699:, or can be retarded due to the phase transition at 660 km depth creating a difference in buoyancy. An increase in retrograde trench migration (slab rollback) (2–4 cm/yr) is a result of flattened slabs at the 660-km discontinuity where the slab does not penetrate into the lower mantle. This is the case for the Japan, Java and Izu–Bonin trenches. These flattened slabs are only temporarily arrested in the transition zone. The subsequent displacement into the lower mantle is caused by slab pull forces, or the destabilization of the slab from warming and broadening due to thermal diffusion. Slabs that penetrate directly into the lower mantle result in slower slab rollback rates (~1–3 cm/yr) such as the Mariana arc, Tonga arcs.
455:. The depth of the trench depends on the starting depth of the oceanic lithosphere as it begins its plunge into the trench, the angle at which the slab plunges, and the amount of sedimentation in the trench. Both starting depth and subduction angle are greater for older oceanic lithosphere, which is reflected in the deep trenches of the western Pacific. Here the bottoms of the Marianas and the Tonga–Kermadec trenches are up to 10–11 kilometers (6.2–6.8 mi) below sea level. In the eastern Pacific, where the subducting oceanic lithosphere is much younger, the depth of the Peru-Chile trench is around 7 to 8 kilometers (4.3 to 5.0 mi).
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onlapping onto pelagic sediments or ocean basement of the subducting slab, but the trench morphology is still clearly discernible. The southern Chile segment of the trench is fully sedimented, to the point where the outer rise and slope are no longer discernible. Other fully sedimented trenches include the Makran Trough, where sediments are up to 7.5 kilometers (4.7 mi) thick; the
Cascadia subduction zone, which is completed buried by 3 to 4 kilometers (1.9 to 2.5 mi) of sediments; and the northernmost Sumatra subduction zone, which is buried under 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) of sediments.
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662:(F660). The unique interplay of these forces is what generates slab rollback. When the deep slab section obstructs the down-going motion of the shallow slab section, slab rollback occurs. The subducting slab undergoes backward sinking due to the negative buoyancy forces causing a retrogradation of the trench hinge along the surface. Upwelling of the mantle around the slab can create favorable conditions for the formation of a back-arc basin.
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or a change in the plate kinematics. The age of the subducting plates does not have any effect on slab rollback. Nearby continental collisions have an effect on slab rollback. Continental collisions induce mantle flow and extrusion of mantle material, which causes stretching and arc-trench rollback. In the area of the
Southeast Pacific, there have been several rollback events resulting in the formation of numerous back-arc basins.
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exerts a force against the subducting plate (FTS). The slab pull force (FSP) is caused by the negative buoyancy of the plate driving the plate to greater depths. The resisting force from the surrounding mantle opposes the slab pull forces. Interactions with the 660-km discontinuity cause a deflection due to the buoyancy at the
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material from the lower part of the overriding slab, reducing its volume. The edge of the slab experiences subsidence and steepening, with normal faulting. The slope is underlain by relative strong igneous and metamorphic rock, which maintains a high angle of repose. Over half of all convergent margins are erosive margins.
542:. Cascadia has practically no bathymetric expression of the outer rise and trench, due to complete sediment filling, but the inner trench slope is complex, with many thrust ridges. These compete with canyon formation by rivers draining into the trench. Inner trench slopes of erosive margins rarely show thrust ridges.
