729:) are being cleared for a village, while work of a settlement is underway in the former LTTE stronghold of Othiyamalai Kaadu. A settlement is being created in Rampaveddi bordering the minor tank area of Eropothana and new settlement of approximately 2500 ethnic Sinhala families (about 6000 people) from the South were settled in the village of Kokkachaankulam. Tamils in Barathypuram were evicted and a Muslim settlement is being created in the area due to the large economic opportunities provided by an apparels factory being built there.
441:. This resulted in a significant demographic shift, with the resettled farmers contributing to an increase in the Sinhalese population in the northeast dry zone, thus promoting Sinhala-Buddhist hegemony in the area. Sinhalese settlers were provided with preferential access to land by the state in these regions, whilst the local Tamil speaking people were excluded from this privilege, making them minorities in their own lands.
2520:
556:"In the past, for so many centuries, the community I come from has been the majority community in the Gal Oya Valley, but today by a process of operations carried on by the Gal Oya Development Board and the Provincial Administration, we the Muslims feel that we in our homeland are being reduced to a minority."
740:
Following the defeat of the LTTE, the
Mahaweli project, which had been temporarily halted, gained new momentum. The Mahaweli Authority and the military resumed activities to bring in landless Sinhalese settlers from the southern parts of the country to settle in and around Weli Oya. Despite ongoing
622:
Project started in 1969 which resulted in 30,000 net irrigable acres and settlement of around 3440 settlers in the southern dry zone. The development of settlements around Walawe, Chandrika and Kiri Ibban reservoirs saw population in the selected region growing from 2,000 in the 1950s to 200,000 by
752:
of names of streets and places. According to TamilNet the Tamil populace had been reduced to a fourth between 2007 and 2011 based on
Government figures. Tamil locals also complained of the state waging an accelerated campaign of Sinhala Buddhist colonisation by destroying historic Hindu shrines in
517:
groups viewed the resettlement schemes in these areas as "reclamation and recreation in the present of the glorious
Sinhalese Buddhist past". The Muslim community tended to reject the countervailing notion of a traditional Tamil homeland in the North East region which resulted in animosity between
736:
settlement is being expanded as well. Several fishing colonies are being built in the Mannar district and Muslim settlements have been built in lands previously owned by Tamils that fled to India during the war. ‘Navatkuli
Housing Project’ is being built in Navatkuli, Jaffna District to house 135
708:
were withdrawn in 1990, Tamils homes in the suburbs of
Trincomalee were occupied by Sinhalese settlers. Tens of thousands of landless Sinhala peasants were reported to have been brought in by the advancing government forces and made to occupy local villages and lands, denying resettlement to its
497:
were cleared and water tanks restored. As a consequence of these schemes the
Sinhalese population of the Trincomalee District rose from 15,706 (21%) in 1946 to 85,503 (33%) in 1981. In the 1980s the government extended the colonization schemes into the Dry Zone area of the
674:. Although the scheme covered four districts, administration was handled by the Anuradhapura district, which constituted a Sinhalese majority demographic. The scheme aroused much anger amongst the Tamils. This anger boiled over into violence when the
331:
444:
Whilst empowering
Sinhalese settlers, the scheme also served as a means to marginalize, exclude, and harm Tamil speaking minorities, treating them as the 'other'. It has been perhaps the most immediate cause of inter-communal violence, with
1009:
Kelegama, Thiruni and
Benedikt Korf. 2023. ‘The lure of land: Peasant politics, frontier colonization and the cunning state in Sri Lanka’. Modern Asian Studies 57(6), pp. 2003–2017. https:// doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X22000506
757:
was reported by Muslim residents of the
Pulmoddai village who claimed that several acres of their traditional land had been annexed by the Government for settlements from South on the pretext of industrial development.
321:
542:
districts who suffered from land hunger were given fertile land in the upstream end of Gal Oya. A minority of Tamils and
Muslims were also given land in the region. Gal Oya would later be the site of the first major
1057:
Bart Klem & Thiruni Kelegama (2020) Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka’s post-war frontier, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47:2, 346-365, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
796:
Bart Klem & Thiruni Kelegama (2020) Marginal placeholders: peasants, paddy and ethnic space in Sri Lanka’s post-war frontier, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47:2, 346-365, DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2019.1572604
741:
displacement of thousands of Tamils from their land and homes, the Mahaweli Authority, under successive governments since the end of the war, continues to allocate land to Sinhalese settlers in the same areas.
