2040:
868:
2355:(state legislature) authorized the creation of state-sponsored normal schools, the Southern Normal School was sold to the state, while the business school was sold privately, becoming Bowling Green Business University and later the Bowling Green College of Commerce. The normal school's facilities and student body became the new Western Kentucky State Normal School, which moved within Bowling Green in 1911 to the former site of Potter College, a women's college that had closed in 1909. Once the normal school was authorized by the state to offer four-year degrees in 1922, it was renamed Western Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College. It changed its name twice more in the next 30 years, first to Western Kentucky State Teachers College in 1930 and Western Kentucky State College in 1948. WKSC merged with Bowling Green Commerce in 1963, with the latter becoming a constituent college of WKSC. The current institutional name of
2143:
1985:
2665:, the school opened on October 6, 1890, to train qualified teachers for the state's public schools, with a staff of four instructors and 96 students, offering certification after completing a two-year course. In 1911, the school's name was changed to Colorado State Teachers College and offered bachelor's degrees after completion of a four-year course. In 1935, the name changed again to Colorado State College of Education, recognizing the graduate program started in 1913. In 1957, the name was shortened to Colorado State College to recognize the further growth of programs and offerings. Finally, in 1970, the name was changed to the current
943:
1903:
279:
1856:, School #1 opened on January 9, 1865, in the African Baptist Church in Crane's Building on the corner of Calvert and Saratoga streets. In 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau, the Quakers of England and others, the Baltimore Association purchased and renovated the Old Friends Meeting House at the corner of Saratoga and Courtland streets to house the Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers. The school moved to Bowie, MD in 1911, changing its name to the Maryland Normal and Industrial School at Bowie in 1914. Today, this school exists as
2260:
1058:
1485:. Its emphasis was primarily for training teachers for rural conditions. Its name was changed to Stratford Teachers' College in 1953 and closed its doors in 1973 having trained close to 14,000 teachers. The site was maintained, and was home to the Stratford Perth Museum for a number of years, being renamed the Discovery Centre. The museum moved to another location, however, and the building is now leased by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, and has been named once again the Normal School Building.
795:
2690:
1312:
1517:, and a third one in Montréal for English speakers. More institutions were added in the following century. Religious communities were responsible for around 110 private normal schools, most of which were for girls, and universities had schools of education. Between 1963 and 1974, the system was ultimately phased out to be integrated into universities' Faculty of Education departments, specifically with new Université du Québec branches.
2032:
2577:. Much like the predecessor to WKU, the Richmond institution, originally known as Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1, took over the campus of an earlier institution, though under somewhat different circumstances. The Eastern Normal School was established in 1906 on the former campus of Central University, an institution that had been founded in 1874 but fell into financial difficulty, and consolidated itself with
2461:
2104:
1441:, a teacher training school, was established in 1909 in North Bay Ontario to meet the needs of teacher education in Ontario's North. The school was renamed North Bay Teachers' College in 1953, and became Nipissing University College's faculty of education in August 1973. After the university received a prestigious award in 2010, the Faculty of Education was renamed the Schulich School of Education. See
2294:
1921:
1327:. In 1905â06 a new building was constructed at 442 William Avenue. It was one of six Normal Schools in Manitoba, along with Brandon Normal School (1129 Queens Street, Brandon), Dauphin, Manitou, Portage la Prairie, and St. Boniface. Central Normal School moved to a facility in southwest Winnipeg in 1947. In the autumn of 1958, it was renamed the Manitoba Teachers' College. It was moved to the
153:
2190:
the construction of Main Hall, which included classrooms, administrative offices and a library. When The
Moorhead Normal School opened in the fall of 1888, President Livingston Lord presided over five faculty members and a class of 29 students. As the school expanded over the years, it went through several name changes, eventually becoming Minnesota State University Moorhead in 2000.
1586:
degrees for kindergarten, while at the same time hosting secondary, primary school students, and kindergarten and pre-school. Teachers-to-be do intense practical training in the schools annexed to the higher education section. This is the main difference with other teachers' training institutions called
Instituto de FormaciĂłn Docente and with universities that grant teaching degrees.
91:
50:
1283:. Classes commenced on 9 January 1901. In January 1909, the Provincial Normal school moved into a new facility and its own building located at 11th and Cambie (now part of City Square Mall). In 1915 a second Provincial Normal School opened in Victoria. Trainee teachers from greater Vancouver and the lower Mainland attended the Normal School in Vancouver. Students from
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268:
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928:, IPG) for middle school teacher. In year 1963, B-I and B-II courses and IPG were merged into Teaching and Pedagogy Faculty under Ministry of Higher Education. In year 1963â1964, Teaching and Pedagogy Faculties were established as separate higher education institutions which were known as Teaching and Education Institutes (
2525:. It continued to operate as such until 1922, when it was taken over by the state and became Morehead State Normal School. After name changes to Morehead State Normal School and Teachers College (1926), Morehead State Teachers College (1930), and Morehead State College (1948), it adopted its current name of
2375:
opened a normal school in the summer of 1877. North
Carolina was the first state in America to open a normal school under the control of an already-established university. The program was also the first university summer school in the United States. Coeducational from the beginning, it was the first
1868:
On
September 15, 1866, the Keystone State Normal School was established on what is now the site of Kutztown University's Old Main. The needs of a burgeoning industrialization in the region placed more and more demands on teacher preparation, and in 1928, the institution was designated Kutztown State
1585:
In
Argentina, normal schools were founded starting in 1852, and still exist today and carry that name. Teachers' training is considered higher education and requires a high school diploma, but normal schools have the particularity of granting five-year teacher degrees for primary school or four year
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was established. In 1896, its name was changed to The State
Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, and in 1919, the State Agricultural and Mechanical Institute for Negroes. In 1948 it was renamed the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, in 1949 Alabama A&M College, and in 1969
2189:
Minnesota State
Senator Solomon Comstock introduced a bill to the Minnesota State Legislature in 1885, declaring "⊠would be a fine thing for the Red River Country and especially for Moorhead." Comstock then donated six acres of land and the next session of the Legislature appropriated $ 60,000 for
2444:
In 1886, the
Peabody Education Board of Massachusetts, headed by Robert C. Winthrop, provided $ 1,500 to form the "Winthrop Training School" for white women teachers. That year the school opened its doors to twenty-one students in Columbia, South Carolina. Nine years later in 1895 it moved to Rock
2163:
Located in St. Cloud, the Third State Normal School was the third normal school established in
Minnesota. It welcomed 50 students (40 women and 10 men) as well as 70 children for the model school. Ira Moore was the school's first principal (later president). It graduated its first class, numbering
2006:
The modern university is the result of the merger of the two normal schools in the area, Harris
Teachers College, the older of the two institutions and segregated for white people only, and Stowe Teachers' College, which was segregated for black people only, following the Brown vs. BOE decision in
1894:
Buffalo State was founded in 1871 as the Buffalo Normal School before becoming the State Normal and Training School (1888â1927), the State Teachers College at Buffalo (1928â1946), the New York State College for Teachers at Buffalo (1946â1950), SUNY, New York State College for Teachers (1950â1951),
2215:
In 1906, the private school merged with the new state normal school becoming the Fourth District Normal School. The school moved to its current site with the completion of the building now called Carrington Hall in 1909. The school has evolved into a research university and is now Missouri State
2211:
The Springfield Normal School was founded in 1894 in Springfield, Missouri, to train teachers for public schools in southwest Missouri. This private school offered a Masters of Pedagogy as a two-year post high school degree. Students also participated in a variety of extra curricular activities.
2129:
Nebraska State Normal School was chartered on June 20, 1867. The action by the Nebraska legislature made it the first state-supported college in Nebraska with the first classes held on October 24, 1867. The name changed to Nebraska State Teachers College at Peru in 1921, and in 1949 it changed to
479:
Educating teachers was of great importance in the newly industrialized European economies which needed a reliable, reproducible and uniform work force. The process of instilling such norms within students depended upon the creation of the first uniform, formalized national educational curriculum.
