288:
living together included, households in
Stockholm virtually corresponded to those in other Swedish cities. There were local differences as well, with the poorest areas of Södermalm having an average of 5 individuals per household. With a shortage of men, at least 30–40 per cent of household were led by women during the first half of the 19th century. However, in the Katarina district on Södermalm, approximately 70 per cent of households were led by women in 1810, which reflects women there being in majority and older than average. In the wealthier central city districts it was uncommon with women as head of household. In today's old town, an average household included grandparents, a maid or a journeyman, and often a relative — in all 3–4 adults and 1 child; often with a surplus of men. From the mid 19th century, a modernization of employment contracts caused journeymen to set up their own households and throughout the century the number of household including lodgers increased from one to two third, much because of a housing shortage.
495:
not possible to produce in Sweden, and to keep import of items produced by
Swedish manufactures out by means of customs, while promoting import of raw materials needed by the manufactures with bounties and other relieves. Factories were built that could produce goods at a larger scale than traditional handicraft, for example large-scale farming to produce wool of high quality. To this end, rural areas in Sweden (including Finland) were divided into "spinning districts", each of which was controlled by a monopoly often held by a manufacture in Stockholm. During the later part of the 18th century, annually, approximately 6.000 households on the Swedish countryside were busy spinning wool for these manufactures. During the period, Sweden was the dominant producer of top-quality iron and Stockholm remained the most important transit point for iron trade with
106:
523:(1718–72) was an era of prosperity and prospects. As soon as export could be taken up again, demand for iron, copper, and tar remained constantly high. At the same time, domestic shipping was promoted by lighter custom duties and by a mercantile act introduced in 1724 which limited goods imported by foreign ships to import goods originating from the ship's native country. There was, however, a lack of domestic capital; a shortage solved by cash input from foreign trade houses and wholesale companies in Stockholm and Gothenburg. During the 17th century, traders in Stockholm made several failed attempts to establish
565:, Scotland; and Frans Bedoire, France) and its headquarters were located in Gothenburg. The company, however, was of significant importance to Stockholm because of the shipbuilding yards, the trade houses, and the exotic products imported by the company. In order to make the trips financially interesting the ships had to be made large, and to make the trips safe the ships had to be heavily armed. Shipbuilding facilities in Stockholm were adapted to achieve this, and shortly after the foundation of the company a fourth shipyard —
82:
279:
overall.) Falling short of the social security a marriage meant at this time, infant mortality was severe, and as most people who moved into the city were adults, there were few children. average length of life was 44 (compared to 70 today), which mostly reflects the high infant mortality. People who managed to survive infancy were likely to get about as old as people do today, especially if they had the luck to be able to avoid hard labour.
547:
173:(1683–1773) was appointed new city architect — a position which he was to hold for almost 50 years, a period marked by dwindling resources and growing needs. As an architect, Carlberg was industrious and designed structures of all sizes all over town, few of which were ever built and considerably less have survived. His most notable surviving deed is the present
17:
189:, the best preserved 18th century neighbourhoods in Stockholm. To the straight boulevards proposed by his predecessors, Carlberg added new squares and open spaces surrounded by uniformly designed façades with colours limited to various shades of yellow and grey — still a characteristic of large parts of Stockholm. One of Carlberg's adepts was
573:— was enlarged under a direction which included several of the founding members of the company. The company's whereabouts are difficult to trace due to its secretive nature, but preserved historical records unveils 26 of the company's 37 ships were built at the shipyards in Stockholm, most of them around the 1740s. The ship
609:, the shipyards were large employers and dozens of subcontractors in the city were tied to them. Furthermore, before these ships left Stockholm some 100-150 men per ship were recruited, most of them in the city, and as a single trip to China would take 1–2 years the company had a huge impact on Stockholm during this era.
