210:
356:, polysaccharides, proteins and other cellular detritus. Various other secreted compounds possibly involved in predation include antibiotics such as stigmatellin, which is toxic for yeast and filamentous fungi but not most bacteria, and aurafuron A and B, which inhibits the growth of various filamentous fungi.
330:
The myxospores are short, optically refractile rods measuring about 2.6–3.5 μm by 0.9–1.2 μm. The brightly colored, red or orange fruiting bodies comprise 1 to 20 spherical or ovoid cysts measuring 40–60 μm by 25–45 μm on top of a stalk measuring
546:
Another means for intercellular signaling could be via the exchange of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These vesicles are produced from the outer membrane of myxobacterial cells and are found in large quantities within bacterial biofilms. OMVs appear to play a variety of roles in myxobacterial
569:
and fungi have been the major source of microbial secondary metabolites found useful as starting points for the development of new drugs, but the last several decades have seen myxobacteria come to the forefront of drug research. The pharmaceutical interest in these organisms comes from their
239:
During the vegetative portion of their life cycles, swarming enables coordinated masses of myxobacteria to pool their secretions of extracellular digestive enzymes which are used to kill and consume prey microorganisms, a bacterial "wolfpack" effect. The best studied of the myxobacteria,
574:, represent a new, recently approved class of cancer drugs. Other myxobacterial compounds of potential pharmaceutical interest include disorazol, tubulysin, rhizopodin, chondramid, the aurafurons, tuscolid, tuscuron, and dawenol, chivosazol, soraphen, myxochelin, and the leupyrrins.
265:). Within the fruiting bodies, a certain fraction of the cells differentiate into myxospores, which are dormant cells resistant to drying and temperatures up to 90 °C. Differentiation into fruiting bodies appears to be mediated by contact-mediated signaling.
335:
is resumed with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, rather than as isolated cells. The stalks consist mostly of tubules which may represent the debris of lysed swarm cells, as well as some unlysed cells; very little fibrous material interpretable as slime is seen.
306:
DW4/3-1, a common laboratory strain, has been completely sequenced (See NCBI record link given above). Its circular DNA chromosome consists of 10.26 million base pairs and has a GC content of 67.5%. 8407 genes have been identified, coding for 8352 proteins.
232:, like other myxobacterial species, has a complex life cycle including social gliding (swarming), fruiting body formation, and predatory feeding behaviors. The bacteria do not swim, but glide on surfaces leaving slime trails, forming a mobile
268:
Under laboratory growth conditions, the ability to undergo differentiation to form fruiting bodies is rapidly lost unless the cultures are regularly forced to fruit by transferring to starvation media. Shaker cultures of
347:
is found on rotting wood or fungi and is only rarely found in soil samples. Secreted and non-secreted proteins involved in their feeding behaviors, either identified directly or speculatively identified on the basis of
1701:
Dhundale, A.; Lampson, B.; Furuichi, T.; Inouye, M.; Inouye, S. (1987). "Structure of msDNA from myxococcus xanthus: Evidence for a long, self-annealing RNA precursor for the covalently linked, branched RNA".
486:) that could substitute for light in stimulating fruiting body maturation. A few years later, the structure of this molecule, a hydroxy ketone named stigmolone, was determined by NMR and mass spectroscopy.
395:
Myxobacteria are distinguished from most bacteria by their remarkable range of social behaviors, and as a result, multiple laboratories have taken up studies of these bacteria as a prokaryotic paradigm for
319:
are elongated rods typically measuring about 5–8 μm long and 0.7–0.8 μm wide. The fine structure resembles that of other gram negative bacteria. The cell surface consists of a
362:
species hence appear in nature to help decompose otherwise insoluble biological debris. It is only distantly related to the cellulolytic myxobacteria, does not produce cellulases, and is strongly
331:
60 to 140 μ high. Each red-brown cyst contains thousands of myxospores surrounded by thick, fibrous capsules. Dispersal of cysts is thought to benefit myxobacteria by ensuring that
2182:
489:
Besides signaling via exchange of diffusible substances, cell-cell signaling can be mediated by contact through the activity of surface located macromolecules. An example of this in
1303:
Huntley, S.; Hamann, N.; Wegener-Feldbrugge, S.; Treuner-Lange, A.; Kube, M.; Reinhardt, R.; Klages, S.; Muller, R.; Ronning, C. M.; Nierman, W. C.; Sogaard-Andersen, L. (2010).