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was a normal school in Fredericton, New Brunswick which granted teaching certificates. It was founded on February 10, 1848, as the Provincial Normal School with Joseph Marshall de Brett Maréchal, Baron d'Avray as the first principal. In 1947, the institution changed its name to the New Brunswick
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Established by the Indiana General Assembly on December 20, 1865; as the State Normal School, its core mission was to educate elementary and high school teachers. The school awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1908 and the first master's degrees in 1928. In 1929, the Indiana State Normal
921:
by Education and Culture Ministerial Decision No. 382/Kab Year 1954. Both courses were integrated to Teaching and Pedagogy Faculty at nearby university. Government Decision No. 51 Year 1958 integrate Pedagogy Faculty into Teaching and Pedagogy Faculty. In year 1962, Ministry of Basic Education
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Founded as a private normal school to address the lack of formal training in the ânormsâ of teaching. After the Michigan State Board of Education took over governance of the school it became a state institution and was renamed Central State Normal School in 1895. The institution became a full
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was created alongside one in Morehead (now Morehead State University). Unlike the three aforementioned schools, the Murray State Normal School was created from scratch, and had no buildings of its own when it began operation. The first classes were held in 1923 at the then-current campus of
1881:
until January 15, 1865. The school was moved to Towson, Maryland in 1915. In 1935, it was renamed the State Teachers College at Towson, and by 1963 it was changed to a liberal arts school and was renamed Towson State College. In 1976 it was renamed Towson State University and by 1997 it was
1161:, serving for primary school teacher's education. These were promoted as teachers' colleges and later granted university status in 2000s. It is distinguished under the name "Education University" from the "Normal University". Some of these were merged with comprehensive university, such as
2718:. On May 5, 1909, $ 50,000 was appropriated. On October 25, 1910 the cornerstone of North Hall was laid for the State Normal School of Colorado. C. A. Hollingshead was principal of the two year normal advanced and four year normal elementary (High school). In 1916 the name was changed to
2594:
A Kentucky law enacted in 1922 authorized the creation of two new state-run normal schools in addition to those already operating in Bowling Green and Richmond (the institutions now known respectively as Western Kentucky University and Eastern Kentucky University). A normal school in
1368:
by the Church of England which continued for a number of years. In 1921 the first non-denominational normal school was initiated and was discontinued in 1932. It was reorganized in 1934 as a department of the Memorial University College. In 1949, the institution's name was changed to
2176:
Opened as Iowa State Normal School in 1876, the school took over the facilities that the state of Iowa originally built to be home to orphans of its Civil War Veterans. The school changed to Iowa State Teachers College in 1909, then State College of Iowa in 1961 before becoming the
707:, teacher training colleges were renamed "Colleges of Education". Later in the 20th century some became a "College of Higher Education" or an "Institute of Higher Education". For information about academic divisions devoted to this field outside of the United States and Canada, see
463:. The French concept of an "Ă©cole normale" was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building. Although a
2604:, but the Normal School soon had its own facilities. The Normal School went through several name changes in the following decadesâfirst to Murray State Normal School and Teachers College (1922), Murray State Teachers College (1930), Murray State College (1948), and finally
1429:
and commenced classes on February 1, 1900. By 1958, the building was no longer adequate and was moved to a new location on Western Rd. In 1973, London Teachers' College (as it was then called) (Elborn) merged with Althouse College to form the Faculty of Education at the
1004:
runs a total of 27 Institutes of Teacher Education (ITEs), which were formerly known as Teacher Training Colleges. These ITEs function primarily to educated both undergraduate and postgraduate teacher trainees. The ministry bureau responsible for overseeing them is the
447:. Some of these universities, particularly in Asia, retain the word "Normal" in their name to highlight their historical purpose. In Canada, most normal schools were eventually assimilated into a university as its faculty of education, offering a one or two-year
2549:, in effect until 1967, which prohibed racial integration in education. In 1891 the legislature changed its name to State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Students, and in 1909 to Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. Today it is the
2581:
in 1901. The Normal School went through several name changes in the following decadesâfirst to Eastern Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College (1922), Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College (1930), Eastern Kentucky State College (1948), and finally
2346:
In 1876, local businessman A. W. Mell opened a private normal school and business college in the small South Central Kentucky town of Glasgow. The institution changed its name to Southern Normal School and Business College when it moved to the larger city of
2468:
Chartered in 1886 as a state-supported school for training black teachers for the black schools of Kentucky, the school opened in 1887 with three teachers and 55 students. The school went through a series of changes of name and purpose, including becoming a
2308:
Florence Normal School is one of many state normal schools that developed into four-year state teachers' colleges and eventually into comprehensive state universities. This is the site of the first state-supported normal school established south of the
1853:
1656:
in 1921. Many normal schools were founded in the postrevolutionary period to train the sons and daughters of peasants as teachers. In the 1960s, normal school students joined in the widespread student agitation to create systemic change in Mexico. The
2227:
This was one of the schools of higher learning provided for in North Dakotaâs 1889 constitution. Courses included American citizenship, cooking, woodworking, physical education, and others that together were offered as âa living symbol of democracyâ.
2150:
Mankato Normal School was the second normal school in Minnesota. Students were usually 17â19 years old when they entered. The student body, which peaked at about 900 in 1920â21, was approximately three-fourths female. In 1921 the school evolved into
1452:, offering advanced level courses suitable for high-school teachers. In 1897, the school was moved to Hamilton and renamed Ontario Normal College. The college closed in 1906 and the training was taken over by the faculties of education at the
480:
Thus, normal schools, as the teacher training schools, were tasked with both developing this new curriculum and developing the techniques through which teachers would instill these ideas, behaviors and values in the minds of their students.
2039:
1800:, after the legislative mandate to move from a teachers' college to a broad-based liberal arts institution. The New Jersey Commission on Higher Education granted William Paterson university status in June 1997 and it is now known as The
958:
in 1872. Eventually, prefectural normal schools for primary teachers were established in all prefectures. Japanese-style normal schools were also established in the colonies of Taiwan, Korea, and Manchukuo under Japanese rule.
1968:). Bids were opened by the State Board of Education in Peoria on 7 May 1857 and the offer from Bloomington, Illinois, was accepted. The normal school was located near the village of North Bloomington, which later was renamed
2713:
in the northeast part of town. Grounds were surveyed and fenced, shade trees added, drives laid out, and the lawns seeded. 12 cents remained of the $ 2,500 allotted. In 1903 a bill for $ 18,000 for maintenance was vetoed by
847:, China. This comprehensive institution included the first normal school on the Chinese mainland. Since 1949, many former normal schools in China have developed into comprehensive research universities. As of 2012,
2071:, but the "miscellaneous appropriations bill of 1876" caused Leavenworth and Concordia to close and consolidated operations at the Emporia location. Other normal schools were opened in Kansas including in 1902 the
1840:, the first time the method had ever been used in the United States. Sheldon's school became Oswego State Teachers College in 1942, and was upgraded again to a liberal arts college in 1962, becoming known as
1525:
The Saskatchewan Normal School, also once known as the Regina Normal School, was founded as early as 1890 in Regina moving into its first permanent structure in January, 1914. In 1964 it was transferred to
769:, there were at least three institutions which included the word "Normal" in their name: Normal School, Brecon, subsequently relocated to become Normal College Swansea (where the academic and mathematician
1389:
began in 1855 as the Provincial Nova Scotia Normal School opened in Truro, Nova Scotia. The school was closed in 1997 and the program essentially consolidated with other provincial universities including
867:
1131:
NCUE didn't adopt the term "normal university" because its predecessor was named Taiwan Provincial College of Education, and it was unrelated to the subsequent trend of renaming education universities.
832:) refers to a modern comprehensive university established as a normal school in the early twentieth century. These "normal universities" are usually controlled by the national or provincial government.
2325:
In 1873, the State Normal School and University for the Education of the Colored Teachers and Students, informally called the Huntsville Normal School, was founded at a site which is today part of
1572:"to afford the benefit of education and training to the black and coloured population." Today, it offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in a variety of education and liberal arts disciplines.
381:
within students. "Norms" included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of curriculum.
1252:
was initially located at 412 â 7 Street SW in Calgary in what is called the McDougall School founded shortly after Alberta became a province in 1905. Its history is part of the founding of the
555:
2112:
School was renamed the Indiana State Teachers College, and in 1961, was renamed Indiana State College due to an expanding mission. In 1965, the Indiana General Assembly renamed the college as
1467:
was built in 1874 and opened in 1875. It was located at 195 Elgin Street. It was renamed the Ottawa Teachers' College in 1953, and was subsequently merged into the Faculty of Education of the
2816:
2573:
The same Kentucky law that authorized the state to take over the school now known as Western Kentucky University (see 1876 above) also led to the creation of a second normal school in
2329:. In 1878, the name changed to State Normal and Industrial School. In 1885 the name was changed again, to State Normal and Industrial School of Huntsville. In 1890, the post office of
1812:
Founded in 1855, the college was located in Trenton until 1928, when it moved to Ewing Township, where four year baccalaureate degrees began to be offered. The college exists today as
467:, it was the official school for the childrenâprimary or secondary.. Alternatively, the name derives from the objective of the institution to teach the practice or norms of pedagogy,
3965:
934:, IKIP). Presidential Decision No. 93 Year 1999 allowed IKIP to develop non-educational sciences and marked the end of specialised teacher education higher institutions in general.