474:. This is subtle, often only tens of meters high, and is typically located a few tens of kilometers from the trench axis. On the outer slope itself, where the plate begins to bend downwards into the trench, the upper part of the subducting slab is broken by bending faults that give the outer trench slope a
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at the base of the overriding plate. As slab rollback velocities increase, circular mantle flow velocities also increase, accelerating extension rates. Extension rates are altered when the slab interacts with the discontinuities within the mantle at 410 km and 660 km depth. Slabs can either
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Convergent margins are classified as erosive or accretionary, and this has a strong influence on the morphology of the inner slope of the trench. Erosive margins, such as the northern Peru-Chile, Tonga-Kermadec, and
Mariana trenches, correspond to sediment-starved trenches. The subducting slab erodes
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Oceanic trenches are 50 to 100 kilometers (30 to 60 mi) wide and have an asymmetric V-shape, with the steeper slope (8 to 20 degrees) on the inner (overriding) side of the trench and the gentler slope (around 5 degrees) on the outer (subducting) side of the trench. The bottom of the trench marks
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Trench morphology is strongly modified by the amount of sedimentation in the trench. This varies from practically no sedimentation, as in the Tonga-Kermadec trench, to completely filled with sediments, as with the
Cascadia subduction zone. Sedimentation is largely controlled by whether the trench is
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Slab rollback is not always a continuous process suggesting an episodic nature. The episodic nature of the rollback is explained by a change in the density of the subducting plate, such as the arrival of buoyant lithosphere (a continent, arc, ridge, or plateau), a change in the subduction dynamics,
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Forces perpendicular to the slab (the portion of the subducting plate within the mantle) are responsible for steepening of the slab and, ultimately, the movement of the hinge and trench at the surface. These forces arise from the negative buoyancy of the slab with respect to the mantle modified by
56:. They are typically 50 to 100 kilometers (30 to 60 mi) wide and 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor, but can be thousands of kilometers in length. There are about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of oceanic trenches worldwide, mostly around the
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provides evidence for slab rollback. Results demonstrate high temperature anomalies within the mantle suggesting subducted material is present in the mantle. Ophiolites are viewed as evidence for such mechanisms as high pressure and temperature rocks are rapidly brought to the surface through the
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Several forces are involved in the process of slab rollback. Two forces acting against each other at the interface of the two subducting plates exert forces against one another. The subducting plate exerts a bending force (FPB) that supplies pressure during subduction, while the overriding plate
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with its very slow rate of weathering, is sediment-starved, with from 20 to a few hundred meters of sediments on the trench floor. The tectonic morphology of this trench segment is fully exposed on the ocean bottom. The central Chile segment of the trench is moderately sedimented, with sediments
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The trench asymmetry reflects the different physical mechanisms that determine the inner and outer slope angle. The outer slope angle of the trench is determined by the bending radius of the subducting slab, as determined by its elastic thickness. Since oceanic lithosphere thickens with age, the
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topography. The formation of these bending faults is suppressed where oceanic ridges or large seamounts are subducting into the trench, but the bending faults cut right across smaller seamounts. Where the subducting slab is only thinly veneered with sediments, the outer slope will often show
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Though narrow, oceanic trenches are remarkably long and continuous, forming the largest linear depressions on earth. An individual trench can be thousands of kilometers long. Most trenches are convex towards the subducting slab, which is attributed to the spherical geometry of the Earth.
757:. Cold seep communities have been identified in the inner trench slopes of the western Pacific (especially Japan), South America, Barbados, the Mediterranean, Makran, and the Sunda trench. These are found at depths as great as 6,000 meters (20,000 ft). The genome of the
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World War II in the
Pacific led to great improvements of bathymetry, particularly in the western Pacific. In light of these new measurements, the linear nature of the deeps became clear. There was a rapid growth of deep sea research efforts, especially the widespread use of
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Accretionary prisms grow in two ways. The first is by frontal accretion, in which sediments are scraped off the downgoing plate and emplaced at the front of the accretionary prism. As the accretionary wedge grows, older sediments further from the trench become increasingly
2804:
Goldfinger, Chris; Nelson, C. Hans; Morey, Ann E.; Johnson, Joel E.; Patton, Jason R.; Karabanov, Eugene B.; Gutierrez-Pastor, Julia; Eriksson, Andrew T.; Gracia, Eulalia; Dunhill, Gita; Enkin, Randolph J.; Dallimore, Audrey; Vallier, Tracy (2012). Kayen, Robert (ed.).
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plates move towards each other at rates that vary from a few millimeters to over ten centimeters per year. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km (1.2 sq mi) per year. A trench marks the position at which the flexed,
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discontinuities play a significant role in slab rollback. Stagnation at the 660-km discontinuity causes retrograde slab motion due to the suction forces acting at the surface. Slab rollback induces mantle return flow, which causes extension from the
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Sediments are sometimes transported along the axis of an oceanic trench. The central Chile trench experiences transport of sediments from source fans along an axial channel. Similar transport of sediments has been documented in the
Aleutian trench.