395:
followed by an examination of a qualifying piece of work. After several years as a journeyman, a masterpiece would be examined by the guild, after which the oath could be sworn before the board of trade; a faith many journeymen would have to wait for many years. In contrast, to become a trader, the
365:
Women were associated with their husbands status. However, as craftsmen saw their status sink with the introduction of industrialism, the proletarian class grew during the period. There also was an economic segregation in the city, with the present old town and the lower parts of
Norrmalm being the
72:
During 1720–1850 Stockholm was a city in stagnation. Financial resources were during this period being transposed from countryside to cities, which benefited rural areas dominated by free-holding peasants. The Mälaren region, with its many large mansions, lost in influence to the benefit of western
494:
who gave economic support. i.e. loans and bounties, to manufacturers for the advancement of
Swedish trade. The intention with these institutions was to substitute import of expensive goods, such as high-quality textiles, with a domestic production - thus effectively limiting import to raw materials
278:
There was a surplus of women during the period, not exclusively in
Stockholm but more pronounced there, much due to wars and alcohol abuse. A side effect of this was widows outnumbering widowers 6:1 in 1850; and the number of unmarried people increased (not only in Stockholm but in Swedish cities
184:
As a city planner, Carlberg reworked the building code at several occasions which resulted in wooden buildings being prohibited on the ridges surrounding the medieval city. Notwithstanding these precautions, two devastating fires in the 1750s destroyed large parts of the buildings on the ridges.
287:
The average household was composed of 3,5 individuals, which is very low both in international and national contexts (rural Sweden=4). However, these figures are based on the contemporary notion of a household which excluded children over 16 as they were liable to taxation. With all individuals
274:
in 1814, during the period 1750–1850 Stockholm was a city in despair with a dwindling population, widespread unemployment, marked by ill-health, poverty, alcoholism, and ramping mortality. While population in
Stockholm grew from 60.000 to 90.000 during the period 1750-1850, most of this growth
374:
Detailed regulations controlled what items should be produced and sold by the guilds, and what was permitted to be sold by retail sellers. Stockholm compared to other
Swedish cities had a varied market with a great variation of craftsmanship. This society was built on the
387:), the right to undertake bourgeois activities — trade and craftsmanship — a right tied to an obligation to pay taxes. While the craftsmen's guilds dated back to the 16th century, the trader's societies were largely established during the 18th century. The
471:
During the 18th century the economic model introduced the previous century was further developed, and
Stockholm became the vital centre of trade as governmental departments related to trade were located there: (1) The Mines Authority
519:, Russian occupation of Finland 1714-21, trade and shipping in Stockholm had virtually ceased to exist with the trade fleet reduced to a hundred vessels of moderate size. Notwithstanding the seemingly hopeless situation, the
275:
occurred after 1810, and other major cities in southern and western Sweden grew more rapidly, why
Stockholm lost much of its hegemony while remaining the largest Swedish city.
270:
made
Stockholm the capital of a shrinking nation, a despair which would deepen even further as Sweden lost Finland in 1809. Notwithstanding Sweden managed to recover with the
404:. Manufacturers, however, where not subject for any similar requirements. They had to prove their skills in the trade, but no length of schooling was stipulated.
391:
act of 1846 abolished the guilds which were replaced by crafts associations organizing all craftsmen. Becoming a master craftsman required 3–5 years as an
562:
808:
66:
798:
105:
162:, a group of skilled artists and craftsmen from both Sweden and elsewhere gathered around the royal construction work and the newly founded
24:
square, during the Age of Liberty still a vital and central location, was symptomatic for the era's passion for embellished public squares.
460:
803:
181:
church, a product of the reconstruction 1736-42 which amalgamated the appearance of the medieval church with that of the new palace.
779:
760:
736:
448:
194:
193:(1741–1803). Palmstedt was able implemented many of the renewal plans Carlberg have had for the medieval city, including the
396:
act of 1743 required an education of twelve years, an examination period of one year, seven years as a pupil, and four years as a
561:(1731-1813) was, like most of the chartered companies, initiated by traders with a foreign background (Henrich König, Germany;
271:
531:
was founded in 1738 but was however discontinued in the mid-1760s due to limited economic progress. Swedish colonization of
366:
wealthiest (more than 150% above average); and the suburbs (today part of central Stockholm) were poor (50% below average).