1736:, and a normal school provided high school-level instruction as part of preparation for teaching the elementary common schools. Many American universities began as normal schools.
806:, the "normal school" terminology is still preserved in the official English names of former normal schools established in the late 19th and early 20th century. The Chinese term
3163:
2900:
2445:
Hill. The school's name had changed in 1893 to "Winthrop Normal and Industrial College of South Carolina", reflecting its mission to prepare some students for industrial jobs.
614:
in 1778 to train teachers. In 2018, the Faculty of Education in Sombor celebrated 240 years since the founding of the first school for the education of Serbian teachers called
1169:
in 2007. Some of them were merged with professional university, such as Taipei Physical Education College was merged with Taipei Municipal University of Education to form the
722:, traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were also established by religious institutions, and most were single-sex until
1712:
708:
899:. Indonesian government created crash program around 1950 as B-I/B-II/PGSLP course. In year 1954, the government opened the Teacher Education Higher Education Institutions (
3678:
2142:
1291:, that is, from the Upper Fraser Valley and communities in the interior of the province â enrolled in the Normal School in Victoria. That school was originally located in
358:
3048:
1972:
in honor of the school. The school, originally known as Illinois State Normal University (ISNU), and also known as the Illinois State Teachers College, is now known as
1760:
Millersville Normal School was founded in 1855 as the first normal school in Pennsylvania. Over the years it has changed its name a number of times eventually becoming
2452:
to a college with a four-year full curriculum, it also developed a graduate division. By 1992 it reflected this development, changing its name to Winthrop University.
1716:
988:
During the postwar educational reform, normal schools were reorganized into universities' education faculties, arts and sciences faculty or universities of education.
714:
A restructuring of higher education in the UK during the first two decades of the 21st century resulted in some establishments taking the status of "university". The
2221:
4129:
2550:
1030:
591:
654:
included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of
2561:
A normal school founded as Watauga Academy in 1899, the institution was named Appalachian State Normal School in between 1925 and 1929. Today, it is known as
2832:
2372:
1199:
642:
in Serbian) which eventually was relocated back to Sombor in 1816. The Normal school â Teachers College is generally considered the first normal school or
627:
2298:
2052:
1708:
1093:
1089:
550:
1049:
was originally established as a normal school in 1902; in 1994, it was recognized by the Philippines government as a Center for Teaching Excellence.
2894:
2846:
2842:
2510:
1895:
the State University College for Teachers at Buffalo (1951â1959), the State University College of Education at Buffalo (1960â1961), and finally the
1365:
1223:
1162:
2541:; Tallahassee was chosen because it had the state's highest proportion of black people, having been the center of Florida's slave trade before the
4373:
3026:
2800:
2782:
1761:
1292:
1804:
of New Jersey (WPUNJ). The second oldest public university in the state; Rutgers (public) and Princeton (private) being older and pre-colonial.
3949:
3733:
3706:
3662:
3543:
2960:
2930:
2796:
2772:
1662:
436:
38:
3652:
3598:
2986:
2970:
2754:
1101:
1097:
659:
31:
1984:
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15, in June 1871. It trained mostly teachers through the end of World War II and then branched out into other disciplines. It is today's
1037:, the Philippine Normal School. It was converted into a college in 1949 and was elevated to its present university status in 1992 as the
2744:
2152:
1896:
1745:
1702:
1370:
735:
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1594:
Perhaps the oldest continually operating normal school in Latin America is the Escuela Normal Superior JosĂ© Abelardo NĂșñez, founded in
524:. Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher.
3748:
David F. Labaree. "An uneasy relationship: The history of teacher education in the university" in Marilyn Cochran-Smith, et al., eds.
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1992:
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4139:
3101:
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2701:, Colorado, 1885 introduced a bill for a State Normal School. The bill was rejected. The bill revived in 1896. State Representative
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1085:
1081:
1066:
254:
236:
134:
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1832:
becoming the Oswego State Normal and Training School. The school was part of the training program Sheldon devised to introduce the
1685:, normal schools were primarily associated with women's religious schools although in modern times have admitted men, thus forming
1457:
545:
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3701:. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C., Pub. by the Hugh Birch-Horace Mann Fund for the American Association of Teachers Colleges.
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1534:. Another normal school was founded in the early 1920s in Moose Jaw and was later transferred into the Regina campus in 1959.
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in Chinaâwere established and operated as normal schools before they expanded their faculties and transformed themselves into
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2852:
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1300:
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170:
101:
63:
1877:
While the state created the Maryland State Normal School in the state constitution of 1864, MSNS wouldn't open its doors in
978:
520:
In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local
217:
4292:
2015:
The first state-authorized normal college to open west of the Mississippi River was Winona State Normal School, now called
1724:
In the United States, the former normal schools that survive in the 21st century have become colleges, usually requiring a
346:, the equivalent colleges typically educated teachers for primary schools and later extended their curricula to also cover
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2836:
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under the Newfoundland School Society. This institution continued until 1901. In 1910, a normal school was established in
1219:
1046:
739:
727:
566:
417:
189:
1952:
passed an act to establish a normal school on 18 February 1857, and proposals were submitted to locate the new school in
658:". For the longest time, this was the only academy for teachers' training in Serbian. The first woman academician of the
3036:
3032:
2964:
2904:
2740:
2562:
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2408:
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1382:
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1038:
970:
852:
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A century of public teacher education; the story of the State teachers colleges as they evolved from the normal schools
2047:
In 1863, the Kansas Legislature passed an act to establish the Kansas State Normal Schools, starting with the first in
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2990:
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2727:
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2356:
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2200:
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1933:
1801:
1349:
1215:
1191:
1026:
405:
278:
4273:
Heward, Christine. "Men and women and the rise of professional society: the intriguing history of teacher educators"
646:
in Sombor. The term "normal" in this case refers to "the goal of the institution to instill and reinforce particular
196:
3353:
Christine Heward, "Men and women and the rise of professional society: the intriguing history of teacher educators"
966:(ćž«çŻćŠæ Ąä»€) was promulgated and the Higher Normal School (é«çćž«çŻćŠæ Ą) was established in Tokyo to train secondary teachers.
594:(LEU), former Vilnius Pedagogical University (VPU) is the main teachers' training institution, established in 1935.
4348:
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2980:
2950:
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2165:
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2080:
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1615:
1603:
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in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, the first state-supported normal school was established by the Commonwealth of
1009:. The ITEs also run in-service teacher training and continuous professional development among qualified teachers.
4368:
3391:
3191:
2826:
2764:
2638:
2526:
2490:
2416:
2352:
2335:
2056:
1973:
1965:
1813:
1773:
1403:
1226:, which became colleges of education that trained secondary as well as primary and intermediate school teachers.
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program, have been ranked the top two among the mainland Chinese universities that originated as normal schools.
848:
521:
440:
377:. The term "normal" in this context refers to the goal of these institutions to instill and reinforce particular
354:
283:
1006:
4314:
2914:
2237:
2113:
1793:
1041:. In 2009, it was named National Center of Excellence for Teacher Education by virtue of Republic Act 9647. In
747:
203:
116:
3791:
3395:
3312:
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In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once named as such, and were independent institutions.
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2433:
2348:
2064:
2016:
1841:
1557:
1538:
1494:
1438:
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Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue
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1344:
Teachers' College. It closed in 1973, and its staff were integrated into the faculties of education at the
1245:
3000:
2996:
2715:
2281:, with large numbers of freed slaves to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic to. The school was part of
1857:
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1328:
1257:
1203:
1057:
401:
185:
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in 1966. Another Normal school was founded at Camrose (also called Rosehaven Normal school) in 1912. The
963:
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2934:
2470:
2285:, although in the 19th century it did not provide college-level instruction. The school closed in 1955.
