 2015 386:. Her sons died of 239:, who later became 1304:Augustinian saints 1068:Stracke, Richard. 879:St. Rita di Cascia 628: 578:The forehead wound 568: 552: 544: 503:on 24 May 1900 by 453: 415:Augustine of Hippo 309: 301: 290: 259:Catholic countries 1140:Dodger Blue World 991:978-0-86716-887-7 513:Pope John Paul II 218: 217: 111:Venerated in 32:Saint Rita (film) 16:(Redirected from 1351: 1324:Incorrupt saints 1299:Augustinian nuns 1274: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1225: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1184: 1144: 1143: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1112:. Archived from 1102: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1065: 1059: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1029:. Archived from 1019: 1010: 1009: 999: 993: 977: 968: 967: 955: 949: 948: 937: 931: 930: 928: 926: 917:. Archived from 911:"Rotelle, John. 907: 898: 890:Fr. Alban Butler 876: 867: 866: 864: 862: 853:. Archived from 847: 836: 829: 823: 822: 820: 818: 809:. Archived from 799: 788: 787: 776: 679:Mireille Mathieu 585:partial Stigmata 434:Augustinian Rule 411:John the Baptist 351:Christian values 156: 62: 49:Rita of Cascia, 39: 21: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1253:sister projects 1252: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1220: 1210: 1208: 1198: 1196: 1188: 1171: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1034: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1001: 1000: 996: 978: 971: 957: 956: 952: 939: 938: 934: 924: 922: 921:on 19 June 2013 909: 908: 901: 886:Wayback Machine 877: 870: 860: 858: 849: 848: 839: 830: 826: 816: 814: 813:on 30 June 2021 801: 800: 791: 778: 777: 768: 763: 746: 712:Florence, Italy 657: 613: 597: 580: 536: 489:Pope Urban VIII 442: 275: 233:Augustinian nun 151: 128:Pope Urban VIII 115:Catholic Church 102: 82: 65: 53: 47: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 1357: 1355: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1248:Rita of Cascia 1246: 1243: 1242: 1230: 1218: 1206: 1186: 1185: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1152: 1151:External links 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142:. 4 June 2011. 1127: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1060: 1044: 1011: 994: 969: 950: 932: 899: 868: 837: 824: 789: 765: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 752: 745: 742: 704:Elena Zareschi 699:Rita of Cascia 677:French singer 656: 653: 612: 609: 596: 593: 579: 576: 535: 532: 441: 438: 423:bubonic plague 274: 271: 221:Rita of Cascia 216: 215: 198: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 180: 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 157: 148: 147: 137: 131: 130: 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 99: 95: 94: 79: 75: 74: 67: 66: 63: 55: 54: 48: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1356: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1284: 1272: 1271: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1207: 1205: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057:3-8228-5643-6 1054: 1048: 1045: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1006: 998: 995: 992: 988: 985: 983: 976: 974: 970: 965: 961: 954: 951: 946: 945: 936: 933: 920: 916: 914: 906: 904: 900: 897: 896: 891: 887: 883: 880: 875: 873: 869: 856: 852: 846: 844: 842: 838: 834: 828: 825: 812: 808: 806: 798: 796: 794: 790: 785: 783: 775: 773: 771: 767: 760: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 743: 741: 737: 735: 734: 728: 726: 725: 720: 715: 713: 709: 705: 701: 700: 694: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 664: 662: 654: 652: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 626: 622: 617: 610: 608: 606: 601: 594: 592: 588: 586: 577: 575: 573: 565: 562:. (The black 561: 556: 