73:
Sweden. Welfare dwindled in Stockholm, and more so among the wealthy, which caused social classes to approach each other.
618:
163:
118:
478:), an independent, public authority founded in 1630 and dissolved in 1857 when replaced by the National Board of Trade (
423:
and slightly more modest estates on the still rural ridges — many of which has survived in their original states.
262:
in 1722, Sweden's roll as a major European power was over, and the decades that followed brought even further disaster;
136:
380:
582:
558:
550:
536:
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shipyard just north of Stockholm, was in service until 1786, and was centuries later used as a prototype for the
124:
166:
which was to be of tremendous importance for the visual arts and architecture during the century that followed.
150:
had been ruined by fire in 1697, but as the king lost in influence during the Age of Liberty, the work on the
132:
170:
528:
491:
474:
444:
98:
62:
569:— with suitable capacity was built in Stockholm and in the mid-1730s the oldest shipyard in the city —
388:
186:
174:
42:
38:
419:— which made a fortune on the emerging industry and had palaces built on the prestigious quay
532:
440:
436:
147:
86:
81:
752:
267:
206:
159:
58:
143:, and ameliorate the city's appearance by implementing the rectangular 17th century city plan.
775:
756:
732:
524:
202:
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259:
198:
155:
151:
90:
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21:
743:(Göran Dahlbäck p 17-72, Robert Sandberg p 75-184, Eva Eggeby and Klas Nyberg p 187-276.)
602:
540:
520:
432:
401:
392:
190:
54:
33:
792:
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439:, the first modern hospital in Sweden, was inaugurated just north of the present-day
128:
594:
50:
46:
110:
94:
379:, they were the only "proper" citizens in Swedish cities, i.e. they were given a
598:
483:
263:
459:
504:
500:
464:
420:
178:
140:
16:
139:, it attempted to improve fire safety by prohibiting wooden buildings in the
623:
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journeymen, assistants, workers, soldiers, servants, paupers, and prisoners.
185:
Some of the structures built following these fires are today, together with
29:
85:
During the era, several small spaces were created in the old town to allow
503:
being delivered to the international market by the wealthy wholesalers at
351:
A stratification into three social groups can be made for this era :
496:
415:
The period saw a new bourgeoisie climb the ranks — the so-called
397:
123:
In 1723 a devastating fire destroyed large parts of the parish of the
605:
and produced at least four ships for the company. These ships were
601:
was built a century earlier. covered most of the area were today is
749:
Sankt Eriks ĂĄrsbok 1994: Yppighet och armod i 1700-talets Stockholm
545:
467:
were built by wealthy bourgeois merchants during the 17th century.
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104:
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dissolved in 1805 when free trade bared it from its privileges.
201:, both still preserved. In 1744–53, the area around the
589:, built at the same shipyard in 1738 and lost in 1745.
431:
The period also saw several scientific novelties: The
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216:
772:
Stockholms årsringar - En inblick i stadens framväxt
41:
when Sweden was governed by weak kings and a strong
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craftsmen, small-scale entrepreneurs, and officials
154:was postponed until 1727. Under the leadership of
109:One of the still intact 18th century buildings on
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435:, developed in 1767, revolutionised heating and
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127:, an event which resulted in the city's first
53:were fighting each other for influence. The
8:
727:Nilsson, Lars; Rye, Margareta, eds. (2002).
539:in 1786; a successful enterprise during the
527:to promote foreign trade. For example, the
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661:
659:
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655:
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158:(1700-1753) and Tessin the Younger's son
80:
15:
635:
131:in 1725. Produced by City Architect
7:
135:(1668–1739), the assistant of
463:Many of the palaces lined-up along
447:was completed by the newly founded
774:(in Swedish). Stockholmia förlag.
14:
731:. Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag.
266:and the sufferings caused by the
205:sluice was redesigned by an aged
37:(1718-1772) is the period in the
809:Sweden during the Age of Liberty
535:resulted in the creation of the
355:individuals of rank and officers
799:History of Stockholm by period
1:
619:History of Sweden (1772-1809)
577:, built in 1771 at the large
119:Historical fires of Stockholm
137:Nicodemus Tessin the Younger
825:
770:Andersson, Magnus (1997).