1976:
737:
Sinhalese families, including 54 families who had, in 2010, attempted to set up temporary residences at the Jaffna Railway Station with funding from Buddhist Organizations and Political parties.
403:
is the government program of settling mostly Sinhalese farmers from the densely populated wet zone into the sparsely populated areas of the dry zone. This has taken place since the 1950s near
510:
districts. The Sinhalese population rose from 31,107 in 1953 in the combined Batticaloa and Amparai Districts to 157,017 in 1981, an increase far in excess of the natural projected growth.
748:
reported that Tamils were being ethnically cleansed in the Jaffna peninsula and Mullativu districts, and that this was being supplemented with the construction of Buddhist stupas and
387:
684:
In 1985, a Sri Lankan government appointed study group recommended using Sinhala colonisation to break the link between the Tamil majority regions of the north and east. President
2126:
1752:
718:
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and Anuradhapura. Sinhalese farmers were settled in lands that were formerly populated by ethnic Tamils, given land, money to build homes and security provided by the
2111:
753:
the East. Over 400 families were reported to have been settled in Nelukkulam in Mullativu district by the website. Another incident of state colonization before the
1921:
246:
206:
2572:
2157:
2116:
2018:
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over the next 2 years in order to create a 75% Sinhalese majority there (to reflect the overall nationwide proportion of Sinhalese to Tamils on the island).
336:
2035:
2101:
1101:
Gate Mudaliyar Kariapper, Member for Kalmunai (12 July 1956). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) Vol 25. Dominion of Ceylon: House of Representatives. p.362
380:
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within the Sri Lankan government, Buddhist clergy and Mahaweli department have deliberately targeted the Tamil majority northeast for state sponsored
120:
2093:
1895:
168:
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2013:
1796:
67:
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Colonisation of Southern Dry Zone in the south of Ceylon was carried out mainly under the Walawe River Valley which was planned in 1959. The
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have expressed their desire to take more land further north in order to “make the Sinhala man the most present in all parts of the country”.
373:
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1936:
226:
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2008:
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International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Shahul H. Hasbullah and Urs Geiser (2019), Negotiating access to land in eastern Sri Lanka, p.9
767:
281:
912:
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20:
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original inhabitants who had earlier fled to the jungles due to the "murder" of Tamil civilians at the hands of the Army.
513:
The notion of the "traditional Tamil homeland" became a potent component of popular Tamil political imagination while the
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2003:
502:, drawing up plans to settle up to 30,000 Sinhalese in the area. Colonization schemes also took place in the areas of
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1464:
705:
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1961:
1941:
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Markus Mayer; Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake; Yuvi Thangarajah; Universität Heidelberg. Südasien-Institut (2003).
349:
301:
256:
241:
1123:"Colonisation & Demographic Changes in the Trincomalee District and Its Effect on the Tamil Speaking People"
900:
2463:
2422:
2172:
1232:
446:
1048:
Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, University of Hawaii press, 1987, p100
1039:
Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, University of Hawaii press, 1987, p97
2542:
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2167:
2152:
2068:
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where peasants from outside of the Trincomalee District were settled in the then Tamil dominant village of
1951:
1844:
458:
251:
178:
105:
47:
1092:
Chattopadhyaya, H. Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations, p. 52
2453:
2432:
1900:
1854:
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592:
311:
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town. Parts of the scheme lay in Trincomalee District but were administered by the Sinhalese majority
2427:
2389:
2147:
1971:
772:
612:
544:
490:
326:
274:
913:
http://mahaweli.gov.lk/en/pdf/Library/Implementtion%20Strategy%20Study%20-%20Volume%205.pdf%7Ctitle=
2458:
1869:
1849:
1806:
876:
663:
531:
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231:
196:
115:
1236:
588:, 25 km south of Trincomalee town. 65% of settlers were Sinhalese and the rest were Muslims.
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2162:
1931:
1816:
956:
948:
644:
236:
216:
1262:"Economics and Politics of Water Resources Development Uda Walawe Irrigation Project, Sri Lanka"
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1811:
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publicly announced that his government planned to settle Sinhalese in the predominantly Tamil
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430:
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colonisation, with the explicit intention to take the land into "Sinhala hands" away from the
306:
138:
28:
1637:
1611:
1585:
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1507:
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The colonisation scheme was extended into the Northern province with the introduction of the
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211:
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1435:
1278:
1184:
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1874:
1398:"Sri Lankans to be resettled in anti-separatist move". Los Angeles Times. 21 January 1985.