1995:
Silakowski, B.; Kunze, B.; Nordsiek, G.; Blöcker, H.; Höfle, G.; Müller, R. (2000). "The myxochelin iron transport regulon of the myxobacterium
Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15".
474:
To control formation of the elaborate and spatially complex multicellular structure which is the fruiting body, the cells must exchange signals during the entire process. In
2156:
2208:
1234:
Yan, Z. C.; Wang, B.; Li, Y. Z.; Gong, X.; Zhang, H. Q.; Gao, P. J. (2003). "Morphologies and
Phylogenetic Classification of Cellulolytic Myxobacteria".
570:
production of a wide variety of structurally unique metabolites with interesting biological activities. The epothilones, derived from the myxobacterium
467:
locus (a phage attachment site), and so forth. These genes play a variety of roles in the developmental cycle. For example, in experiments where the
2143:
370:
consumes organisms that feed on wood rather that feeding on wood directly. Besides bacteria, its production of antifungal antibiotics suggests that
1908:
Silakowski, B.; Schairer, H. U.; Ehret, H.; Kunze, B.; Weinig, S.; Nordsiek, G.; Brandt, P.; Blöcker, H.; Höfle, G.; Beyer, S.; Müller, R. (1999).
2169:
1910:"New Lessons for Combinatorial Biosynthesis from Myxobacteria. THE MYXOTHIAZOL BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTER OF Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1"
558:
have been the source of most of the active ingredients in medicine, and continue to be an important source despite the advent of automated
197:
is currently recognized as a separate genus. Of the three major subgroups of the myxobacteria, Myxococcus, Nannocystis, and
Chrondromyces,
2254:
1151:"Stigmatellin, a new antibiotic from Stigmatella aurantiaca (Myxobacterales). I. Production, physico-chemical and biological properties"
1797:
1579:"Intercellular signaling in Stigmatella aurantiaca: Purification and characterization of stigmolone, a myxobacterial pheromone"
539:, and other bacteria reveal conserved and hypervariable domains reminiscent of conserved and hypervariable sequences found in
1635:
Involved in
Fruiting: Characterization of the csgA gene and influence of csgA inactivation on development. Ph.D. Dissertation
246:, has been shown to actively surround prey organisms, trapping them in pockets where they can be consumed. Roaming flares of
2174:
408:, which has provided an excellent system amenable to many classical genetic experimental approaches. The fruiting bodies of
189:. More recent investigations have shown that, contrary to Thaxter's classification, this organism is not closely related to
528:
257:
survives periods of starvation by undergoing a developmental process whereby the individuals of a swarm aggregate to form
1270:
584:, dawenol, a polyene metabolite, stigmatellin, an antifungal agent, the antifungals aurafuron A and B, and the iron
463:, a gene encoding a putative galactose oxidase, various genes including those encoding tRNA and tRNA located at the
250:
can detect clumps of prey bacteria at a distance, making turns towards the clumps and moving directly towards them.
1629:
1471:"Integration into the Phage Attachment Site, attB, Impairs Multicellular Differentiation in Stigmatella aurantiaca"
524:
559:
1195:"Aurafuron a and B, New Bioactive Polyketides from Stigmatella aurantiaca and Archangium gephyra (Myxobacteria)"
2213:
581:
397:
295:
887:
1353:
Fruiting Body
Formation Is Dependent on the fbfA Gene Encoding a Polypeptide Homologous to Chitin Synthases"
236:. It commonly grows on the surface of rotting soft woods or fungi, where it may form bright orange patches.