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2020:
1957:
1929:
1825:
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1253:
1207:
1195:
974:
774:
715:
448:
3516:
3492:
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1565:
1545:
was founded in 1912 and served until 1953. It has now been integrated with the Faculty of Education at
2845:, established as Fredonia Academy in 1826, became a normal school December 2, 1867. In 1948 it became
2825:
1882 â Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, then Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, later
3068:
3064:
2940:
2768:
2698:
2565:
and has evolved into a comprehensive four-year university, including the Reich College of Education.
2538:
1674:
1531:
1468:
1464:
1442:
1422:
1170:
982:
731:
493:
451:
degree. Such a degree requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study.
370:
2436:
was the Louisiana State Normal School until 1918, Louisiana State Normal College from 1918 to 1944.
3560:
3435:
2786:
2629:, created in 1857 to train teachers for San Francisco's schools. It was taken over by the State of
2326:
2060:
1937:
1725:
1653:
1018:
794:
674:
509:
444:
347:
323:
3540:
3450:
2702:
2043:
Officers and students of the Fort Hays Auxiliary State Normal School â first yearâ1902â1903 (1902)
1642:(1887). The Mexican normal school system was nationalized and reorganized in the period after the
798:
Students of the Beiyang Women's Normal School, an early example of a normal school in China (1912)
4213:
3259:
2884:
2710:
2670:
2574:
2542:
2522:
2131:
1733:
1729:
1643:
1607:
1482:
1386:
781:. The latter was one of the last institutions in the UK to retain the word "Normal" in its name.
770:
272:
69:
3877:
3216:
3138:
891:, there were specialised higher institutions to train teacher by educating them in the norms of
662:
2689:
2376:
example of public funds supporting education for women in North Carolina. One of the teachers,
4135:
3945:
3729:
3702:
3658:
3633:
3613:
2876:
2723:
2662:
2448:
The college was segregated until 1964. It became fully coeducational in 1974. Evolving from a
2302:
2084:
2068:
2000:
1953:
1883:
1797:
1391:
1117:
670:
666:
611:
533:
464:
432:
339:
299:
4106:
4004:
726:. Since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right (e.g.
4278:
3625:
3358:
3278:
3251:
3111:
3088:
2674:
2658:
2596:
1961:
1837:
1829:
1561:
1311:
1284:
1276:
1158:
1136:
1105:
951:
811:
704:
393:
385:
318:, but in Mexico, continue to be called normal schools, with student-teachers being known as
210:
3547:
3106:
3096:
2626:
2330:
2277:
It served primarily African-American students; teachers were desperately needed after the
2048:
1595:
1426:
1415:
1296:
840:
3333:
1598:, in 1842 as the Escuela de Preceptores de Santiago under the direction of the emininent
2726:
enacted the new name Western State Colorado University, and in 2018 the current name of
4031:
North Dakota History, Journal of the Northern Plains, 2022, Vol. 87, No. 1, Page 18â34.
3387:
2706:
2578:
2282:
2278:
2031:
1288:
1113:
836:
803:
699:
537:
413:
3696:
2460:
4342:
3263:
2790:
2678:
1854:
Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People
1785:
1780:
to train teachers for NJ schools. In 1951, the school moved to the present campus in
1569:
1190:
can refer to a primary or intermediate school used for teacher training, such as the
1080:, three universities served as national normal universities historically. Located in
397:
327:
2194:
1892 - Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
1299:. In 1956 the responsibility for provincial teacher training was transferred to The
622:
before it was closed in 1811, and another school was opened in its place in 1812 in
2908:
2377:
2103:
2076:
2019:, which opened in 1858. Its creation was one of the first acts of the newly formed
1999:
public school system in 1857 and claims to be the oldest normal school west of the
1824:
Established as Oswego Normal School, the Oswego State Normal School was founded by
1777:
1125:
723:
425:
17:
4018:
2293:
1920:
286:, an example of a comprehensive research university established as a normal school
4263:
Hayhoe, Ruth, and Jun Li. "The idea of a normal university in the 21st century."
4089:"About EKU | Eastern Kentucky University | Eastern Kentucky University"
1418:, the Ontario Normal School system came into being beginning in Toronto in 1847.
634:
or Royal Pedagogium Of The Illyrian-Serbian Nation (also referred to in Latin as
37:"Teachers college" redirects here. For the graduate school in New York City, see
2776:
1611:
1514:
1510:
1493:
The Prince Edward Island Normal School has its origin in 1856 on the grounds of
1478:
was officially opened on September 15, 1908, and operated until the late 1960s.
1218:
in Dunedin. They were associated with a teachers' training college, such as the
1042:
1022:
906:
856:
759:
719:
501:
497:
326:
for entry, and may be part of a comprehensive university. Normal schools in the
152:
3858:
3217:"Theory, History, and Practice of Education: Fin de siĂšcle and a new beginning"
4056:
3078:
2630:
2310:
2241:
1034:
896:
655:
623:
505:
459:
The term "normal school" originated in the early 17th century from the French
307:
4282:
3637:
3629:
3362:
3173:. Institute of Education Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University. Archived from
2693:
North Hall of the present day Taylor Hall, Western Colorado University (2012)
1792:. In 1971, it was renamed William Paterson College of New Jersey in honor of
758:) or merged with another university to become its faculty of education (e.g.
3770:
1996:
1878:
1781:
1599:
1542:
1361:
1280:
1109:
888:
880:
607:
335:
2537:
Also in 1887, the State Normal College for Colored Students was founded in
1120:
and other fields. These schools' missions have expanded since to make them
4327:
3164:"Teacher Education in China : Current Situation & Related Issues"
3082:
2709:
approved the bill April 16, 1901. Trustees were elected and plans made in
267:
4289:
Teacher education in America: Reform agendas for the twenty-first century
3990:
3654:
Teacher Education in America: Reform Agendas for the Twenty-First Century
2650:
1949:
1690:
1682:
1324:
997:
892:
872:
844:
421:
303:
2806:
2521:
In 1887, Morehead Normal School was founded as a private institution in
2388:
1848:
1865 â Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers, Baltimore, Maryland
1673:
In Panama, the Escuela Normal Juan DemĂłstenes Arosemena was founded in
1481:
The Stratford Normal School was founded at 270 Water Street in 1908 in
1249:
1025:, one can find the oldest normal school for girls in the Far East, the
914:
578:
In Italy, Normal Schools now are called Liceo delle Scienze Umane. The
564:
in France now mainly train researchers, who spend one year teaching in
489:
389:
4199:
Representatives, Colorado General Assembly House of (1 January 1901).
4070:
3900:"The Historical Marker Database (Wisconsin First State Normal School)"
3725:
The Classless Profession: American Schoolmen in the Nineteenth Century
3614:"Nineteenth-Century Normal Schools in the United States: a Fresh Look"
2653:
legislature passed the controversial Senate Bill 104 to establish the
2533:
1887 â State Normal College for Colored Students, Tallahassee, Florida
3899:
2569:
1906 â Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1, Richmond, Kentucky
2506:
1678:
1144:
1077:
1070:
918:
910:
819:
679:
603:
374:
343:
331:
4239:
3541:
The faculty of education: An interpretation of history and purposes.
3239:
2835:
or Northwest Normal School or State Normal School at Whatcom, later
2809:
later State University of New York College at Buffalo also known as
2342:
1876 â Glasgow Normal School and Business College, Glasgow, Kentucky
361:, founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the
119:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4019:"History of the University â About Missouri State â Missouri State"
3966:"Archive Records Peru State College (Nebraska State Normal School)"
3255:
2456:
1886 â State Normal School for Colored Persons, Frankfort, Kentucky
384:
The first public normal school in the United States was founded in
2688:
2464:
1898, State Normal School for Colored Persons, Frankfort, Kentucky
2459:
2387:
2292:
2258:
2141:
2102:
2038:
2030:
1983:
1919:
1901:
1869:
Teacher's College and authorized to confer the bachelor's degree.
1310:
955:
941:
793:
777:(founded 1858), which survived until 1996, when it became part of
766:
409:
366:
277:
266:
4258:
Teacher Development and Teacher Education in Developing Countries
4229:. Denver: Sage Books, 1963. The Western Slope acquires a college.
3422:"The normal school: by A. Wells. The model school: by W.J. Unwin"
2236:
In 1871, the Northwestern Ohio Normal School, which later became
4201:"House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado"
4043:
History of the University of North Carolina, Vol. II (1868â1912)
3922:. Grand Island, Nebraska: The Augustine Company. pp. 13â14.
3821:
2810:
2245:
1788:, twenty-fourth vice president of the United States and renamed
1721:
Schools listed are sorted by region, then date of establishment.
