895:) affects the anterior two thirds of the dorsal and lateral tongue mucosa of 1% to 2.5% of the population, with one report of up to 12.7% of the population. The tongue is often fissured, especially. in elderly individuals. In the American population, a lower prevalence was reported among Mexican Americans (compared with Caucasians and African Americans) and cigarette smokers. When other oral mucosa, beside the dorsal and lateral tongue, are involved, the term migratory stomatitis (or ectopic geographic tongue) is preferred. In this condition, lesions infrequently involve also the ventral tongue and buccal or labial mucosa. They are rarely reported on the
575:
873:
674:(xerostomia). Based on a meta-analysis, the prevalence of pSS worldwide is estimated to 0.06%, with 90% of the patients being female. In secondary Sjögren syndrome (sSS), individuals have a dry mouth, dry eyes and a connective tissue disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis (prevalence 7% in the UK), systemic lupus erythematosus (prevalence 6.5%–19%) and systemic sclerosis (prevalence 14%–20.5%). Additional features and symptoms include:
410:
179:. In most cases, biopsies are carried out under local anaesthesia. Some biopsies are carried out endoscopically, others under image guidance, for instance ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the radiology suite. Examples of the most common tissues examined by means of a biopsy include oral and sinus mucosa, bone, soft tissue, skin and lymph nodes.
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the styloid process or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament. However, the cause of the elongation has not been known clearly. It could occur spontaneously or could arise since birth. Usually normal stylohyoid process is 2.5–3 cm in length, if the length is longer than 3 cm, it is classified as an elongated stylohyoid process.
523:). HSV infections tend to recur periodically. Although many people get infected with the virus, only 10% actually develop the sores. The sores may last anywhere from 3–10 days and are very infectious. Some people have recurrences either in the same location or at a nearby site. Unless the individual has an impaired
459:—When gingivitis is not treated it can advance to periodontitis, when the gums pull away from the teeth and form pockets that harbor the bacteria. Bacterial toxins and the body's natural defenses start to break down the bone and connective tissues. The tooth may eventually become loose and have to be removed.
1065:
There are approximately 30 consultant oral and maxillofacial pathologists in the UK. A dental degree is mandatory, but a medical degree is not. The shortest pathway to becoming an oral pathologist in the UK is completion of two years' general professional training and then five years in a diagnostic
665:
is an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disorder characterised by some of the body's own immune cells infiltrating and destroying lacrimal and salivary glands (and other exocrine glands). There are two types of Sjögren syndrome: primary and secondary. In primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) individuals have
244:
Some examples include food going up into the nasal cavity during swallowing as the soft palate is not present to close the cavity during the process. Speech is also affected as the nasal cavity is a source of resonance during speech and failure to manipulate spaces in the cavities will result in the
211:
Oral and maxillofacial pathology can involve many different types of tissues of the head. Different disease processes affect different tissues within this region with various outcomes. A great many diseases involve the mouth, jaws and orofacial skin. The following list is a general outline of
814:. The earlier the oral cancer is diagnosed, the better the chances for full recovery. Persistent suspicious masses or ulcers on the mouth should always be examined. Diagnosis is usually made with a biopsy; treatment depends on the exact type of cancer, where it is situated, and extent of spreading.
765:
Complications of Sjögren syndrome include ulcers that can develop on the surface of the eyes if the dryness is not treated. These ulcers can then cause more worrying issues such as loss of eyesight and life-long damage. Individuals with Sjögren syndrome have a slightly increased risk of developing
395:
is a condition where there is an abnormal ossification of the stylohyoid ligament. This leads to an increase in the thickness and the length of the stylohyoid process and the ligament. Pain is felt due to the pressure applied to the internal jugular vein. Eagle syndrome occurs due to elongation of
195:
A small portion of the tissue is removed from an abnormal-looking area for examination. This method is useful in dealing with large lesions. If the abnormal region is easily accessed, the sample may be taken at the doctor's office. If the tumour is deeper inside the mouth or throat, the biopsy may
994:
Oral and maxillofacial pathology, previously termed oral pathology, is a speciality involved with the diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions (i.e. the mouth, the jaws and the face). It can be considered a speciality of dentistry and
863:
is a condition where ulcers (canker sores) appear on the inside of the mouth, lips and on tongue. Most small canker sores disappear within 10–14 days. Canker sores are most common in young and middle aged individuals. Sometimes individuals with allergies are more prone to these sores. Besides an
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Mouth care: increase oral intake, practice good oral hygiene, use sugar free gum (to increase saliva flow), regular use of mouth rinses, pilocarpine medication, reduce alcohol intake and smoking cessation. Saliva substitutes are also available as a spray, gel, gum or in the form of a medicated
128:
The key to any diagnosis is thorough medical, dental, social and psychological history as well as assessing certain lifestyle risk factors that may be involved in disease processes. This is followed by a thorough clinical investigation including extra-oral and intra-oral hard and soft tissues.
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refers to the area the infection affects, which include the teeth, gums, and tissues surrounding the teeth. Bacteria cause inflammation of the gums which become red, swollen and can bleed easily. The bacteria along with mucus form a sticky colorless substance called plaque which harbours the
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A small lesion is totally excised. This method is preferred if the lesions are approximately 1 cm or less in diameter, clinically and seemingly benign and surgically accessible. Large lesions which are more diffused and dispersed in nature or those which are seemed to be more clinically
228:
is one of the most common occurring multi-factorial congenital disorder occurring in 1 in 500–1000 live births in several forms. The most common form is combined cleft lip and palate and it accounts for approximately 50% of cases, whereas isolated cleft lip concerns 20% of the patients.
232:
People with cleft lip and palate malformation tend to be less social and report lower self-esteem, anxiety and depression related to their facial malformation. One of the major goals in the treatment of patients with cleft is to enhance social acceptance by surgical reconstruction.