721:, several settlement programmes were initiated by the government that extends towards the
548:
503:
404:
868:
1020:
http://repo.statistics.gov.lk/bitstream/handle/1/313/B_33.PDF?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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1831:
539:
153:
100:
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1714:
Building local capacities for peace: rethinking conflict and development in Sri Lanka
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1495:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
1483:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
1030:
SRI LANKA CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING 1981 TRINCOMALEE DISTRICT REPORT page XIV
852:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
840:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
819:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
807:
https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/southasia/2023/04/10/development-gone-wrong-sri-lanka-at-75/
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291:
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1966:
1153:""ISGA needed as confidence building measure for final solution" - Sampanthan"
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Several new settlements are also being built in Mullaitivu District while the
412:
408:
261:
901:
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSRILANKA/Resources/App1.pdf%7Ctitle=The
2284:
1493:
Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75
1481:
Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75
850:
Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75
838:
Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75
817:
Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75
805:
Thiruni Kelegama, April 10th, 2023, Development Gone Wrong: Sri Lanka at 75
655:
62:
52:
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town. 77% of settlers were Sinhalese and the rest were Tamils and Muslims.
1730:
611:. Land Development Department employees from this scheme took part in the
2298:
2227:
2217:
2207:
1864:
1693:
1439:
1282:
1210:
1156:
745:
733:
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110:
461:. Following the end of war in 2009, Sinhalese officials and settlers in
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570:
527:
494:
486:
482:
2212:
478:
42:
943:
926:
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of Tamils occurring with the support of the government since the
915:
Mahaweli Ganga Development Program Implementation Strategy Study
631:
In the 1961 a colonisation scheme was started at Morawewa tank (
591:
The colonisation scheme was extended to Tamil speaking areas of
449:
to make way for Sinhalese settlers occurring several times. The
1734:
927:"Colonization and Ethnic Conflict in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka"
1018:
CENSUS OF CEYLON 1946 VOL. I PART I GENERAL REPORT p115-116 -
551:
commented on the effects of this predominant Sinhala colony:
1465:"State facilitated colonization of northern sri lanka 2013"
433:, and to disrupt the Tamil-speaking continuity between the
647:, a colonisation scheme was started at Periya Vilankulam (
534:
in 1952. Tens of thousands of Sinhalese peasants from the
999:
https://uthr.org/Rajani/Extracts%20from%20Chapter%209.htm
974:
https://uthr.org/Rajani/Extracts%20from%20Chapter%209.htm
1185:"Part 3: Buddha's statues symbol of Sinhalese Hegemony!"
719:
fall of the LTTE and the capture of de-facto Tamil Eelam
518:
the Muslim and Tamil communities in the region to rise.
1207:"LTTE opposes land ministry mobile service in Kantalai"
584:
A colonisation scheme was at the areas surrounding the
1388:
Tamil Times, November 1985, The diabolical plan, p.8
1279:"SLAF occupation adds to Muthalikulam farmers' woes"
725:. In the Vavuniya district 3000 acres in Madukulam (
2491:
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2345:
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2190:
2140:
2092:
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1996:
1989:
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1830:
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651:) tank, 30 km north-west of Trincomalee town.
1689:"Muslims allege Sinhala colonization in Pulmoddai"
903:Root Causes of the Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka
401:Sri Lankan state-sponsored colonization schemes
643:In the 1980s, funded by aid received from the
1746:
1131:University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna)
381:
8:
2158:Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America
635:), 24 km west of the Trincomalee town.
549:Gate Mudaliyar Mohammed Samsudeen Kariapper
2248:
1993:
1781:
1753:
1739:
1731:
1069:"The Gal Oya Project 60 years on - Part I"
388:
374:
15:
1117:
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1111:
1109:
1107:
942:
526:The first colonisation scheme was in the
1309:"Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya"
2178:Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam
1335:"Welcome to UTHRJ: Report 8, Chapter 1"
789:
662:scheme, which covered the districts of
447:violent displacement of Tamil civilians
27:
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1355:
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1178:
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863:
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415:and hydro-power programs such as the
7:
896:
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681:settlement at Weli Oya, killing 62.
561:The next colonisation scheme was at
451:University Teachers for Human Rights
2573:Origins of the Sri Lankan Civil War
2009:Government of the Northern Province
1364:"Chapter 40: Operation Green Arrow"
768:Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war
2074:Democratic Tamil National Alliance
14:
873:Country Studies Series: Sri Lanka
679:attacked the Kent and Dollar Farm
2583:Politically motivated migrations
2519:
2518:
2264:Representations in Indian cinema
2084:Tamil People's National Alliance
1436:"Protests at Illegal Settlement"
676:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
1937:Bandaranaike–Chelvanayakam Pact
577:, 39 km south-west of the
1:
2079:Tamil National People's Front
2064:Tamil United Liberation Front
1241:Tamil United Liberation Front
1183:V. Thangavelu (3 June 2005).