103:
2072:
168:
580:
has been the source of several of these bioactive compounds, including myxothiazol, an inhibitor of the
144:
126:
505:
gene product helps the cells to stay together during development and regulates motility of the cells.
2249:
2130:
320:
401:
148:
412:
are relatively simple mounds, and the considerably more elaborate fruiting structures produced by
179:
The bacterial nature of this organism was recognized by
Thaxter in 1892, who grouped it among the
2053:
1977:
1890:
1727:
661:
242:
31:
2161:
927:
Kiskowski MA, Jiang Y, Alber MS (2004). "Role of streams in myxobacteria aggregate formation".
276:
The complex life cycle of myxobacteria is reminiscent of the life cycle of eukaryotic cellular
2221:
2117:
2012:
1931:
1882:
1838:
1803:
1793:
1762:
1719:
1683:
1610:
1552:
1500:
1451:
1387:
1326:
1251:
1216:
1172:
1121:
1051:
995:
944:
868:
812:
768:
327:. The cell wall consists of an outer triple layer and third dense monolayer in the periplasm.
2226:
2004:
1969:
1921:
1872:
1830:
1785:
1754:
1711:
1673:
1665:
1600:
1590:
1542:
1534:
1490:
1482:
1441:
1433:
1377:
1367:
1316:
1243:
1206:
1162:
1111:
1103:
1041:
1033:
985:
975:
936:
902:
858:
850:
802:
758:
748:
708:
651:
618:
185:
183:. It had been described several times before, but had been misclassified as a member of the
555:
540:
964:"A three-dimensional model of myxobacterial aggregation by contact-mediated interactions"
471:
gene was deactivated, the bacterium formed structured clumps instead of fruiting bodies.
436:. Genes for entire signal transduction pathways important for fruiting body formation in
298:
1758:
787:
1789:
1678:
1653:
1495:
1470:
990:
963:
863:
838:
788:"The correlation between morphological and phylogenetic classification of myxobacteria"
512:
382:
may play a role in maintaining the balance of the microbial population in its habitat.
353:
209:
2187:
1547:
1446:
1382:
1116:
1046:
906:
2243:
2008:
1981:
1715:
1605:
1578:
1372:
854:
763:
736:
689:
566:
363:
262:
90:
1894:
1745:
Sherman, L. A.; Chattopadhyay, S. (1993). "The
Molecular Basis of Allorecognition".
1731:
1486:
1437:
940:
2122:
585:
164:
78:
1538:
1834:
1348:
1107:
1037:
374:
species may feed on yeasts and fungi as well, or alternatively, may suggest that
378:
competes with fungi for shared resources. By producing antimicrobial compounds,
332:
54:
2095:
1950:
1519:
1247:
1167:
1150:
807:
2048:
2043:
2038:
1877:
1860:
1080:
1014:
623:
606:
515:
which downregulates genes responsible for the formation of fruiting bodies in
277:
66:
1926:
1909:
1595:
737:"A phylogenetic analysis of the myxobacteria: Basis for their classification"
482:, Stevens (1982) identified an extracellular, diffusible signaling molecule (
478:, various signal molecules involved in this process have been identified. In
1669:
1413:
1321:
1304:
980:
753:
713:
483:
324:
2016:
1935:
1886:
1842:
1807:
1687:
1504:
1330:
1255:
1220:
999:
948:
872:
816:
1973:
1766:
1723:
1614:
1556:
1455:
1391:
1176:
1125:
1055:
772:
289:
2195:
2089:
1469:
Muller, S.; Shen, H.; Hofmann, D.; Schairer, H. U.; Kirby, J. R. (2006).
1305:"Comparative Genomic Analysis of Fruiting Body Formation in Myxococcales"
508:
425:
349:
42:
2148:
2104:
1949:
Soker, Udo; Kunze, Brigette; Reichenbach, Hans; Hofle, Gerhard (2003).