236:
A cleft lip is an opening of the upper lip, mainly due to the failure of fusion of the medial nasal processes with the palatal processes; a cleft palate is the opening of the soft and hard palate in the mouth, which is due to the failure of the palatal shelves to fuse together.
835:(BMS) is a disorder where there is a burning sensation in the mouth that has no identifiable medical or dental cause. The disorder can affect anyone but tends to occur most often in middle-aged women. BMS has been hypothesized to be linked to a variety of factors such as the
202:
A suspected area is gently scraped to collect a sample of cells for examination. These cells are placed on a glass slide and stained with dye, so that they can be viewed under a microscope. If any cells appear abnormal, a deeper biopsy will be performed.
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exams and gaining a
Certificate of Completion of Specialist Training, the trainee is entitled to apply for registration as a specialist. Many oral and maxillofacial pathologists in the UK are clinical academics, having undertaken a
806:. Oral cancers are usually painless in the initial stages or may appear like an ulcer. Causes of oral cancer include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to sunlight (lip cancer), chewing tobacco, infection with
240:
The palate's main function is to demarcate the nasal and oral cavity, without which the patient will have problems with swallowing, eating and speech, thus affecting the quality of life and in some cases certain functions.
1523:
Sinko, Klaus; Jagsch, Reinhold; Prechtl, Verena; Watzinger, Franz; Hollmann, Karl; Baumann, Arnulf (July 2005). "Evaluation of
Esthetic, Functional, and Quality-of-Life Outcome in Adult Cleft Lip and Palate Patients".
605:. The typical signs are a white patch that may be associated with burning, soreness, irritation or a white cheesy-like appearance. Once the diagnosis is made, candida can be treated with a variety of anti fungal drugs.
444:
that brushing does not clean. Smoking is a major risk factor. Treatment of gingivitis is dependent on how severe and how far the disease has progressed. If the disease is not too severe it is possible to treat it with
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rash develops on the face and spreads to most part of the body. If not treated, late stages of this condition may include a furred, raw, red tongue. Treatment options include penicillin and the prognosis is generally
549:. This results in painful swelling at the sides of the mouth in both adults and children, which leads to a sore throat, and occasionally pain in chewing. The infection is quite contagious. Mumps is prevented through
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which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes and effects of these diseases."
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either prior to or during training. Generally, oral and maxillofacial pathologists in the UK are employed by dental or medical schools and undertake their clinical work at university hospital departments.
770:, a type of cancer. Other conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, Raynaud's phenomenon, kidney problems, underactive thyroid gland and irritable bowel syndrome have been linked to Sjögren syndrome.
1993:
Qin, Baodong; Wang, Jiaqi; Yang, Zaixing; Yang, Min; Ma, Ning; Huang, Fenglou; Zhong, Renqian (November 2015). "Epidemiology of primary Sjögren's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
557:(MMR) vaccination and subsequent boosters. There is no specific treatment for mumps except for hydration and painkillers with complete recovery ranging from 5–10 days. Sometimes mumps can cause
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or a burning sensation. Unlike herpes sores, canker sores are always found inside the mouth and are usually less painful. Good oral hygiene helps but topical corticosteroids may be necessary.
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847:, depression and social isolation. There is no cure for this disorder and treatment includes use of hydrating agents, pain medications, vitamin supplements or the usage of antidepressants.
1894:
Elad S, Zadik Y, Hewson I, et al. (August 2010). "A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on
Herpesviridea".
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disorders (i.e. ear, nose and throat) in addition to maxillofacial disorders. In this role there is some overlap between the expertise of head and neck pathologists and that of
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and perioral skin (the skin around the mouth). The mouth is an important organ with many different functions. It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders.
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100:
is concerned with diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial region. It is sometimes considered to be a specialty of
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It is sometimes the case that a diagnosis and treatment regime are possible to determine from history and examination, however it is good practice to compile a list of
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Watkins, Stephanie E.; Meyer, Robert E.; Strauss, Ronald P.; Aylsworth, Arthur S. (April 2014). "Classification, epidemiology, and genetics of orofacial clefts".
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Watkins, Stephanie E.; Meyer, Robert E.; Strauss, Ronald P.; Aylsworth, Arthur S. (April 2014). "Classification, Epidemiology, and
Genetics of Orofacial Clefts".
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Liang, Yan; Yang, Zaixing; Qin, Baodong; Zhong, Renqian (June 2014). "Primary
Sjogren's syndrome and malignancy risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
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Zadik, Yehuda; Orbach Hadas; Panzok Amy; Smith Yoav; Czerninski
Rakefet (2011). "Evaluation of oral mucosal diseases: inter- and intra-observer analyses".
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There are five practising oral pathologists in New
Zealand (as of May 2013). Oral pathologists in New Zealand also take part in forensic evaluations.
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is a rare condition, categorised by tongue enlargement which will eventually create a crenated border in relation to the embrasures between the teeth.
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2132:"Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence"
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843:) and allergies. BMS usually lasts for several years before disappearing for unknown reasons. Other features of this disorder include
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175:. A biopsy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of a piece of tissue sample from the living organism for the purpose of
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pathologies that can affect oral and maxillofacial region; some are more common than others. This list is by no means exhaustive.
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to kill the bacteria and remove the plaque, but once the infection has progressed antibiotics may be needed to kill the bacteria.
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There are many types of investigations in diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases, including screening tests, imaging (
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Consequences may include noisy breaths – airway obstruction in severe cases, drooling, difficulty eating, lisping speech,
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Zadik Y, Drucker S, Pallmon S (Aug 2011). "Migratory stomatitis (ectopic geographic tongue) on the floor of the mouth".
1625:. Neville, Brad W.,, Damm, Douglas D.,, Allen, Carl M.,, Chi, Angela C. (Fourth ed.). St. Louis, MO. pp. 8–9.