875:. Federal Research Division,
423:Sinhala Buddhist nationalists
931:The Journal of Asian Studies
603:), 65 km north-east of
481:started a program to settle
2476:Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu
2004:Northern Provincial Council
706:Indian Peace Keeping Forces
2604:
2568:Settlement schemes in Asia
2026:Eastern Provincial Council
1977:NPC Resolution on Genocide
1896:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
595:. A scheme was started at
169:Wesleyan Methodist Mission
2516:
2054:All Ceylon Tamil Congress
1962:Burning of Jaffna library
1797:Tissamaharama inscription
1792:History of Eastern Tamils
1771:List of Sri Lankan Tamils
1768:
350:History of Eastern Tamils
257:Burning of Jaffna library
68:Tissamaharama inscription
2563:Sri Lankan Tamil history
2464:Nallur Kandaswamy temple
2173:Tamil Youth Organisation
1233:Rajavarothiam Sampanthan
925:Patrick Peebles (1990).
2168:Tamils Against Genocide
2153:Canadian Tamil Congress
2069:Tamil National Alliance
1891:American Ceylon Mission
1762:Sri Lankan Tamil people
1237:"Genocide in Sri Lanka"
704:reported that when the
164:American Ceylon Mission
2548:Geography of Sri Lanka
2415:Languages and dialects
1952:Vaddukoddai Resolution
1370:. Ilankai Tamil Sangam
1315:. Ilankai Tamil Sangam
1127:Report 11, Appendix II
559:
453:has described this as
252:Vaddukoddai Resolution
179:Donoughmore Commission
48:Ancient clans of Lanka
2588:Sinhalese nationalism
2558:Politics of Sri Lanka
1901:Jaffna Youth Congress
1855:Kotagama inscriptions
1067:Kanagasundram, Ajit.
986:"Special Report No.5"
613:1958 anti-Tamil riots
609:Anuradhapura District
593:Anuradhapura District
553:
515:Sinhalese nationalist
411:being built in major
312:Indo-Sri Lanka Accord
174:Jaffna Youth Congress
149:Yalpana Vaipava Malai
2553:Political repression
2148:British Tamils Forum
1697:. 25 September 2007.
773:Sri Lankan Civil War
491:Trincomalee District
477:, the government of
2459:Naguleswaram temple
1860:Portuguese conquest
1850:Jaffna Palace ruins
1807:Ketheeswaram temple
1716:. Macmillan India.
1471:. 5 September 2013.
877:Library of Congress
744:Pro-LTTE news site
700:Pro-LTTE news site
532:Batticaloa District
197:Soulbury Commission
121:Portuguese conquest
2578:Internal migration
2163:Global Tamil Forum
1817:Munneswaram temple
1213:. 20 December 2003
869:"Tamil Alienation"
672:Special Task Force
645:European Community
459:1956 Gal Oya riots
159:Colebrooke-Cameron
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1985:
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1812:Koneswaram temple
1285:. 8 December 2002
723:Northern Province
690:Northern Province
686:J. R. Jayewardene
500:Northern Province
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307:Thimpu principles
191:Post independence
139:Portuguese Ceylon
29:Sri Lankan Tamils
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1927:Sinhala Only Act
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1802:Annaicoddai seal
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1187:. Tamil Canadian
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212:Sinhala Only Act
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2019:Chief Ministers
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1942:Standardisation
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1362:T. Sabaratnam.
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1307:T. Sabaratnam.
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1133:. 15 April 1993
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879:. October 1988
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1910:Post-colonial
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1442:. 9 July 1998
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750:Sinhalisation
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357:Tamils portal
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18:
17:
2428:Jaffna Tamil
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2233:Thesavalamai
1922:Colonisation
1713:
1692:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1615:
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1468:
1444:. Retrieved
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1393:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1367:
1342:. Retrieved
1339:www.uthr.org
1338:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1312:
1287:. Retrieved
1273:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1161:. Retrieved
1159:. 9 May 2004
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1126:
1097:
1088:
1076:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1014:
1005:
994:
980:
969:
937:(1): 30–55.