559:Swedish East India Company
116:
804:18th century in Stockholm
751:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
593:, inaugurated in 1725 on
298:
219:
197:and the small open space
747:Hallerdt, Björn (1994).
571:Stadens stora skeppsvarv
553:visiting Norway in 2005.
133:G J Adelcrantz
583:East Indiaman Götheborg
551:East Indiaman Götheborg
195:Stock Exchange Building
554:
492:Riksdag of the Estates
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443:in 1752. In 1753 the
171:J E Carlberg
114:
102:
25:
585:built 1995-2003, and
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490:), department of the
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445:Stockholm Observatory
301:1769–1850 (per cent)
299:Social stratification
292:Social stratification
108:
99:Sven Vintappares Torg
84:
19:
701:Nilsson, pp 196-222.
689:Nilsson, pp 189-195.
669:Stockholms ĂĄrsringar
647:Nilsson, pp 187-188.
557:The more successful
87:horse-drawn vehicles
39:history of Stockholm
729:Staden pĂĄ vattnet 1
525:chartered companies
511:Chartered companies
449:Academy of Sciences
437:Serafimerlasarettet
427:Culture and science
268:Great Northern Wars
209:(1661–1751).
89:to turn, including
20:The renewal of the
753:Samfundet S:t Erik
713:Hallerdt, pp 9-20.
555:
537:West India Company
488:Manufakturkontoret
469:
411:Social development
207:Christopher Polhem
160:Carl Gustaf Tessin
115:
103:
69:of 1719 and 1720.
67:Stockholm treaties
59:Great Northern War
55:Age of Grand Power
26:
349:
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283:Average household
272:union with Norway
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225:Late 17th century
203:Karl Johanslussen
77:Urban development
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480:Kommerskollegium
389:freedom of trade
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260:Treaty of Nystad
249:Mid 19th century
241:Mid 18th century
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199:Tyska Brunnsplan
177:exterior of the
125:Catherine Church
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187:DjurgĂĄrdsstaden
164:Academy of Arts
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61:, the death of
22:Riddarhustorget
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603:Nationalmuseum
563:Colin Campbell
541:Napoleonic era
529:Levant Company
521:Age of Liberty
515:Following the
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475:Bergskollegium
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433:masonry heater
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417:Skeppsbroadeln
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258:Following the
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191:Erik Palmstedt
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34:Age of Liberty
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517:Greater Wrath
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129:building code
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91:Brända Tomten
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595:Blasieholmen
591:Clasons varv
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482:). (2) The "
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148:royal palace
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93:(depicted),
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28:
27:
667:Andersson,
607:full-rigged
484:Manufacture
264:Black death
233:Around 1720
220:Population
63:Charles XII
57:ended with
32:during the
793:Categories
721:References
671:, pp 41-48
579:Terra Nova
575:Terra Nova
505:Skeppsbron
501:Bergslagen
465:Skeppsbron
421:Skeppsbron
393:apprentice
228:55-66.000
213:Population
179:Storkyrkan
152:new palace
117:See also:
45:where the
624:Bollhuset
587:Götheborg
486:Office" (
441:City Hall
381:franchise
370:Education
169:In 1727,
111:Södermalm
95:GĂĄstorget
30:Stockholm
613:See also
497:bar iron
141:old town
385:burskap
252:90.000
244:60.000
236:45.000
175:Baroque
43:Riksdag
778:
759:
735:
597:where
328:Middle
97:, and
65:, the
630:Notes
499:from
455:Trade
402:stall
400:at a
398:swain
339:Lower
317:Upper
312:1850
306:Class
776:ISBN
757:ISBN
733:ISBN
599:Vasa
309:1769
146:The
51:Caps
49:and
47:Hats
345:81
334:12
795::
755:.
706:^
694:^
676:^
652:^
638:^
507:.
451:.
342:47
331:40
323:7
320:13
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472:(
383:(
113:.
101:.
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