876:
3313:"240 GODINA OBRAZOVANJA SRPSKIH UÄITELJA U SOMBORU â Ravnoplov"
2363:
1877 â Summer Normal School of the University of North Carolina
1932:
in the United States was the Michigan State Normal School, now
1796:, a United States Supreme Court Justice appointed by President
1153:, abbreviated ćž«éą; shÄ«yuĂ n, "normal colleges") were established
416:
in 1895 as the normal school of the Nanyang Public School (now
3517:"ïŒ1ïŒThe University Order and the Growth of UniversitiesïŒæéšç§ćŠç"
2203:
in 1959 under the university's 6th president Judson W. Foust.
2035:
First graduating class at the Kansas State Normal School, 1867
146:
84:
43:
4155:
4109:. The Ledger & Times, Murray, Kentucky. December 11, 1970
3844:
Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Volume 6
2557:
1899 â Appalachian State Normal School, Boone, North Carolina
2424:
1884 â Louisiana State Normal School, Natchitoches, Louisiana
2380:, was the first female teacher of classes at the university.
1936:. It was created by legislative action in 1849 and opened in
1756:
1855 â Millersville Normal School, Millersville, Pennsylvania
1033:. The first secular normal school was founded in 1901 by the
4088:
3971:. History Nebraska (Nebraska State Historical Society). 2007
2685:
1910 â Western State College of Colorado, Gunnison, Colorado
2475:
Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons
1784:
which was purchased by the State in 1948 from the family of
1768:
1855 â The Paterson City Normal School, Paterson, New Jersey
618:. It was a teacher training college at the beginning called
551:
Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation
2923:
1891 â Washington State Normal School in Ellensburg, later
2617:
1857 â California State Normal School, San Jose, California
1864:
1866 â Keystone State Normal School, Kutztown, Pennsylvania
1414:
Thanks largely in part to the effort of education reformer
1263:
In 1945 all normal schools in Alberta were merged into the
3847:. Kansas State Historical Society. 1900. pp. 114â116.
3451:"Top 10 normal universities (teachers' colleges) in China"
2705:
succeeded in appropriating $ 2,500 for land in 1901. Gov.
2489:, and finally in 1972 it became what it is known today as
2440:
1886 â Winthrop Training School, Rock Hill, South Carolina
1808:
1855 â New Jersey State Normal School, Trenton, New Jersey
1360:
The Wesleyan Normal Day School was founded in 1852 by the
271:"County Normal" above an entrance to the normal school in
30:"State Normal School" redirects here. For other uses, see
2273:
1868 â Storer Normal School, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
1995:, now a state university in Missouri, was founded by the
1944:
1857 â Illinois State Normal University, Normal, Illinois
602:
In Serbia, the first public normal school was founded in
4277:(1993) , 22:1, 11â32, in Great Britain in 19th century.
4216:
This ref links to an earlier generation of Hollingshead.
3942:
Nebraska's First College â Shaping the Future Since 1867
2407:
was opened in 1879 as Sam Houston Normal Institute (now
2120:
1866 â Platteville Normal School, Platteville, Wisconsin
2099:
1865 â Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana
1916:
1853 â Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Michigan
1873:
1866 â Maryland State Normal School, Baltimore, Maryland
543:, high school teachers and university professors at the
3375:
The Training of Teachers in England and Wales 1800â1975
3357:(1993), 22:1, 11â32, in Great Britain in 19th century.
2207:
1894 â Springfield Normal School, Springfield, Missouri
1820:
1861 â Oswego Primary Teachers School, Oswego, New York
108:
3944:. Marceline, MO: Omaha World-Herald. pp. 9, 135.
3493:"a. The Promulgation of the Normal School OrderïŒæéšç§ćŠç"
2645:
1890 â Colorado State Normal School, Greeley, Colorado
2497:
1887 â Croatan Normal School, Pembroke, North Carolina
2403:
The first normal school in what is now considered the
2384:
1879 â Sam Houston Normal Institute, Huntsville, Texas
2159:
1869 â Third State Normal School, St. Cloud, Minnesota
1746:
Normal schools in the United States § New England
1640:
Escuela Normal para Profesores de InstrucciĂłn Primaria
950:
In Japan, the normal school (ćž«çŻćŠæ Ą) was established at
2479:
Kentucky State Industrial College for Colored Persons
2415:
1882 â Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (now
1509:
were established in 1857, two for French speakers in
3286:
3145:
and Chihuahua's Agrarian Struggle in the 1960s". In
2011:
1858 â Winona State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota
1713:
History of secondary education in the United States
1693:, they are known as Instituto de FormaciĂłn Docente.
1448:
A school of pedagogy was formed in association with
2590:
1922 â Murray State Normal School, Murray, Kentucky
2125:
1867 â Nebraska State Normal School, Peru, Nebraska
1980:
1857 â Harris Teachers College, St. Louis, Missouri
1295:and later in its own building which is now part of
709:
Postgraduate Training in Education (disambiguation)
177:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3025:1909 â Santa Barbara State Normal School, later
2289:1872 â Florence Normal School, Huntsville, Alabama
2185:1888 â Moorhead Normal School, Moorhead, Minnesota
2172:1876 â Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls, Iowa
1836:method of education to the schools of the city of
492:, schools of education only exist in the state of
359:Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools
4156:"Learn About the University of Northern Colorado"
3469:"a. The Establishment of the Normal SchoolïŒæéšç§ćŠç"
3049:California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt
2517:1887 â Morehead Normal School, Morehead, Kentucky
2130:Peru State Teachers College. The current name of
1717:History of higher education in the United States
1626:Mexico founded early normal schools, such as the
1434:. The building is now a prominent area landmark.
560:(Graduate School of Teaching and Education). The
532:In France, a two-tier system developed after the
2501:The school was established March 7, 1887 by the
2248:âone in the northwestern part of the state (now
2146:State Normal School at Mankato, Minnesota (1901)
2138:1868 â Mankato Normal School, Mankato, Minnesota
1560:is the oldest teacher training institute in the
985:) were established for Normal School graduates.
929:
923:
900:
3991:"Minnesota State University Moorhead's History"
3279:"PradĆŸia â Lietuvos edukologijos universitetas"
2893:1889- Slippery Rock State Normal School, later
1530:Regina Campus and in 1974 becoming part of the
1275:In 1901, the first Provincial Normal School in
3859:"History of FHSU â Fort Hays State University"
3307:
3305:
3303:
2551:Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University
1828:, and recognized as a state school in 1866 by
1564:world outside of Europe. It was founded under
408:. The first modern teacher training school in
4128:Anderson, Mark; Trask, Jay (27 August 2018).
2661:signed into law on April 1, 1889. Located in
2244:of 1910 authorized two new normal schools in
1323:Central Normal School was founded in 1882 in
592:Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences
8:
3695:Harper, Charles A. (Charles Athiel) (1939).
3134:
3132:
2833:Washington State Normal School at Bellingham
2252:) and another in the northeastern part (now
2222:Ellendale State Normal and Industrial School
1988:Texas Normal School Board of Regents in 1922
1331:in 1965, becoming its Faculty of Education.
855:, both members of the national government's
500:(primary school) and secondary schools like
310:. Many such schools have since been called
3047:1915 â Humboldt State Normal School, later
2373:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
2321:1873 â State Normal School, Normal, Alabama
1628:Escuela Normal de Enseñanza Mutua de Oaxaca
1200:Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School
628:Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation
536:: primary school teachers were educated at
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3149:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2018
2430:Northwestern State University of Louisiana
2027:1863 â Kansas State Normal Schools, Kansas
1709:History of education in the United States
843:to establish the Nanyang Public School in
835:In 1895, Qing banking tycoon and educator
582:now focus mainly on training researchers.
3750:Handbook of research on teacher education
3041:1910 â Mississippi Normal College, later
2807:Buffalo Normal School opened September 13
2621:The first state-run normal school on the
2263:Reconstructed classroom at Storer College
2053:Emporia State University Teachers College
1260:was opened in 1920 in Edmonton, Alberta.
1094:National Changhua University of Education
922:established Teacher Education Institute (
697:Following the recommendation of the 1963
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Educational institution to train teachers
3902:. by Wisconsin Historical Society. 1985.
2895:Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania
2847:State University of New York at Fredonia
2511:University of North Carolina at Pembroke
2212:Enrollment was as high as 700 students.
1924:Diploma from a normal school in the U.S.