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may occur on the lips, tongue, gums, floor of the mouth or inside the cheeks. The majority of cancers of the mouth are
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For mild cases, surgical treatment is not mandatory but if speech is affected, speech therapy may be useful. Reduction
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are in the scope of oral and maxillofacial pathology specialists and oral medicine practitioners, both disciplines of
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There is no cure for Sjögren syndrome; however, there are treatments used to help with the associated symptoms.
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A biopsy is indicated when the patient's clinical presentation, past history or imaging studies do not allow a
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before involving the soft palate and the tongue. It usually occurs in children where a fever occurs and an
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in the mandible along the surface nearest to the tongue. Mandibular tori usually are present near the
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need to be performed in an operating room. General anaesthesia is administered to eliminate any pain.
136:. Differential diagnosis allows for decisions on what further investigations are needed in each case.
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535:-related immune suppression, recurrent infections tend to be mild in nature and may be brought on by
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473:, and is classified be a severe form of bacterial sore throat. The condition involves the release of
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of sections of text to one or more sub-topic articles which are then summarized in the main article.
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Chemical, thermal, mechanical or electrical trauma to the oral soft tissues can cause traumatic
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In some parts of the world, oral and maxillofacial pathologists take on responsibilities in
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is by far the most common fungal infection that occurs in the mouth. It usually occurs in
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Types of biopsies typically used for diagnosing oral and maxillofacial pathology are:
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264:
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2006:
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Messner AH, Lalakea ML (2002). "The effect of ankyloglossia on speech in children".
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There are many oral and maxillofacial pathologies which are not fully understood.
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331:, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
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commonly develop candida of the mouth and oral cavity. Other risk factors are
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bacteria. Plaque that is not removed by brushing and flossing hardens to form
428:
346:, most commonly located on the lingual surface (the side nearest the tongue).
176:
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individuals. Individuals who have undergone a transplant, HIV, cancer or use
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Hunt, Orlagh; Burden, Donald; Hepper, Peter; Johnston, Chris (1 June 2005).
1467:. Neville, Brad W. (3rd ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Saunders/Elsevier. 2009.
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Neville, Brad W.; Damm, Douglas D.; Chi, Angela C.; Allen, Carl M. (2015).
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evaluation is needed, a biopsy is taken, and microscopically observed by a
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Vaginal dryness: lubricant, oestrogen creams, hormonal replacement therapy
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1569:"The psychosocial effects of cleft lip and palate: a systematic review"
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512:
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1958:
Ministry of health and long term care portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
1732:
Neville, Brad W.; Damm, Douglas; Allen, Carl; Bouquot, Jerry (2002).
1705:
Horton CE, Crawford HH, Adamson JE, Ashbell TS (1969). "Tongue-tie".
1537:
888:
599:
532:
511:, or HSV) is very common in the mouth and lips. This virus can cause
358:
160:
52:
Oral pathology, stomatognathic disease, dental disease, mouth disease
1865:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 269, 270.
112:
is used instead, which may indicate that the pathologist deals with
245:
lack of ability to produce certain consonants in audible language.
871:
850:
789:
578:
Pseudomembranous candidiasis of the posterior mouth and oropharynx
573:
542:
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408:
305:, and protruding tongue, which may ulcerate and undergo necrosis.
2483:
British
Society of Oral & Maxillo-facial Pathologists Website
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Diseases and disorders of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws
1209:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia?page=ix (preface): W.B. Saunders.
2536:
2298:"The British Society of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathologists"
2180:
American
Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
1072:
995:
pathology. Oral pathology is a closely allied speciality with
627:
528:
78:
27:"Maxillofacial disorder" redirects here. For the surgery, see
1936:
1813:"Periodontal (Gum) Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatments"
761:
Muscle and joint pains: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
327:
of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick
4817:
31:. For certain abnormalities of the face and/or cranium, see
2482:
1939:
Canadian Herpes
Information portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
1511:
http://www2.utmb.edu/otoref/Grnds/Cleft-lip-palate-9801.htm
1066:
histopathology training course. After passing the required
2487:
1815:. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
1241:. Preceded by (work): Cawson, R. A. (Ninth ed.). .
2130:
Elad S, Zadik Y, Zeevi I, et al. (December 2010).
1239:
Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
81:("maxillae" or "gnath") and related structures such as
1040:, and describes it as "the specialty of dentistry and
864:
awkward sensation, these sores can also cause pain or
361:, usually present on the midline of the hard palate.
2395:
923:
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathologist, Oral Pathologist
539:, sun, menstrual periods, trauma or physical stress.
5108:
5072:
5016:
4948:
4855:
2488:
Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Website
2399:
978:
973:
959:
939:
927:
919:
914:
545:of the salivary glands is a viral infection of the
56:
48:
43:
3936:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1205:Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002).
884:is a condition that involves the tongue and other
5184:Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws
712:Tests used to diagnose Sjögren syndrome include:
2329:. New Zealand Dental Association. Archived from
2190:Diseases of the Digestive System The oral cavity
722:a minor salivary gland biopsy taken from the lip
413:X-ray of advanced bone loss due to periodontitis
4291:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
2036:Patel, Ruchika; Shahane, Anupama (2014-07-30).
643:may benefit from being shortened by the use of
2903:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1863:Essentials of microbiology for dental students
1200:
1198:
1196:
380:and above the location on the mandible of the
189:malignant are not conducive to total removal.