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Accretionary margins, such as the southern Peru-Chile, Cascadia, and
Aleutians, are associated with moderately to heavily sedimented trenches. As the slab subducts, sediments are "bulldozed" onto the edge of the overriding plate, producing an
209:. Troughs are elongated depressions of the sea floor with steep sides and flat bottoms, while trenches are characterized by a V-shaped profile. Trenches that are partially infilled are sometimes described as troughs, for example the
550:, and faults and other structural features are steepened by rotation towards the trench. The other mechanism for accretionary prism growth is underplating (also known as basal accretion) of subducted sediments, together with some
2332:
Bangs, N. L.; Morgan, J. K.; Tréhu, A. M.; Contreras-Reyes, E.; Arnulf, A. F.; Han, S.; Olsen, K. M.; Zhang, E. (November 2020). "Basal
Accretion Along the South Central Chilean Margin and Its Relationship to Great Earthquakes".
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Trenches seem positionally stable over time, but scientists believe that some trenches—particularly those associated with subduction zones where two oceanic plates converge—move backward into the subducting plate. This is called
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is located just left of the sharp line between the blue deep ocean (on the left) and the light blue continental shelf, along the west coast of South
America. It runs along an oceanic-continental boundary, where the oceanic
3732:
Zhang, Ru-Yi; Huang, Ying; Qin, Wen-Jing; Quan, Zhe-Xue (June 2021). "The complete genome of extracellular protease-producing
Deinococcus sp. D7000 isolated from the hadal region of Mariana Trench Challenger Deep".
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and reduce the severity of earthquakes. Contrariwise, subduction of large amounts of sediments may allow ruptures along the subduction décollement to propagate for great distances to produce megathrust earthquakes.
531:. This builds the overriding plate outwards. Because the sediments lack strength, their angle of repose is gentler than the rock making up the inner slope of erosive margin trenches. The inner slope is underlain by
2569:
Ellouz-Zimmermann, N.; Deville, E.; MĂĽller, C.; Lallemant, S.; Subhani, A. B.; Tabreez, A. R. (2007). "Impact of Sedimentation on Convergent Margin Tectonics: Example of the Makran Accretionary Prism (Pakistan)".
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Recent measurements, where the salinity and temperature of the water was measured throughout the dive, have uncertainties of about 15 m (49 ft). Older measurements may be off by hundreds of meters.
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the geometry of the slab itself. The extension in the overriding plate, in response to the subsequent subhorizontal mantle flow from the displacement of the slab, can result in formation of a back-arc basin.
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enters a subduction zone. When buoyant continental crust enters a trench, subduction comes to a halt and the area becomes a zone of continental collision. Features analogous to trenches are associated with
3521:
Völker, David; Geersen, Jacob; Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo; Sellanes, Javier; Pantoja, Silvio; Rabbel, Wolfgang; Thorwart, Martin; Reichert, Christian; Block, Martin; Weinrebe, Wilhelm Reimer (October 2014).
3293:"A New Driving Mechanism for Backarc Extension and Backarc Shortening Through Slab Sinking Induced Toroidal and Poloidal Mantle Flow: Results from dynamic subduction models with an overriding plate"
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of light crustal rock arising from subcrustal convection currents. The tectogene hypothesis was further developed by Griggs in 1939, using an analogue model based on a pair of rotating drums.
3262:
Schellart, WP; Lister, GS; Toy, VG (2006). "A Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Reconstruction of the Southwest Pacific Region: Tectonics Controlled by Subduction and Slab Rollback Processes".
2830:"Rifting and subduction initiation history of the New Caledonia Trough, southwest Pacific, constrained by process-oriented gravity models: Gravity modelling of the New Caledonia Trough"
3601:
Völker, David; Geersen, Jacob; Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo; Reichert, Christian (2013). "Sedimentary fill of the Chile Trench (32–46°S): Volumetric distribution and causal factors".
3169:
Peng, Guyu; Bellerby, Richard; Zhang, Feng; Sun, Xuerong; Li, Daoji (January 2020). "The ocean's ultimate trashcan: Hadal trenches as major depositories for plastic pollution".
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modify the inner slope of the trench by triggering massive landslides. These leave semicircular landslide scarps with slopes of up to 20 degrees on the headwalls and sidewalls.