934:
930:
920:
908:
881:. Retrieved
872:
846:
834:
825:
813:
801:
792:
743:
739:
731:
726:
716:
699:
683:
657:
653:
649:Mahadiulwewa
648:
642:
632:
630:
617:
605:Anuradhapura
600:
590:
586:Kantale Tank
583:
572:
564:
560:
555:
554:
525:
512:
475:independence
472:
469:Introduction
443:
421:
400:
399:
247:Colonisation
207:Colonisation
144:Dutch Ceylon
78:Early Jaffna
2471:Catholicism
2390:New Zealand
2320:Thinakkural
2306:Tamil Times
1957:Tamil Eelam
1917:Nationalism
1368:Pirapaharan
1313:Pirapaharan
623:the 2000s.
579:Trincomalee
292:Tamil Eelam
202:Nationalism
90:Middle Ages
37:Ancient era
2537:Categories
2334:Virakesari
2313:Thinakaran
2269:Literature
1997:Government
1967:Black July
1664:"TamilNet"
1662:TamilNet.
1638:"TamilNet"
1636:TamilNet.
1612:"TamilNet"
1610:TamilNet.
1586:"TamilNet"
1584:TamilNet.
1560:"TamilNet"
1558:TamilNet.
1534:"TamilNet"
1532:TamilNet.
1508:"TamilNet"
1506:TamilNet.
1411:"TamilNet"
1409:TamilNet.
1073:The Island
784:References
778:Black July
717:Since the
664:Mullaitivu
656:Weli Oya (
620:Uda Walawe
508:Batticaloa
413:irrigation
409:reservoirs
322:War crimes
262:Black July
2438:Loanwords
2355:Australia
2285:Sudar Oli
2031:Governors
2014:Governors
1972:Civil War
1947:Militancy
1446:4 October
1374:4 October
1319:4 October
1289:4 October
1246:4 October
1217:4 October
1191:4 October
1163:4 October
1137:4 October
961:153505636
883:4 October
658:Manal Aru
573:Kanthalai
571:Kantale (
565:Kanthalai
563:Kantale (
547:in 1956.
327:IDP camps
287:Militancy
275:Civil war
237:1974 pact
232:1964 pact
227:1957 Pact
222:1954 pact
96:Chola Era
63:Nainativu
53:Tamilakam
2524:Category
2504:Football
2454:Hinduism
2447:Religion
2395:Pakistan
2385:Malaysia
2347:Diaspora
2299:TamilNet
2238:Vellalar
2228:Paraiyar
2218:Mukkuvar
2208:Karaiyar
2141:Diaspora
1990:Politics
1884:Colonial
1865:Vannimai
1694:TamilNet
1440:TamilNet
1283:TamilNet
1235:(1984).
1211:TamilNet
1157:TamilNet
1078:10 March
762:See also
746:TamilNet
734:Weli Oya
727:Maduwewa
702:TamilNet
668:Vavuniya
597:Padaviya
463:Weli Oya
332:UN Panel
302:Diaspora
133:Colonial
111:Vannimai
21:a series
19:Part of
2499:Cricket
2370:Germany
2327:Uthayan
2252:Culture
2223:Nalavar
2191:Society
1870:Vanniar
1840:History
1785:Ancient
1778:History
953:2058432
536:Kegalle
530:in the
495:forests
489:of the
487:jungles
485:in the
483:farmers
427:Sinhala
282:Origins
116:Vanniar
2365:France
2360:Canada
2259:Cinema
2213:Koviar
1720:
1673:18 May
1647:18 May
1621:18 May
1595:18 May
1569:18 May
1543:18 May
1517:18 May
1420:18 May
1344:18 May
959:
951:
599:Tank (
567:) tank
504:Ampara
493:. The
479:Ceylon
431:Tamils
43:Ravana
2492:Sport
2380:India
2375:Italy
2273:News
2243:Vedar
2198:Eelam
2127:PLOTE
2112:EPRLF
2102:ENDLF
1932:Riots
1265:(PDF)
957:S2CID
949:JSTOR
713:2000s
696:1990s
639:1980s
627:1960s
540:Kandy
522:1950s
435:north
405:tanks
217:Riots
58:Nakar
2132:TELO
2122:LTTE
2117:EORS
2107:ENLF
1718:ISBN
1675:2019
1649:2019
1623:2019
1597:2019
1571:2019
1545:2019
1519:2019
1448:2009
1422:2019
1376:2009
1346:2019
1321:2009
1291:2009
1248:2009
1219:2009
1193:2009
1165:2009
1139:2009
1080:2019
885:2009
538:and
506:and
439:east
437:and
407:and
337:LLRC
317:ISGA
297:LTTE
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