1211:
1194:
665:
352:
analysis, include enzymes capable of breaking down a wide selection of
233:
2109:
404:. Most studies on social behavior in the myxobacteria have focused on
2200:
2066:
1654:"Adaptive Evolution of an sRNA That Controls Myxococcus Development"
2033:
656:
639:
523:. Another short nucleic acid that has been speculatively linked to
1784:. Advances in Applied Microbiology. Vol. 75. pp. 1–31.
1412:
Silakowski, Barbara; Ehret, Heidi; Schairer, Hans Ulrich (1998).
1520:"Pheromone produced by the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca"
1347:
Silakowski, B.; Pospiech, A.; Neumann, B.; Schairer, U. (1996).
2135:
2070:
1861:"Analysis of myxobacterial secondary metabolism goes molecular"
1418:, a Gene Encoding a Putative Galactose Oxidase, Is Involved in
786:
Spröer, Cathrin; Reichenbach, Hans; Stackebrand, Erko (1999).
459:, which encodes a polypeptide homologous to chitin synthases,
455:
involved in the process of fruiting body formation, including
2039:
Video: Schwarmentwicklung und
Morphogenese bei Myxobakterien
1013:
Reichenbach, Hans; Voelz, Herbert; Dworkin, Martin (1969).
1951:"Dawenol, a New Polyene Metabolite from the Myxobacterium
1193:
Kunze, B.; Reichenbach, H.; Müller, R.; Höfle, G. (2005).
1149:
Kunze, B.; Kemmer, T.; Höfle, G.; Reichenbach, H. (1984).
839:"Deciphering the hunting strategy of a bacterial wolfpack"
1821:
Harvey, A. (2008). "Natural products in drug discovery".
605:
Skerman, V. B. D.; McGowan, V.; Sneath, P. H. A. (1980).
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
1188:
1186:
1074:
1072:
640:"On the Myxobacteriaceae, a new order of Schizomycetes"
424:, especially given the advent of contemporary means of
2049:
Video: Myxococcus xanthus preying on an E. coli colony
1865:
Journal of
Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
1631:
CsgA, A Putative Signal
Molecule of the Myxobacterium
420:
being considered an excellent complementary system to
837:
Berleman, James E.; Kirby, John R. (September 2009).
1641:. Rupertus Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany.
2079:
562:methods for drug discovery in synthetic compounds.
448:, a non-fruiting member of the order Myxococcales.
432:development-specific genes are highly conserved in
1144:
1142:
1342:
1340:
323:with a typical triple layered organization and a
1518:Stephens, K.; Hegeman, G. D.; White, D. (1982).
795:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
611:International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology
1652:Yu, Y. T. N.; Yuan, X.; Velicer, G. J. (2010).
1583:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
962:Sozinova O, Jiang Y, Kaiser D, Alber M (2005).
501:gene, which is bound to the cell envelope. The
1577:Plaga, W.; Stamm, I.; Schairer, H. U. (1998).
8:
531:(msDNA). Sequence comparison of msDNAs from
1854:
1852:
1782:Myxobacterial vesicles death at a distance?
2067:
1081:"Fine Structure of the Fruiting Bodies of
1079:Voelz, Herbert; Reichenbach, Hans (1969).
20:
1925:
1876:
1677:
1604:
1594:
1546:
1494:
1445:
1381:
1371:
1320:
1210:
1166:
1115:
1045:
989:
979:
862:
806:
762:
752:
712:
655:
622:
201:is most closely aligned with Myxococcus.
171:with a complex developmental life cycle.
2044:Video: Myxobacteria form Fruiting Bodies
208:
2062:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
597:
273:permanently lose the ability to fruit.
1271:"Lingering Puzzles about Myxobacteria"
547:swarming, predation, and development.
451:Various genes have been identified in
444:, whereas only a few are conserved in
888:"Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms"
688:Reichenbach, H.; Dworkin, M. (1969).
7:
1759:10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.002125
1236:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
735:Shimkets, L.; Woese, C. R. (1992).
607:"Approved Lists of Bacterial Names"
1790:10.1016/B978-0-12-387046-9.00001-3
519:, and a homolog has been noted in
253:Like other myxobacterial species,
14:
907:10.1038/scientificamerican0688-82
2009:10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01740.x
1997:European Journal of Biochemistry
1859:Bode, H. B.; Müller, R. (2006).