4833:
4518:
3861:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2508:
8:
2358:"A Brief History of Head and Neck Pathology"
2192:FAQ's Health Portal. Retrieved on 2010-02-01
1937:Herpes Guide: How do I know if I have herpes
1509:Young G. Cleft Lip and Palate. Available at
1372:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
323:(also known as tongue-tie) may decrease the
1273:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4840:
4826:
4818:
4525:
4511:
4503:
4458:
4357:
4281:
4039:
3918:
3704:
3494:
3132:
2795:
2735:
2623:
2531:
2515:
2501:
2493:
2396:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1342:Textbook of oral and maxillofacial surgery
1320:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1269:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
855:2 minor aphthae on the lower labial mucosa
40:
2373:
2147:
2063:
2053:
1788:
1778:
1584:
1290:Atlas of oral & maxillofacial surgery
5116:Index of oral health and dental articles
4885:Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
2239:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
2038:"The epidemiology of Sjögren's syndrome"
705:Pulmonary; thyroid; and renal disorders;
4488:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3637:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2321:
2319:
1141:
812:hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
3674:As a manifestation of systemic disease
1646:
1488:
1365:
1313:
1262:
911:
565:, testicular swelling or hearing loss.
5044:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
5024:American Association of Orthodontists
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1526:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
699:Dryness of skin; nose; throat; vagina
678:Erythema and lobulation of the tongue
481:from the immune system. It starts as
7:
5121:Outline of dentistry and oral health
3520:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
1671:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
1335:
1333:
1331:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
755:Dry skin: creams, moisturising soaps
693:Oral fungal and bacterial infections
690:Poor retention of dentures (if worn)
684:Difficulty in swallowing and talking
4171:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
4014:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
670:(keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and a
3288:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
2772:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
1761:Raina D, Gothi R, Rajan S (2009).
1734:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
1207:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
891:. The common migratory glossitis (
312:may be required for severe cases.
25:
1969:"Women's Oral Health and Overall"
1292:. Tiwana, Paul S. St. Louis, Mo.
5049:Dental Technologists Association
5034:British Dental Health Foundation
4875:Oral and maxillofacial radiology
4870:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
4390:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
4327:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4322:Central hypoventilation syndrome
4204:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3632:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3612:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2524:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2470:
2273:"ADA.org: Dentistry Definitions"
2251:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01070.x
2089:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1995:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1623:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1573:European Journal of Orthodontics
1465:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
1094:
1038:oral and maxillofacial pathology
632:
98:oral and maxillofacial pathology
71:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
44:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
4236:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
3873:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
3327:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2101:10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203305
2007:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205375
1288:Deepak, Kademani (2015-01-16).
988:followed by specialist training
740:, moisture chamber spectacles,
4880:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
4221:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
4056:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1736:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia:
997:oral and maxillofacial surgery
650:Summary style may involve the
73:refers to the diseases of the
1:
4415:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
4364:Soft tissues around the mouth
4061:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1068:Royal College of Pathologists
5141:History of dental treatments
4738:Obstetric labor complication
3585:Gingival cyst of the newborn
3194:Failure of eruption of teeth
2898:Hand, foot and mouth disease
2883:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
2821:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
2767:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2690:Transient lingual papillitis
1237:W., Odell, E. (2017-06-28).
1006:The clinical evaluation and
515:and sores around the mouth (
357:is a bony protrusion on the
77:("oral cavity" or "stoma"),
5039:British Orthodontic Society
4113:Salivary gland diverticulum
4076:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
3087:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2999:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
2149:10.1097/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa
1034:American Dental Association
555:measles, mumps, and rubella
273:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
269:Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
5205:
5029:British Dental Association
4733:Complications of pregnancy
4123:Salivary gland hyperplasia
4071:HIV salivary gland disease
3580:Gingival cyst of the adult
3026:Oral florid papillomatosis
2216:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.016
1424:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
1389:Clinics in Plastic Surgery
794:Oral cancer on the tongue.
517:herpetic gingivostomatitis
465:is caused by a particular
259:Hereditary causes include
26:
5059:Indian Dental Association
4797:
4779:Connective tissue disease
4764:
4751:
4728:
4700:
4682:
4669:
4651:
4628:
4615:
4602:
4574:
4556:
4538:
4468:
4457:
4370:
4362:Orofacial soft tissues –
4356:
4297:
4280:
4128:Salivary gland hypoplasia
4051:
4038:
3942:
3917:
3856:Bisphosphonate-associated
3750:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3725:
3703:
3526:
3493:
3221:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
3157:
3131:
2811:
2794:
2747:
2734:
2685:Median rhomboid glossitis
2635:
2622:
2543:
2530:
2375:10.1038/modpathol.3880519
1908:10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3
1436:10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003
1401:10.1016/j.cps.2013.12.003
1181:Mouth Disease Information
708:Arthralgias and myalgias;
559:inflammation of the brain
433:periodontal (gum) disease
4978:Scaling and root planing
4769:Musculoskeletal disorder
4692:Gastrointestinal disease
4435:Orofacial granulomatosis
4214:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
4199:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
4133:Salivary gland neoplasms
3924:Temporomandibular joints
3895:Periapical periodontitis
3627:Linear gingival erythema
3395:Regional odontodysplasia
3241:Enamel hypocalcification
1707:The Cleft Palate Journal
1684:10.1067/mhn.2002.1298231
1344:. New Delhi : Elsevier.
696:Salivary glands swelling
449:rinse and brushing with
282:Acquired causes include
277:Neurofibromatosis type I
87:temporomandibular joints
33:Craniofacial abnormality
5064:National Health Service
4332:Obstructive sleep apnea
4098:Salivary duct stricture
3878:Paget's disease of bone
3375:Pulp canal obliteration
3216:Dentin hypersensitivity
3162:Amelogenesis imperfecta
3014:Squamous cell carcinoma
2994:Adenosquamous carcinoma
2981:Squamous cell papilloma
2958:Melanocytic oral lesion
1780:10.4103/0971-3026.50826
1767:Indian J Radiol Imaging
1340:M., Balaji, S. (2007).