1772:A land grant institution founded as the
1652:(Secretariat of Public Education) under
1315:St. Boniface Normal School, designed by
1163:National Hualien University of Education
1056:
866:
549:. Nowadays all teachers are educated in
400:on the northeast corner of the historic
4107:"The Origin of Murray State University"
3599:"Return to Normal School name in works"
3561:"HistoricPlaces.ca â HistoricPlaces.ca"
3334:"University of Novi Sad â About Sombor"
3128:
3027:University of California, Santa Barbara
2801:Southern Illinois University Carbondale
2783:State Normal School of Marshall College
2199:university and gained its current name
1890:1871 â Normal School, Buffalo, New York
1762:Millersville University of Pennsylvania
1632:Escuela Normal Mixta de San Luis PotosĂ
2979:1898 â San Diego Normal School, later
2428:From its founding in 1884 until 1944,
1108:teachers and also trains teachers for
1029:. It is a sectarian school run by the
979:Hiroshima Arts and Sciences University
433:public or state-supported universities
4071:"History â Kentucky State University"
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3436:"Image of the Normal College Swansea"
2961:Northern Illinois State Normal School
2931:State Normal School (Athens, Georgia)
2797:Southern Illinois State Normal School
2773:University of California, Los Angeles
1425:was located at 165 Elmwood Avenue in
931:Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan
496:. These schools prepare teachers for
39:Teachers College, Columbia University
7:
3585:Education and Ontario Family History
3157:
3155:
2987:Western Illinois State Normal School
2971:Eastern Illinois State Normal School
2755:Mansfield University of Pennsylvania
2419:) was founded, Petersburg, Virginia.
2116:in recognition of continued growth.
1928:The first normal school west of the
1104:), the schools primarily cultivates
1102:National Kaohsiung Normal University
660:Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
632:Regium Pedagogium Nationis Illiricae
175:adding citations to reliable sources
32:State Normal School (disambiguation)
4045:. Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton.
2997:Southwest Texas State Normal School
2745:Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
2153:Minnesota State University, Mankato
2107:Indiana State's Fairbanks Hall Dome
2073:Western Branch of the Kansas Normal
1897:State University College at Buffalo
1703:Normal schools in the United States
1371:Memorial University of Newfoundland
871:Trainee teachers at the college in
3818:"Emporia State University History"
3043:University of Southern Mississippi
2945:University of Massachusetts Lowell
2901:State Normal School at Valley City
2857:California State University, Chico
2509:Indian teachers. Today, it is The
2483:Kentucky State College for Negroes
1663:Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers' College
1474:The Peterborough Normal School in
971:Tokyo Arts and Sciences University
946:Tokyo Higher Normal School in 1887
302:by educating them in the norms of
25:
3612:Herbst, Jurgen (September 1980).
3102:List of normal schools by country
3059:North Carolina Central University
3007:San Francisco State Normal School
2720:Western State College of Colorado
2545:. The founding date reflects the
2396:, the first normal school in the
2367:In accordance with an act of the
1606:. The first normal school in the
1602:educator, writer, and politician
1212:Tahuna Normal Intermediate School
1086:National Taiwan Normal University
1067:National Taiwan Normal University
59:This article has multiple issues.
4326:
4005:"Normal School, Springfield, Mo"
3141:. "'Latent Sites of Agitation':
3081:
2679:the Lowry neighborhood of Denver
2473:in 1890, in 1902 it was renamed
2240:, was founded in Ada, Ohio. The
2089:Manual Training Auxiliary School
902:Perguruan Tinggi Pendidikan Guru
736:St Mary's University, Twickenham
630:. The new institution was named
580:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
151:
89:
48:
4297:The World Academy of Sciences.
4265:Frontiers of Education in China
4187:Photo of Archibald M. Stevenson
4131:University of Northern Colorado
3033:West Texas State Normal College
2881:University of Northern Colorado
2873:State Normal School of Colorado
2667:University of Northern Colorado
2655:State Normal School of Colorado
2503:North Carolina General Assembly
2369:North Carolina General Assembly
1790:Paterson State Teachers College
1665:was a major scandal in Mexico.
1661:of normal school students from
1649:SecretarĂa de EducaciĂłn PĂșblica
1341:New Brunswick Teachers' College
1061:A lecture hall dating from the
650:within students". Also, these "
162:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
4374:Types of university or college
4260:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018)
3752:(Routledge, 2008) pp. 290â306.
3240:"The Normal-School Curriculum"
3215:Reginald Edwards (Fall 1991).
3011:San Francisco State University
2955:University of Minnesota Duluth
2919:University of Central Oklahoma
2853:California State Normal School
2851:1887 â Northern Branch of the
2761:California State Normal School
2734:Other normal schools in the US
2635:California State Normal School
2250:Bowling Green State University
1301:University of British Columbia
1149:
1135:Ten Taiwanese normal schools (
824:
512:are educated at universities.
1:
3876:Vosburgh, Haydan (May 2012).
3796:Platt County Journal Republic
3244:The Elementary School Journal
3037:West Texas A&M University
2925:Central Washington University
2867:Eastern Washington University
2863:State Normal School at Cheney
2837:Western Washington University
2821:Eastern Washington University
2751:Mansfield State Normal School
1993:HarrisâStowe State University
1432:University of Western Ontario
1220:Auckland College of Education
1047:West Visayas State University
740:Newman University, Birmingham
728:Bishop Grosseteste University
418:Shanghai Jiao Tong University
355:St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle
298:is an institution created to
3065:Maryland State Normal School
2965:Northern Illinois University
2905:Valley City State University
2741:Edinboro State Normal School
2669:, with satellite centers in
2563:Appalachian State University
2547:Florida Constitution of 1885
2409:Sam Houston State University
2394:Sam Houston State University
1906:Michigan State Normal School
1383:Nova Scotia Teachers College
1224:Dunedin College of Education
1167:National Dong Hwa University
1039:Philippine Normal University
853:East China Normal University
412:was established by educator
3918:Longfellow, Ernest (1967).
3880:. Kansas Historical Society
3763:Eastern Michigan University
3722:Mattingly, Paul H. (1975).
3221:McGill Journal of Education
3021:Western Michigan University
3017:Western State Normal School
2991:Western Illinois University
2975:Eastern Illinois University
2889:Western Colorado University
2728:Western Colorado University
2627:Minns Evening Normal School
2584:Eastern Kentucky University
2357:Western Kentucky University
2315:University of North Alabama
2201:Central Michigan University
2179:University of Northern Iowa
2063:and from 1874 through 1876
1934:Eastern Michigan University
1852:Established in 1865 by the
1802:William Paterson University
1774:Paterson City Normal School
1689:(mixed normal schools). In
1350:University of New Brunswick
1216:George Street Normal School
1192:Epsom Normal Primary School
1027:Universidad de Santa Isabel
562:écoles normales supérieures
546:écoles normales supérieures
406:Framingham State University
115:the claims made and adding
4390:
3878:"Emporia State University"
3196:newsletter.alumni.ucla.edu
3055:Durham State Normal School
2981:San Diego State University
2951:Duluth State Normal School
2553:, commonly known as FAMU.
2336:Alabama A&M University
2166:St. Cloud State University
2093:Pittsburg State University
2091:, which eventually became
2081:Fort Hays State University
2055:. From 1870 through 1876,
2051:, which eventually became
1776:in the industrial city of
1743:
1720:
1706:
1700:
1604:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
1547:University of Saskatchewan
1528:University of Saskatchewan
1124:comprehensive research or
1007:Teacher Education Division
779:University of Wales Bangor
744:Plymouth Marjon University
36:
29:
4333:Teacher training colleges
4227:History with the Hide Off
4203:– via Google Books.
4189:Retrieved August 20, 2012
4144:– via Google Books.
3392:University of South Wales
2915:Territorial Normal School
2827:Virginia State University
2765:San José State University
2639:San Jose State University
2527:Morehead State University
2491:Kentucky State University
2417:Virginia State University
2353:Kentucky General Assembly
2057:Leavenworth Normal School
1974:Illinois State University
1814:The College of New Jersey
1728:for entrance. Before the
1497:in Charlottetown, P.E.I.
1356:Newfoundland and Labrador
1287:and students outside the
1267:'s faculty of education.
1210:in Palmerston North, and
1186:In New Zealand, the term
1165:, which were merged with
1159:at the end of World War 2
1140:
849:Beijing Normal University
839:gained approval from the
815:
730:; University of Chester;
441:Beijing Normal University
439:in the United States and
322:. Many schools require a
312:teacher training colleges
284:Beijing Normal University
4315:Normal schools in France
4283:10.1080/0046760930220102
4041:Battle, Kemp P. (1912).