1373:10.1128/jb.178.23.6706-6713.1996
855:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00185.x
1914:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1487:10.1128/JB.188.5.1701-1709.2006
1438:10.1128/JB.180.5.1241-1247.1998
1309:Molecular Biology and Evolution
886:Shapiro, James A. (June 1988).
213:Three species of myxobacteria:
1:
1539:10.1128/jb.149.2.739-747.1982
551:Natural secondary metabolites
529:multicopy single-stranded DNA
446:Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans
1835:10.1016/j.drudis.2008.07.004
1716:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90596-4
1108:10.1128/jb.99.3.856-866.1969
1038:10.1128/jb.97.2.905-911.1969
391:Model system for development
1747:Annual Review of Immunology
1019:During Myxospore Induction"
2271:
2255:Bacteria described in 1875
1248:10.1078/072320203322337380
1199:The Journal of Antibiotics
1168:10.7164/antibiotics.37.454
808:10.1099/00207713-49-3-1255
741:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2034:The Myxobacteria Web Page
1878:10.1007/s10295-006-0082-7
1780:Whitworth, D. E. (2011).
941:10.1088/1478-3967/1/3/005
624:10.1099/00207713-30-1-225
560:high-throughput screening
261:(not to be confused with
132:
125:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1927:10.1074/jbc.274.52.37391
1596:10.1073/pnas.95.19.11263
1422:Fruiting Body Formation"
1269:Dworkin, Martin (2007).
582:electron transport chain
315:The vegetative cells of
223:Melittangium lichenicola
221:(figs. 12–19) and
1670:10.1126/science.1187200
1628:Milosevic, Ana (2003).
1475:Journal of Bacteriology
1096:Journal of Bacteriology
1015:"Structural Changes in
981:10.1073/pnas.0504259102
754:10.1073/pnas.89.20.9459
714:10.1099/00221287-58-1-3
428:. Most of the 95 known
2188:stigmatella-aurantiaca
2081:Stigmatella aurantiaca
2056:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1953:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1633:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1420:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1351:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1083:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1017:Stigmatella aurantiaca
968:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
692:Stigmatella aurantiaca
288:Taxonomic identifier:
226:
219:Stigmatella aurantiaca
169:gram-negative bacteria
160:Stigmatella aurantiaca
137:Stigmatella aurantiaca
25:Stigmatella aurantiaca
1974:10.1515/znb-2003-1015
1322:10.1093/molbev/msq292
572:Sporangium cellulosum
525:cell–cell recognition
215:Chondromyces crocatus
212:
1823:Drug Discovery Today
1155:J. Antibiot. (Tokyo)
638:Thaxter, R. (1892).
588:myxochelin A and B.
321:cytoplasmic membrane
225:(figs. 20–23).
217:(figs. 7–11),
16:Species of bacterium
1920:(52): 37391–37399.
1589:(19): 11263–11267.
895:Scientific American
843:FEMS Microbiol. Rev
402:signal transduction
1829:(19–20): 894–901.
1212:10.1038/ja.2005.28
537:S. aurantiaca
521:S. aurantiaca
491:S. aurantiaca
480:S. aurantiaca
453:S. aurantiaca
442:S. aurantiaca
434:S. aurantiaca
418:S. aurantiaca
414:S. aurantiaca
345:S. aurantiaca
317:S. aurantiaca
304:S. aurantiaca
271:S. aurantiaca
255:S. aurantiaca
243:Myxococcus xanthus
230:S. aurantiaca
227:
118:S. aurantiaca
2237:
2236:
2222:Open Tree of Life
2073:Taxon identifiers
2003:(21): 6476–6485.
1968:(10): 1024–1026.
1366:(23): 6706–6713.
747:(20): 9459–9463.