548: 540: 533: 531: 529: 523: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 505:Pope Leo XIII 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 473:beatification 470: 466: 462: 458: 451: 446: 439: 437: 435: 431: 426: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 372: 366: 364: 360: 354: 352: 347: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 305: 299: 294: 288: 284: 279: 272: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:Pope Leo XIII 252: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 214: 210: 206: 202: 201:Spousal abuse 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 181: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 161: 158: 155: 149: 146: 145:Pope Leo XIII 142: 139:24 May 1900, 138: 136: 132: 129: 125: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 105: 100: 96: 93: 89: 85: 80: 76: 73: 68: 61: 56: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 1273:from Commons 1268: 1247: 1176: 1139: 1130: 1118:. Retrieved 1114:the original 1109: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1063: 1047: 1035:. Retrieved 1031:the original 1026: 1004: 997: 981: 963: 953: 942: 935: 923:. Retrieved 919:the original 912: 894: 859:. Retrieved 855:the original 832: 827: 815:. Retrieved 811:the original 804: 781: 738: 731: 729: 722: 716: 710:, filmed in 707: 697: 695: 683:patron saint 676: 672:Pennsylvania 668:Philadelphia 665: 658: 629: 602: 598: 589: 581: 569: 524: 517: 497:Augustinians 476: 454: 427: 396: 367: 362: 355: 340: 332: 328: 310: 253: 241:Augustinians 224: 223:, OSA (born 220: 219: 209:family honor 92:Papal States 36: 1294:1457 deaths 1289:1381 births 1228:Catholicism 1037:20 November 564:Augustinian 534:Iconography 493:Fausto Poli 481:Augustinian 457:Augustinian 363:La Vendetta 313:Roccaporena 283:Roccaporena 197:Controversy 84:Roccaporena 1329:Stigmatics 1283:Categories 761:References 724:The Rookie 528:Yves Klein 440:Veneration 430:levitation 380:mortal sin 331:(English: 325:Margherita 273:Early life 231:widow and 213:loneliness 178:Attributes 70:Widow and 1216:Biography 696:In 1943, 520:Philomena 509:feast day 501:canonized 485:beatified 399:monastery 388:dysentery 263:patroness 188:Patronage 135:Canonized 122:Beatified 72:Religious 1181:Archived 925:10 April 882:Archived 861:10 April 817:10 April 744:See also 719:baseball 611:The Bees 572:Crucifix 560:Stigmata 249:stigmata 126:1626 by 1190:Portals 648:baptism 640:Belgium 634:, near 461:Foligno 346:convent 229:Italian 88:Perugia 18:St Rita 1344:Cascia 1204:Saints 1120:23 May 1055:  989:  661:Umbria 655:Legacy 632:Laarne 625:Brazil 507:. Her 450:Cascia 417:, and 407:Cascia 384:murder 341:Gubbio 339:named 337:notary 321:Umbria 317:Cascia 298:Cascia 172:22 May 154:shrine 152:Major 104:Cascia 51:O.S.A. 1270:Media 1240:Italy 964:Issuu 888:from 691:franc 636:Ghent 595:Roses 477:"Acta 469:Siena 375:villa 371:manor 287:Italy 168:Feast 44:Saint 1122:2012 1053:ISBN 1039:2015 987:ISBN 927:2013 863:2013 819:2013 644:bees 605:Mass 465:Vita 455:The 392:Hell 382:and 359:feud 237:nuns 205:feud 98:Died 81:1381 78:Born 892:'s 487:by 405:in 401:of 143:by 1285:: 1179:. 1175:. 1138:. 1108:. 1072:. 1025:. 1014:^ 972:^ 962:. 902:^ 871:^ 840:^ 792:^ 769:^ 727:. 670:, 663:. 638:, 623:, 607:. 413:, 394:. 319:, 285:, 269:. 251:. 211:, 207:, 203:, 90:, 86:, 1256:: 1192:: 1124:. 1076:. 1041:. 966:. 929:. 865:. 821:. 786:. 780:" 34:. 20:)

Index

St Rita
Saint Rita (film)
Saint
O.S.A.

Religious
Roccaporena
Perugia
Papal States
Cascia
Catholic Church
Beatified
Pope Urban VIII
Canonized
St. Peter's Basilica
Pope Leo XIII
shrine
Basilica of Santa Rita da Cascia
Feast
Attributes
Patronage
Spousal abuse
feud
family honor
loneliness
Italian
Augustinian nun
nuns
Augustinians
mortification of the flesh

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.