3767:"A Brief History of EMU"
3630:10.1080/0046760800090303
3597:nurun.com (2013-03-14).
3550:Retrieved on 2008-12-29.
3539:Kymlicka, B. B. (1992).
3420:Wells, Algernon (1849).
3363:10.1080/0046760930220102
2242:Lowry Normal School Bill
2238:Ohio Northern University
2114:Indiana State University
1794:William Paterson (judge)
1687:escuelas normales mixtas
1570:Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton
925:Institut Pendidikan Guru
748:University of Winchester
3587:, Marian Press, p. 102,
3117:Normal Station, Memphis
2843:Fredonia Normal College
2817:Normal School at Cheney
2633:in 1862 and became the
2606:Murray State University
2083:. In 1904, a branch in
2065:Concordia Normal School
2017:Winona State University
1842:Oswego State University
1616:Eugenio MarĂa de Hostos
1610:was founded in 1875 by
1558:Mico University College
1539:Saskatoon Normal School
1495:Prince of Wales College
1439:North Bay Normal School
1230:North and South America
756:York St John University
752:University of Worcester
4287:Lucas, Christopher J.
4134:. Arcadia Publishing.
3940:Sullivan, Dan (2017).
3920:The Normal on the Hill
3388:"Memories of Caerleon"
3001:Texas State University
2694:
2487:Kentucky State College
2465:
2400:
2305:
2264:
2147:
2108:
2079:, eventually becoming
2044:
2036:
1989:
1925:
1907:
1858:Bowie State University
1614:educator and activist
1329:University of Manitoba
1320:
1317:Henry Sandham Griffith
1258:Edmonton Normal School
1204:Papakura Normal School
1073:
947:
930:
924:
901:
884:
799:
775:Normal College, Bangor
402:Lexington Battle Green
287:
275:
4256:Bashiruddin, Ayesha.
3651:NA, NA (1997-02-15).
3565:www.historicplaces.ca
3192:"How UCLA Came To Be"
2935:University of Georgia
2811:Buffalo State College
2722:. On August 1, 2012,
2692:
2463:
2391:
2359:was adopted in 1966.
2351:. In 1906, after the
2296:
2262:
2254:Kent State University
2145:
2134:was adopted in 1963.
2106:
2042:
2034:
2021:Minnesota Legislature
1987:
1964:, and Washington (in
1930:Appalachian Mountains
1923:
1905:
1826:Edward Austin Sheldon
1707:Further information:
1636:Normal de Guadalajara
1454:University of Toronto
1450:Toronto Normal School
1346:Université de Moncton
1314:
1265:University of Alberta
1254:University of Calgary
1246:Calgary Normal School
1208:Central Normal School
1196:Kelburn Normal School
1063:Japanese colonial era
1060:
1002:Ministry of Education
945:
870:
797:
716:University of Chester
677:are just some of the
449:Bachelor of Education
445:research universities
338:trained teachers for
281:
270:
4359:History of education
4354:Education by subject
4335:at Wikimedia Commons
4275:History of Education
3618:History of Education
3355:History of Education
3238:Brown, H.A. (1919).
3069:Salisbury University
2941:Lowell Normal School
2539:Tallahassee, Florida
2313:and now part of the
1732:public schools were
1675:Santiago de Veraguas
1659:2014 mass kidnapping
1532:University of Regina
1489:Prince Edward Island
1469:University of Ottawa
1465:Ottawa Normal School
1443:Nipissing University
1423:London Normal School
1293:Victoria High School
1171:University of Taipei
1031:Daughters of Charity
983:Hiroshima University
732:Edge Hill University
282:An entrance gate at
171:improve this article
4174:"Institution Names"
3679:"Resorce not Found"
3143:Normalistas Rurales
2787:Marshall University
2327:Huntsville, Alabama
2061:Leavenworth, Kansas
1938:Ypsilanti, Michigan
1726:high school diploma
1646:(1910â1920) by the
1155:under Japanese rule
964:Normal School Order
773:was educated); and
508:. Teachers for the
431:Many comprehensive
324:high school diploma
18:State Normal School
4303:Amazon description
4267:5 (2010): 74â103.
3546:2007-02-27 at the
3147:MĂ©xico Beyond 1968
2885:Gunnison, Colorado
2716:Gov. J. H. Peabody
2711:Gunnison, Colorado
2695:
2602:Murray High School
2523:Morehead, Kentucky
2471:land-grant college
2466:
2401:
2398:American Southwest
2306:
2265:
2148:
2132:Peru State College
2109:
2087:was opened as the
2045:
2037:
1990:
1926:
1908:
1734:elementary schools
1730:American Civil War
1644:Mexican Revolution
1608:Dominican Republic
1483:Stratford, Ontario
1458:Queen's University
1400:St. Francis Xavier
1321:
1074:
975:Tsukuba University
948:
885:
828:, abbreviated ćžć€§;
800:
771:John Viriamu Jones
404:; it evolved into
316:teachers' colleges
288:
276:
273:Viroqua, Wisconsin
100:possibly contains
4349:Teachers colleges
4331:Media related to
4291:(Springer, 1997)
3951:978-0-692-88708-0
3798:. January 8, 2013
3792:"Ardith V. Davis"
3735:978-0-8147-5400-9
3708:978-0-8371-3939-5
3664:978-1-137-07269-6
3401:on 12 August 2013
2883:, and in 1911 in
2877:Greeley, Colorado
2724:John Hickenlooper
2663:Greeley, Colorado
2657:, which Governor
2303:Florence, Alabama
2085:Pittsburg, Kansas
2069:Concordia, Kansas
2001:Mississippi River
1884:Towson University
1798:George Washington
1566:Lady Mico Charity
1396:Mount St. Vincent
1392:Acadia University
1118:special education
1114:elementary school
883:(October 5, 1929)
808:normal university
718:, founded by the
494:Baden-WĂŒrttemberg
465:laboratory school
265:
264:
257:
247:
246:
239:
221:
145:
144:
137:
102:original research
82:
16:(Redirected from
4381:
4369:Teacher training
4330:
4309:Related articles
4244:
4243:
4236:
4230:
4225:Wallace, Betty.
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3112:Normal, Illinois
3091:
3089:Education portal
3086:
3085:
2675:Colorado Springs
2659:Job Adams Cooper
1654:José Vasconcelos
1638:(1881), and the
1562:English-speaking
1505:The first three
1285:Vancouver Island
1277:British Columbia
1271:British Columbia
1151:
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1106:secondary school
933:
927:
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817:
705:higher education
675:Josif MarinkoviÄ
669:, the composers
559:
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357:established the
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3107:Normal, Alabama
3097:Female seminary
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3080:
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2699:A. M. Stevenson
2614:
2450:training school
2331:Normal, Alabama
2270:
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2049:Emporia, Kansas
1966:Tazewell County
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1753:
1748:
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1705:
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1596:Santiago, Chile
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1583:
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1507:Ăcoles normales
1503:
1491:
1427:London, Ontario
1416:Egerton Ryerson
1412:
1379:
1358:
1337:
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1297:Camosun College
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1242:
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1023:the Philippines
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3315:. Ravnoplov.rs
3299:
3277:Media, Fresh.
3269:
3256:10.1086/454743
3250:(4): 276â284.
3230:
3207:
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3180:on 2018-11-30.
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2707:James B. Orman
2697:State Senator
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4057:"Our History"
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4014:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3884:September 26,
3879:
3872:
3869:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3835:
3824:on 2014-08-25
3823:
3819:
3813:
3810:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3773:on 2008-01-04
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3731:
3728:. NYU Press.
3727:
3726:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3691:
3688:
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3674:
3671:
3666:
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3655:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3635:
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3627:
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3619:
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3605:
3600:
3593:
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3580:
3577:
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3556:
3553:
3549:
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3542:
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3533:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3485:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3289:on 2013-06-04
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3162:Yu, Tingjie.
3158:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2791:West Virginia
2788:
2784:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:was adopted.