1190:Retrieved on 2010-02-01
804:squamous cell carcinoma
716:tear break-up time and
702:Peripheral neuropathies
342:is a depression of the
177:microscopic examination
110:head and neck pathology
5153:Infant oral mutilation
5054:General Dental Council
4710:Female genital disease
4687:Maxillofacial disorder
4656:Cardiovascular disease
4478:Hemifacial hypertrophy
4445:Pyostomatitis vegetans
4118:Salivary gland fistula
4108:Salivary gland atresia
4103:Salivary gland aplasia
3957:Mandibular dislocation
3928:muscles of mastication
3806:Calcifying odontogenic
3435:Vertical root fracture
3430:Cracked tooth syndrome
3405:Shovel-shaped incisors
3300:Wisdom tooth impaction
3182:Early childhood caries
3048:Benign mucous membrane
3009:Spindle cell carcinoma
2918:Intraoral dental sinus
2836:Burning mouth syndrome
2171:Burning Mouth Syndrome
1861:Jeremy., Bagg (2006).
1495:: CS1 maint: others (
1115:Salivary gland disease
877:
856:
833:Burning mouth syndrome
795:
579:
414:
261:vascular malformations
159:) and histopathology (
134:differential diagnoses
118:endocrine pathologists
18:Stomatognathic disease
4925:Restorative dentistry
4633:Neurological disorder
4287:Stomatognathic system
4189:Acinic cell carcinoma
3811:Glandular odontogenic
2963:Molluscum contagiosum
2042:Clinical Epidemiology
1154:TheFreeDictionary.com
875:
854:
793:
577:
471:Streptococci Pyogenes
412:
200:Exfoliative cytology:
108:. Sometimes the term
29:Maxillofacial surgery
4905:Dental public health
4774:Soft tissue disorder
4720:Male genital disease
4533:Major Disease groups
4430:Oral Crohn's disease
4385:Basal cell carcinoma
4024:Condylar hyperplasia
4009:Maxillary hypoplasia
3575:Gingival enlargement
3508:periodontal ligament
3114:Verruciform xanthoma
2846:Condyloma acuminatum
2479:at Wikimedia Commons
1120:Head and neck cancer
1056:Geographic variation
882:Migratory stomatitis
808:human papillomavirus
768:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
553:in infancy with the
509:herpes simplex virus
226:Cleft lip and palate
221:Cleft lip and palate
173:definitive diagnosis
114:otorhinolaryngologic
5003:Socket preservation
4935:Dental traumatology
4930:Forensic odontology
4920:Geriatric dentistry
4915:Dental implantology
4890:Pediatric dentistry
4802:Congenital disorder
4743:Postpartum disorder
4674:Respiratory disease
4607:Hematologic disease
4440:Perioral dermatitis
4176:Pleomorphic adenoma
4156:Monomorphic adenoma
4146:Canalicular adenoma
4019:Condylar hypoplasia
3952:Condylar resorption
3796:Lateral periodontal
3755:Mandibular fracture
3654:Periodontal abscess
3251:Turner's hypoplasia
3019:Verrucous carcinoma
2968:Morsicatio buccarum
2948:Lupus erythematosus
2861:Erythema multiforme
2777:Stomatitis nicotina
2356:Fechner RE (2002).
2304:on 10 December 2013
2055:10.2147/CLEP.S47399
1896:Support Care Cancer
1050:forensic odontology
861:Aphthous stomatitis
451:fluoride toothpaste
5131:Dental instruments
4968:Root canal therapy
4940:Holistic dentistry
4910:Cosmetic dentistry
4589:Metabolic disorder
4483:Facial hemiatrophy
4337:Periodic breathing
4268:Sjögren's syndrome
4141:Basal cell adenoma
3905:Torus mandibularis
3883:Periapical abscess
3866:Osteoradionecrosis
3791:Buccal bifurcation
3770:Intraosseous cysts
3659:Periodontal trauma
3563:Pyogenic granuloma
3410:Supernumerary root
3363:Pulp calcification
3351:Premature eruption
3322:Odontogenic tumors
3119:White sponge nevus
3092:Submucous fibrosis
3036:Smoker's melanosis
2923:Irritation fibroma
2762:High-arched palate
2670:Foliate papillitis
2660:Cunnilingus tongue
2645:Black hairy tongue
2575:Congenital lip pit
2204:J Am Acad Dermatol
2176:2010-12-03 at the
1954:2010-02-05 at the
1586:10.1093/ejo/cji004
1186:2010-02-06 at the
984:Varies. Typically
980:Education required
901:floor of the mouth
878:
857:
796:
728:salivary flow rate
580:
415:
370:Torus mandibularis
365:Torus mandibularis
193:Incisional biopsy:
186:Excisional biopsy:
5171:
5170:
4958:Dental extraction
4815:
4814:
4661:Lymphatic disease
4579:Endocrine disease
4548:Parasitic disease
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4453:
4452:
4352:
4351:
4276:
4275:
4181:Sebaceous adenoma
4034:
4033:
3913:
3912:
3824:Median mandibular
3819:Nasopalatine duct
3735:Alveolar osteitis
3699:
3698:
3686:Perio-endo lesion
3568:Congenital epulis
3489:
3488:
3246:Enamel hypoplasia
3127:
3126:
3102:Riga–Fede disease
2953:Melanocytic nevus
2893:Hairy leukoplakia
2856:Epulis fissuratum
2790:
2789:
2730:
2729:
2680:Geographic tongue
2618:
2617:
2475:Media related to
2466:
2465:
2001:(11): 1983–1989.
992:
991:
893:geographic tongue
876:Geographic tongue
660:
659:
588:immunocompromised
527:, e.g., owing to
477:and erythrogenic
68:
67:
38:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5196:
5158:Mouth assessment
4973:Root end surgery
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4705:Urologic disease
4527:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4459:
4358:
4282:
4151:Ductal papilloma
4040:
3919:
3816:Non-odontogenic:
3801:Globulomaxillary
3740:Buccal exostosis
3705:
3649:Peri-implantitis
3495:
3211:Dentin dysplasia
3133:
3109:Verruca vulgaris
3004:Mucosal melanoma
2851:Darier's disease
2826:Behçet's disease
2796:
2752:Bednar's aphthae
2736:
2624:
2610:Trumpeter's wart
2532:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2494:
2474:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2362:Modern Pathology
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:"Specialisation"
2323:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2300:. Archived from
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2275:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2262:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2095:(6): 1151–1156.