701:J. Gen. Microbiol
694:(Myxobacterales)"
644:Botanical Gazette
440:are conserved in
156:
155:
2262:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2112:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2068:
2021:
2020:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1880:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1710:(6): 1105–1112.
1698:
1692:
1691:
1681:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1550:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1481:(5): 1701–1709.
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1432:(5): 1241–1247.
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1385:
1375:
1357:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1315:(2): 1083–1097.
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1119:
1093:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1049:
1023:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
983:
974:(32): 11308–12.
959:
953:
952:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
892:
883:
877:
876:
866:
834:
828:
827:
825:
823:
810:
801:(3): 1255–1262.
792:
783:
777:
776:
766:
756:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
716:
698:
685:
670:
669:
659:
635:
629:
628:
626:
602:
556:Natural products
426:genomic analysis
386:Current Research
284:Genome structure
186:fungi imperfecti
140:
21:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2225:
2220:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2075:
2054:Type strain of
2030:
2025:
2024:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1021:
1012:
1011:
1007:
961:
960:
956:
935:(3–4): 173–83.
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890:
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880:
836:
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831:
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785:
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734:
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696:
687:
686:
673:
650:(12): 389–406.
637:
636:
632:
604:
603:
599:
594:
553:
541:allorecognition
533:M. xanthus
517:M. xanthus
499:M. xanthus
497:homolog to the
476:M. xanthus
438:M. xanthus
430:M. xanthus
422:M. xanthus
410:M. xanthus
406:M. xanthus
398:differentiation
393:
388:
342:
313:
286:
259:fruiting bodies
248:M. xanthus
207:
177:
163:is a member of
152:
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107:
93:
81:
69:
57:
45:
17:
12:
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5:
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2192:
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2153:
2140:
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2029:
2028:External links
2026:
2023:
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1987:
1962:Z. Naturforsch
1941:
1900:
1871:(7): 577–588.
1848:
1813:
1798:
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1620:
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1533:(2): 739–747.
1510:
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1404:
1336:
1295:
1261:
1242:(1): 104–109.
1226:
1205:(4): 244–251.
1182:
1161:(5): 454–461.
1138:
1102:(3): 856–866.
1087:Myxobacterales
1068:
1032:(2): 905–911.
1005:
954:
919:
878:
849:(5): 942–957.
829:
778:
727:
671:
657:10.1086/326866
630:
596:
595:
593:
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565:Historically,
552:
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513:regulatory RNA
400:processes and
392:
389:
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354:peptidoglycans
341:
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312:
311:Cell structure
309:
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263:those in fungi
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175:Classification
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578:S. aurantiaca
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366:. Therefore,
365:
364:bacteriolytic
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196:
192:
191:Chrondromyces
188:
187:
182:
181:Chrondromyces
174:
172:
170:
167:, a group of
166:
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146:
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127:Binomial name
124:
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106:
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100:
97:
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92:
91:Myxococcaceae
88:
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1996:
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1965:
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1868:
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1826:
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1707:
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1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1530:
1527:J. Bacteriol
1526:
1513:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1429:
1426:J. Bacteriol
1425:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1363:
1360:J. Bacteriol
1359:
1350:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1288:11 September
1286:. Retrieved
1281:
1277:
1264:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1202:
1198:
1158:
1154:
1129:. Retrieved
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1059:. Retrieved
1029:
1026:J. Bacteriol
1025:
1016:
1008:
971:
967:
957:
932:
928:
922:
910:. Retrieved
901:(6): 82–89.
898:
894:
881:
846:
842:
832:
820:. Retrieved
798:
794:
781:
744:
740:
730:
718:. Retrieved
704:
700:
691:
690:"Studies on
647:
643:
633:
614:
610:
600:
586:siderophores
577:
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165:myxobacteria
159:
158:
157:
136:
135:
133:
117:
116:
102:
79:Myxococcales
24:
18:
2250:Myxococcota
1753:: 385–402.
1562:9 September
1397:9 September
1131:8 September
1061:8 September
912:8 September
822:8 September
720:8 September
707:(1): 3–14.
617:: 225–420.