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
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2660:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:Bowling Green
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2299:Wesleyan Hall
2295:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:The State of
1943:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:Garret Hobart
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1697:United States
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1580:
1576:Latin America
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1460:in Kingston.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1335:New Brunswick
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:normal school
1181:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
991:
989:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
962:In 1886, the
960:
957:
953:
952:Yushima Seido
944:
937:
935:
932:
926:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
882:
878:
874:
869:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
821:
813:
809:
805:
796:
789:
784:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
701:
695:
689:
687:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:Ăcole normale
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
620:Norma college
617:
613:
609:
605:
597:
595:
593:
585:
583:
581:
573:
571:
569:
568:
563:
557:
552:
548:
547:
542:
539:
538:départemental
535:
527:
525:
523:
515:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
481:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
461:Ă©cole normale
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:Massachusetts
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Ăcole normale
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:United States
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:normal school
285:
280:
274:
269:
259:
256:
241:
238:
230:
227:February 2023
219:
216:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188: â
187:
183:
182:Find sources:
176:
172:
166:
165:
160:This article
158:
154:
149:
148:
139:
136:
128:
125:February 2023
118:
114:
110:
104:
103:
98:This article
96:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4364:School types
4298:
4288:
4274:
4264:
4257:
4251:Bibliography
4240:"About Page"
4234:
4226:
4221:
4209:
4194:
4182:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4130:
4123:
4111:. Retrieved
4101:
4092:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4013:
3999:
3985:
3975:19 September
3973:. Retrieved
3960:
3941:
3919:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3871:
3863:www.fhsu.edu
3862:
3853:
3843:
3837:
3826:. Retrieved
3822:the original
3812:
3800:. Retrieved
3795:
3786:
3775:. Retrieved
3771:the original
3757:
3749:
3744:
3724:
3717:
3697:
3690:
3673:
3657:. Springer.
3653:
3646:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3592:
3584:
3579:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:
3555:
3535:
3524:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:
3487:
3476:. Retrieved
3472:
3463:
3454:
3444:
3430:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3396:the original
3382:
3374:
3373:H. C. Dent,
3369:
3354:
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3328:
3317:. Retrieved
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3282:
3272:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3175:the original
3170:
3146:
3142:
2909:North Dakota
2703:C. T. Rawalt
2696:
2648:
2620:
2593:
2572:
2560:
2536:
2520:
2500:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2434:Natchitoches
2427:
2402:
2392:Entrance at
2378:Emily M. Coe
2366:
2345:
2324:
2307:
2276:
2235:
2226:
2216:University.
2214:
2210:
2197:
2188:
2175:
2162:
2149:
2128:
2110:
2088:
2077:Hays, Kansas
2072:
2067:operated in
2059:operated in
2046:
2014:
2005:
1991:
1969:
1947:
1927:
1893:
1876:
1867:
1851:
1823:
1811:
1778:Paterson, NJ
1771:
1759:
1723:
1686:
1681:in 1938. In
1672:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1634:(1849), the
1631:
1630:(1824), the
1627:
1625:
1612:Puerto Rican
1593:
1584:
1556:
1536:
1524:
1521:Saskatchewan
1506:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1476:Peterborough
1473:
1462:
1447:
1436:
1420:
1413:
1380:
1359:
1338:
1322:
1274:
1262:
1243:
1187:
1185:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1126:liberal arts
1121:
1075:
1016:
995:
987:
968:
961:
949:
886:
834:
829:
825:shīfà n dà xué
823:
807:
801:
764:
724:World War II
713:
698:
696:
693:
684:
678:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:Preparandium
635:
631:
619:
615:
601:
589:
577:
565:
561:
544:
540:
531:
522:municipality
519:
487:
478:
471:, teaching.
468:
460:
458:
430:
426:Qing dynasty
383:
378:
362:
352:
319:
315:
311:
295:
291:
289:
251:
233:
224:
214:
207:
200:
193:
181:
169:Please help
164:verification
161:
131:
122:
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
4093:www.eku.edu
3336:. Uns.ac.rs
2777:Los Angeles
1958:Bloomington
1940:, in 1853.
1740:New England
1568:in 1834 by
1404:Sainte-Anne
1377:Nova Scotia
1182:New Zealand
1043:Iloilo City
1013:Philippines
907:Batusangkar
905:, PTPG) in
857:Project 985
760:Moray House
667:Jovan DuÄiÄ
665:, the poet
640:Preparadija
554: [
502:Hauptschule
498:Grundschule
424:during the
342:, while in
320:normalistas
4343:Categories
3828:2019-09-19
3777:2007-12-18
3570:2021-05-12
3526:2023-05-16
3502:2023-05-16
3478:2023-05-16
3340:2019-08-21
3319:2019-08-21
3293:2020-04-20
3283:www.leu.lt
3201:2023-03-02
3123:References
2631:California
2623:West Coast
2485:, in 1952
2481:, in 1938
2477:, in 1926
2311:Ohio River
1834:Pestalozzi
1366:St. John's
1035:Thomasites
897:curriculum
656:curriculum
626:under the
624:Szentendre
534:Revolution
506:Realschule
308:curriculum
197:newspapers
109:improve it
64:improve it
4160:About UNC
3638:0046-760X
3264:145015508
2543:Civil War
2529:in 1966.
2505:to train
2405:Southwest
2297:Historic
2279:Civil War
2181:in 1967.
1997:St. Louis
1899:in 1961.
1879:Baltimore
1782:Wayne, NJ
1751:Northeast
1600:Argentine
1581:Argentina
1543:Saskatoon
1471:in 1974.
1362:Wesleyans
1281:Vancouver
1173:in 2013.
1110:preschool
1098:Kaohsiung
1019:Naga City
969:In 1929,
889:Indonesia
881:Indonesia
863:Indonesia
608:Vojvodina
586:Lithuania
510:Gymnasium
455:Etymology
435:âsuch as
371:Champagne
353:In 1685,
350:schools.
348:secondary
336:Argentina
113:verifying
70:talk page
4301:(2013)
4075:kysu.edu
3544:Archived
3405:11 April
3075:See also
3067:, later
3057:, later
3035:, later
3019:, later
3009:, later
2999:, later
2989:, later
2973:, later
2963:, later
2953:, later
2943:, later
2933:, later
2917:, later
2903:, later
2865:, later
2855:, later
2819:, later
2799:, later
2785:, later
2771:and the
2769:San Jose
2763:, later
2753:, later
2743:, later
2671:Loveland
2651:Colorado
2625:was the
2608:(1966).
2586:(1966).
2575:Richmond
1950:Illinois
1691:Paraguay
1683:Colombia
1511:Montréal
1348:and the
1325:Winnipeg
1307:Manitoba
1222:and the
1122:de facto
1090:Changhua
998:Malaysia
992:Malaysia
893:pedagogy
873:Salatiga
845:Shanghai
422:Shanghai
304:pedagogy
4214:Charles
3063:1925 â
3053:1923 â
3031:1910 â
3015:1903 â
3005:1899 â
2995:1899 â
2985:1899 â
2969:1895 â
2959:1895 â
2949:1895 â
2939:1892 â
2929:1891 â
2913:1890 â
2899:1890 â
2871:1889 â
2861:1889 â
2841:1867 â
2831:1886 â
2815:1882 â
2805:1871 â
2795:1869 â
2781:1867 â
2759:1862 â
2749:1862 â
2739:1861 â
2220:1899 â
1954:Batavia
1911:Midwest
1553:Jamaica
1410:Ontario
1319:in 1902
1250:Calgary
1240:Alberta
1177:Oceania
1137:Chinese
1096:), and
1065:at the
915:Bandung
812:Chinese
516:Finland
490:Germany
484:Germany
390:Vermont
386:Concord
211:scholar
107:Please
4293:online
4269:online
4138:
3948:
3802:30 Jan
3732:
3705:
3661:
3636:
3377:(1975)
3262:
3171:uta.fi
2887:later
2879:later
2597:Murray
2507:Lumbee
2371:, the
2007:1954.
1970:Normal
1962:Peoria
1838:Oswego
1715:, and
1679:Panama
1669:Panama
1622:Mexico
1515:Québec
1501:Quebec
1402:, and
1235:Canada
1147::
1145:pinyin
1139::
1082:Taipei
1078:Taiwan
1071:Taipei
1053:Taiwan
1045:, the
1000:, the
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917:, and
911:Manado
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680:alumni
604:Sombor
598:Serbia
528:France
475:Europe
375:France
344:Europe
334:, and
332:Canada
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938:Japan
830:shÄ«dĂ
790:China
767:Wales
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652:norms
648:norms
616:Norma
610:, by
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379:norms
367:Reims
365:, in
218:JSTOR
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2246:Ohio
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