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1971:. Archived from
1965:
1959:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1858:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1763:"Eagle syndrome"
1758:
1752:
1751:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1618:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1538:10.1597/03-142.1
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1337:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1260:
1234:
1221:
1220:
1202:
1191:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
969:
968:
966:gastroenterology
941:Activity sectors
912:
738:artificial tears
718:Schirmer's tests
663:Sjögren syndrome
655:
636:
635:
628:
584:Oral candidiasis
507:(infection with
382:mylohyoid muscle
329:lingual frenulum
41:
21:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5136:Dental material
5104:
5068:
5012:
4998:Tooth bleaching
4993:Tooth polishing
4944:
4851:
4846:
4816:
4811:
4793:
4760:
4747:
4724:
4696:
4678:
4665:
4647:
4624:
4620:Mental disorder
4611:
4598:
4594:Immune disorder
4570:
4552:
4534:
4531:
4501:
4492:
4464:
4449:
4405:Ludwig's angina
4366:
4348:
4307:Mouth breathing
4293:
4272:
4093:Pneumoparotitis
4066:Frey's syndrome
4047:
4045:Salivary glands
4030:
3938:
3909:
3888:Phoenix abscess
3721:
3717:hard tissues –
3695:
3617:Hypercementosis
3536:Cementoblastoma
3522:
3485:
3199:Dens evaginatus
3153:
3123:
3075:Denture-related
3060:Plasmoacanthoma
2986:Keratoacanthoma
2807:
2805:Lining of mouth
2786:
2782:Torus palatinus
2743:
2726:
2707:Lingual thyroid
2665:Fissured tongue
2655:Crenated tongue
2631:
2614:
2600:Nasolabial cyst
2585:Herpes labialis
2539:
2526:
2521:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2408:
2394:
2355:
2352:
2350:Further reading
2347:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2333:on 5 March 2016
2325:
2324:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2178:Wayback Machine
2169:
2165:
2136:Transplantation
2129:
2128:
2124:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1956:Wayback Machine
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1902:(8): 993–1006.
1893:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1818:
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1811:
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1806:
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1759:
1755:
1748:
1731:
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1726:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1667:
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1662:
1645:
1633:
1620:
1619:
1602:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1364:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1329:
1312:
1300:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1261:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1194:
1188:Wayback Machine
1179:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1130:Tooth pathology
1102:Medicine portal
1100:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1063:
1058:
981:
964:
963:
942:
930:
929:Occupation type
910:
826:
821:
788:
776:
681:Oral discomfort
656:
649:
637:
633:
626:
617:oral ulceration
612:
592:corticosteroids
572:
521:herpes labialis
501:
435:is gingivitis.
420:
407:
402:
390:
367:
355:Torus palatinus
352:
350:Torus palatinus
337:
318:
288:lingual thyroid
251:
223:
218:
209:
169:
126:
83:salivary glands
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5202:
5200:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5176:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5095:United Kingdom
5092:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5008:Dental implant
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:Dental bonding
4985:
4983:Teeth cleaning
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4952:
4950:Dental surgery
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Prosthodontics
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4715:Breast disease
4712:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Eagle syndrome
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Cystic hygroma
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4361:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4285:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4263:Sialolithiasis
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Adenocarcinoma
4191:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Myoepithelioma
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3922:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3834:Traumatic bone
3831:
3829:Median palatal
3826:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3629:
3624:
3622:Hypocementosis
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3498:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3356:Neonatal teeth
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3236:Ectopic enamel
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3136:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3031:Oral melanosis
3028:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Bohn's nodules
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Amalgam tattoo
2812:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2448:
2429:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:Classification
2393:
2392:External links
2390:
2389:
2388:
2368:(3): 221–228.
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2315:
2289:
2264:
2229:
2194:
2182:
2163:
2142:(11): 1243–4.
2122:
2079:
2028:
1985:
1960:
1949:What are Mumps
1941:
1929:
1886:
1871:
1846:
1825:
1804:
1753:
1746:
1740:. p. 21.
1738:W. B. Saunders
1724:
1697:
1660:
1631:
1600:
1579:(3): 274–285.
1559:
1532:(4): 355–361.
1515:
1502:
1474:978-1437721973
1473:
1449:
1430:(2): 149–163.
1414:
1395:(2): 149–163.
1379:
1350:
1327:
1298:
1280:
1247:
1222:
1216:978-0721690032
1215:
1192:
1173:
1159:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Tongue disease
1106:
1105:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1062:
1061:United Kingdom
1059:
1057:
1054:
1036:uses the term
990:
989:
982:
979:
976:
975:
971:
970:
961:
957:
956:
943:
940:
937:
936:
931:
928:
925:
924:
921:
917:
916:
909:
906:
905:
904:
870:
869:
849:
848:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
787:
784:
783:
782:
775:
772:
763:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
710:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
658:
657:
640:
638:
631:
625:
622:
621:
620:
611:
608:
607:
606:
571:
568:
567:
566:
547:parotid glands
540:
505:Herpes simplex
500:
497:
496:
495:
460:
454:
419:
416:
406:
403:
401:
398:
393:Eagle syndrome
389:
388:Eagle syndrome
386:
366:
363:
351:
348:
336:
333:
317:
314:
250:
247:
222:
219:
217:
214:
208:
205:
168:
165:
125:
122:
96:The specialty
91:facial muscles
66:
65:
60:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5201:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5100:United States
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:Organisations
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Tooth filling
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4808:
4807:Fetal disease
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:Actinomycosis
4373:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Sialodochitis
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:malocclusions
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:Stafne defect
3898:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3851:Osteonecrosis
3849:
3847:
3846:Osteomyelitis
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3719:Bones of jaws
3716:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:Periodontitis
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Pericoronitis
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3600:Granulomatous
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Eruption cyst
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Pulp necrosis
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3339:Dens in dente
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Discoloration
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Lichen planus
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Herpes zoster
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Fordyce spots
2886:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:Erythroplakia
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Caviar tongue
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2640:Ankyloglossia
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Sun poisoning
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2279:on 2009-02-28
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:(2): 459–60.