543:molecules.
416:has led to
380:Stigmatella
376:Stigmatella
372:Stigmatella
368:Stigmatella
360:Stigmatella
333:cell growth
278:slime molds
199:Stigmatella
195:Stigmatella
104:Stigmatella
55:Myxococcota
2244:Categories
1284:(1): 18–23
592:References
294:See also:
205:Life cycle
67:Myxococcia
1982:102657249
929:Phys Biol
484:pheromone
325:cell wall
299:UniProtKB
112:Species:
2196:MycoBank
2162:10032005
2096:Q7616495
2090:Wikidata
2017:11029592
1936:10601310
1895:26415438
1887:16491362
1843:18691670
1808:21807244
1732:21762469
1688:20489016
1505:16484181
1331:21037205
1256:12747417
1221:15981410
1000:16061806
949:16204837
873:19519767
817:10425789
509:Pxr sRNA
350:proteome
145:Berkeley
86:Family:
50:Phylum:
43:Bacteria
38:Domain:
2149:3220567
2105:BacDive
1767:8476567
1724:2446773
1679:3027070
1658:Science
1615:9736724
1557:6276369
1496:1426541
1456:9495764
1392:8955286
1278:Microbe
1177:6429114
1126:5370282
1056:5773035
991:1183571
864:2774760
773:1384053
666:2464109
340:Ecology
234:biofilm
98:Genus:
74:Order:
62:Class:
2227:872697
2201:167006
2175:966405
2136:995344
2058:at Bac
2015:
1980:
1934:
1893:
1885:
1841:
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1444:
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1383:178565
1380:
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1117:250104
1114:
1054:
1047:249776
1044:
998:
988:
947:
871:
861:
815:
771:
761:
664:
290:378806
193:, and
149:Curtis
2157:IRMNG
2123:52L3S
1978:S2CID
1958:(PDF)
1891:S2CID
1728:S2CID
1639:(PDF)
1606:21630
1523:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1092:(PDF)
1022:(PDF)
891:(PDF)
791:(PDF)
764:50151
697:(PDF)
662:JSTOR
511:is a
151:1875
2209:NCBI
2183:LPSN
2170:ITIS
2144:GBIF
2110:3685
2060:Dive
2013:PMID
1932:PMID
1883:PMID
1839:PMID
1804:PMID
1794:ISBN
1763:PMID
1720:PMID
1704:Cell
1684:PMID
1611:PMID
1564:2013
1553:PMID
1501:PMID
1452:PMID
1416:fbfB
1399:2013
1388:PMID
1327:PMID
1290:2013
1252:PMID
1217:PMID
1173:PMID
1133:2013
1122:PMID
1063:2013
1052:PMID
996:PMID
945:PMID
914:2013
869:PMID
824:2013
813:PMID
769:PMID
722:2013
503:csgA
495:csgA
469:fbFA
465:attB
461:fbfB
457:fbfA
296:NCBI
147:and
2131:EoL
2118:CoL
2005:doi
2001:267
1970:doi
1966:58b
1922:doi
1918:274
1873:doi
1831:doi
1786:doi
1755:doi
1712:doi
1674:PMC
1666:doi
1662:328
1601:PMC
1591:doi
1543:PMC
1535:doi
1531:149
1491:PMC
1483:doi
1479:188
1442:PMC
1434:doi
1430:180
1378:PMC
1368:doi
1364:178
1317:doi
1244:doi
1207:doi
1163:doi
1112:PMC
1104:doi
1042:PMC
1034:doi
986:PMC
976:doi
972:102
937:doi
903:doi
899:258
859:PMC
851:doi
803:doi
759:PMC
749:doi
709:doi
652:doi
619:doi
527:is
2246::
2224::
2214:41
2211::
2198::
2185::
2172::
2159::
2146::
2133::
2120::
2107::
2092::
2011:.
1999:.
1976:.
1964:.
1960:.
1930:.
1916:.
1912:.
1889:.
1881:.
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1867:.
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674:^
660:.
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609:.
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