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1975:on 2009-12-03
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1872:9780198564898
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1747:9780721690032
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(6): 539–45.
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:9781455770526
1628:
1624:
1617:
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1613:
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1512:
1506:
1503:
1498:
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1484:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:9788131203002
1347:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1299:9781455753284
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:9780702049828
1244:
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1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
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1177:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
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1142:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:oral medicine
998:
987:
986:dental degree
983:
977:
972:
967:
962:
958:
955:
951:
947:
944:
938:
935:
932:
926:
922:
918:
913:
907:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
880:
879:
874:
867:
862:
859:
858:
853:
846:
842:
839:, dry mouth (
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
823:
819:Environmental
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:
797:
792:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
769:
760:
757:
754:
750:
747:
743:
742:punctal plugs
739:
735:
734:
733:
727:
724:
721:
719:
715:
714:
713:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
687:Altered taste
686:
683:
680:
677:
676:
675:
673:
669:
664:
653:
648:
646:
645:summary style
641:This article
639:
630:
629:
623:
618:
614:
613:
609:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
582:
581:
576:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:immune system
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
502:
498:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:Scarlet fever
461:
458:
457:Periodontitis
455:
452:
448:
447:chlorhexidine
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
417:
411:
404:
399:
397:
394:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
364:
362:
360:
356:
349:
347:
345:
341:
340:Stafne defect
335:Stafne defect
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
321:Ankyloglossia
316:Ankyloglossia
315:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Down syndrome
262:
257:
255:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
220:
215:
213:
206:
204:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
178:
174:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
64:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
5163:Oral hygiene
5146:Ancient Rome
4895:Periodontics
4869:
4789:Chondropathy
4784:Bone disease
4756:Skin disease
4584:Malnutrition
4561:Benign tumor
4363:
4290:
4226:Sialadenitis
4185:
4137:
4002:Scissor bite
3997:Retrognathia
3982:Overeruption
3962:Malocclusion
3935:
3815:
3774:
3765:Micrognathia
3718:
3709:Periapical,
3595:Desquamative
3519:
3500:Periodontium
3474:Acid erosion
3415:Taurodontism
3346:Open contact
3258:Enamel pearl
3226:Dilaceration
3189:Concrescence
2990:
2977:
2804:
2757:Cleft palate
2717:Microglossia
2712:Macroglossia
2697:Glossoptosis
2595:Microcheilia
2590:Macrocheilia
2523:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2365:
2361:
2337:10 September
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2306:. Retrieved
2302:the original
2292:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2267:
2245:(1): 68–72.
2242:
2238:
2232:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2185:
2166:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2045:
2041:
2031:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1963:
1944:
1932:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1862:
1838:. Retrieved
1834:"Gingivitis"
1828:
1817:. Retrieved
1807:
1773:(2): 107–8.
1770:
1766:
1756:
1733:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1622:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1505:
1464:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1341:
1289:
1283:
1238:
1206:
1176:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1125:Oral surgery
1083:
1064:
1047:
1037:
1023:
1012:oral mucosal
1005:
993:
827:
774:Inflammatory
764:
731:
711:
661:
642:
563:pancreatitis
519:) and lips (
491:erythematous
470:
467:streptococci
436:
391:
384:attachment.
368:
353:
338:
319:
307:
300:
281:
258:
254:Macroglossia
252:
249:Macroglossia
243:
239:
235:
231:
224:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
185:
184:
181:
170:
138:
131:
127:
109:
97:
95:
70:
69:
5126:Dental fear
5085:Philippines
4865:Endodontics
4857:Specialties
4643:Ear disease
4638:Eye disease
4420:Microstomia
4410:Macrostomia
4400:Gnathophyma
4317:Catathrenia
4312:Sleep apnea
4243:Sialectasis
3786:Dentigerous
3776:Odontogenic
3605:Plasma cell
3541:Gigantiform
3317:Microdontia
3307:Macrodontia
3278:Hyperdontia
2973:Oral cancer
2933:Leukoplakia
2841:Candidiasis
2801:Oral mucosa
2722:Rhabdomyoma
2702:Hypoglossia
2563:Plasma cell
2048:: 247–255.
1836:. Emedicine
1150:"gnath(o)-"
1080:New Zealand
1030:pathologist
1026:microscopic
974:Description
897:soft palate
800:Oral cancer
746:pilocarpine
725:blood tests
551:vaccination
487:pharyngitis
437:Periodontal
310:glossectomy
296:amyloidosis
141:radiographs
49:Other names
5178:Categories
5073:By country
4380:Angioedema
4186:Malignant:
4166:Oncocytoma
3992:Prognathia
3781:periapical
3760:Microgenia
3711:mandibular
3669:Aggressive
3590:Gingivitis
3531:Cementicle
3469:Abfraction
3459:Tooth wear
3452:Edentulism
3447:Tooth loss
3400:Resorption
3385:Pulp polyp
3368:Pulp stone
3312:Meth mouth
3283:Hypodontia
3273:Gemination
3204:Talon cusp
3097:Ulceration
3065:Stomatitis
3043:Pemphigoid
2991:Malignant:
2943:Linea alba
2928:Leukoedema
2908:Herpangina
2876:Giant-cell
2283:2010-02-02
1979:2010-02-02
1840:2013-12-25
1819:2013-12-27
1136:References
915:Occupation
841:xerostomia
786:Neoplastic
780:Angioedema
748:medication
736:Eye care:
624:Autoimmune
494:excellent.
483:tonsilitis
479:endotoxins
431:—A common
429:gingivitis
427:-induced)
372:is a bony
216:Congenital
157:ultrasound
5189:Pathology
4849:Dentistry
4543:Infection
4248:Sialocele
4231:Parotitis
3972:Open bite
3967:Crossbite
3745:Cherubism
3715:maxillary
3548:Cementoma
3479:Attrition
3295:Impaction
3263:Fluorosis
3172:Anodontia
3167:Ankylosis
3055:Pemphigus
2675:Glossitis
2570:Cleft lip
2548:Cheilitis
1649:cite book
1641:908336985
1491:cite book
1483:834142726
1368:cite book
1360:779906048
1316:cite book
1308:912233495
1265:cite book
1257:960030340
1042:pathology
1019:dentistry
1008:diagnosis
960:Specialty
950:Dentistry
946:Pathology
934:Specialty
908:Specialty
837:menopause
672:dry mouth
652:splitting
610:Traumatic
475:pyrogenic
469:species,
418:Bacterial
405:Infective
378:premolars
303:open bite
284:carcinoma
124:Diagnosis
106:pathology
102:dentistry
63:Dentistry
58:Specialty
5109:See also
4258:Sialosis
4209:Lymphoma
4081:Mucocele
3977:Overbite
3730:Agnathia
3691:Teething
3516:alveolus
3512:cementum
3464:Abrasion
3440:Occlusal
3425:Avulsion
3390:Pulpitis
3334:Odontoma
3080:Herpetic
3070:Aphthous
2580:Eclabium
2384:11904339
2308:25 April
2259:21883487
2224:21763590
2174:Archived
2158:21119507
2117:11132886
2109:23687261
2074:25114590
2023:23211726
2015:24938285
1952:Archived
1916:20544224
1881:61756542
1799:19881063
1713:: 8–23.
1692:12501105
1595:15947228
1546:16001915
1444:24607185
1409:24607185
1184:Archived
1168:"ICD-10"
1088:See also
1015:diseases
954:Medicine
866:tingling
668:dry eyes
603:piercing
596:dentures
513:blisters
400:Acquired
344:mandible
325:mobility
292:myxedema
207:Diseases
4344:Snoring
4302:Bruxism
4138:Benign:
3987:Overjet
3947:Bruxism
3841:Osteoma
3679:Chronic
3504:gingiva
2978:Benign:
2871:Fibroma
2558:Angular
2553:Actinic
2457:D009057
2065:4122257
1924:2969472
1790:2765187
1719:5251442
1554:7017113
1024:When a
845:anxiety
824:Unknown
5090:Israel
5080:Canada
4566:Cancer
4086:Ranula
3558:Epulis
3420:Trauma
3268:Fusion
3177:Caries
3150:enamel
3146:dentin
2741:Palate
2629:Tongue
2382:
2257:
2222:
2156:
2115:
2107:
2072:
2062:
2021:
2013:
1922:
1914:
1879:
1869:
1797:
1787:
1744:
1717:
1690:
1639:
1629:
1593:
1552:
1544:
1481:
1471:
1442:
1407:
1358:
1348:
1306:
1296:
1255:
1245:
1213:
1032:. The
889:mucosa
810:, and
600:tongue
570:Fungal
537:stress
533:cancer
442:tartar
425:Plaque
374:growth
359:palate
294:, and
275:, and
167:Biopsy
161:biopsy
4463:Other
3138:Teeth
2113:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1920:S2CID
1550:S2CID
920:Names
752:sweet
543:Mumps
499:Viral
75:mouth
4425:Noma
3930:and
3713:and
3518:) –
3142:pulp
2537:Lips
2452:MeSH
2437:9-CM
2380:PMID
2339:2013
2310:2013
2255:PMID
2220:PMID
2154:PMID
2105:PMID
2070:PMID
2011:PMID
1912:PMID
1877:OCLC
1867:ISBN
1795:PMID
1742:ISBN
1715:PMID
1688:PMID
1655:link
1637:OCLC
1627:ISBN
1591:PMID
1542:PMID
1497:link
1479:OCLC
1469:ISBN
1440:PMID
1405:PMID
1374:link
1356:OCLC
1346:ISBN
1322:link
1304:OCLC
1294:ISBN
1275:link
1271:link
1253:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1211:ISBN
999:and
899:and
886:oral
598:and
485:and
145:CBCT
104:and
79:jaws
2446:529
2442:520
2433:ICD
2427:K14
2423:K00
2414:ICD
2370:doi
2247:doi
2212:doi
2144:doi
2097:doi
2060:PMC
2050:doi
2003:doi
1904:doi
1785:PMC
1775:doi
1680:doi
1676:127
1581:doi
1534:doi
1432:doi
1397:doi
1073:PhD
1010:of
531:or
529:HIV
163:).
153:MRI
5180::
4289:–
3934:–
3926:,
3514:,
3510:,
3506:,
3148:,
3144:,
2803:–
2455::
2440::
2421::
2418:10
2378:.
2366:15
2364:.
2360:.
2318:^
2253:.
2243:41
2241:.
2218:.
2208:65
2206:.
2152:.
2140:90
2138:.
2134:.
2111:.
2103:.
2093:73
2091:.
2068:.
2058:.
2044:.
2040:.
2017:.
2009:.
1999:74
1997:.
1918:.
1910:.
1900:18
1898:.
1875:.
1849:^
1793:.
1783:.
1771:19
1769:.
1765:.
1709:.
1686:.
1674:.
1651:}}
1647:{{
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