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As sediments are subducted at the bottom of trenches, much of their fluid content is expelled and moves back along the subduction décollement to emerge on the inner slope as
407:' promulgation of the seafloor spreading hypothesis in the early 1960s and the plate tectonic revolution in the late 1960s, the oceanic trench became an important concept in
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194:, with a few shorter convergent margin segments in other parts of the Indian Ocean, in the Atlantic Ocean, and in the Mediterranean. They are found on the oceanward side of
2711:"Submersible- and lander-observed community patterns in the Mariana and New Britain trenches: Influence of productivity and depth on epibenthic and scavenging communities"
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In addition to sedimentation from rivers draining into a trench, sedimentation also takes place from landslides on the tectonically steepened inner slope, often driven by
470:
As the subducting plate approaches the trench, it bends slightly upwards before beginning its plunge into the depths. As a result, the outer trench slope is bounded by an
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near a continental sediment source. The range of sedimentation is well illustrated by the Chilean trench. The north Chile portion of the trench, which lies along the
3075:
Ladd, J.W.; Holcombe, T. L.; Westbrook, G. K.; Edgar, N. T. (1990). "Caribbean Marine Geology: Active margins of the plate boundary". In Dengo, G.; Case, J. (eds.).
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in the 1950s and 1960s. These efforts confirmed the morphological utility of the term "trench." Important trenches were identified, sampled, and mapped via sonar.
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11. Mendocino 12. Murray 13. Molokai 14. Clarion 15. Clipperton 16. Challenger 17. Eltanin 18. Udintsev 19. East Pacific Rise (S-shaped) 20. Nazca Ridge
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on the seafloor between the continents during the late 19th and early 20th centuries provided further motivation for improved bathymetry. The term
3086:"Topography of the Aleutian Trench south-east off Bowers Ridge, Bering Sea, in the context of the geological development of North Pacific Ocean"
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3870:
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Wright, D. J.; Bloomer, S. H.; MacLeod, C. J.; Taylor, B.; Goodlife, A. M. (2000). "Bathymetry of the Tonga Trench and Forearc: a map series".
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Sibuet, M.; Olu, K. (1998). "Biogeography, biodiversity and fluid dependence of deep-sea cold-seep communities at active and passive margins".
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structure is still an oceanic trench. Some troughs look similar to oceanic trenches but possess other tectonic structures. One example is the
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Flower, MFJ; Dilek, Y (2003). "Arc–trench Rollback and Forearc Accretion: 1. A Collision–Induced Mantle Flow Model for Tethyan Ophiolites".
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to explain the belts of negative gravity anomalies that were found near island arcs. According to this hypothesis, the belts were zones of
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contains the deepest part of the world's oceans, and runs along an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary. It is the result of the oceanic
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Jamieson, A.J.; Fujii, T.; Mayor, D.J.; Solan`, M.; Priede, I.G. (2010). "Hadal trenches: the ecology of the deepest places on Earth".
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are drifting into each other at a rate of a few millimeters to over 10 centimeters (4 in) per year. At least one of the plates is
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begins to descend beneath another lithospheric slab. Trenches are generally parallel to and about 200 km (120 mi) from a
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of the overriding plate edge. This reflects frequent earthquakes along the trench that prevent oversteepening of the inner slope.
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is interpreted as an ancient accretionary prism in which underplating is recorded as tectonic mélanges and duplex structures.
348:, in its modern sense of a prominent elongated depression of the sea bottom, was first used by Johnstone in his 1923 textbook
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Smith, W. H. F.; Sandwell, D. T. (1997). "Global sea floor topography from satellite altimetry and ship depth soundings".
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outer slope angle is ultimately determined by the age of the subducting slab. The inner slope angle is determined by the
356:
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Hawkins, J. W.; Bloomer, S. H.; Evans, C. A.; Melchior, J. T. (1984). "Evolution of Intra-Oceanic Arc-Trench Systems".
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the boundary between the subducting and overriding plates, known as the basal plate boundary shear or the subduction
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Hall, R; Spakman, W (2002). "Subducted Slabs Beneath the Eastern Indonesia–Tonga Region: Insights from Tomography".
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202:. Globally, there are over 50 major ocean trenches covering an area of 1.9 million km or about 0.5% of the oceans.
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3330:"The return of sialic material to the mantle indicated by terrigeneous material subducted at convergent margins"
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2807:"Turbidite event history—Methods and implications for Holocene paleoseismicity of the Cascadia subduction zone"
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3502:"Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years of 1872–76 (page 877)"
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Bodine, J.H.; Watts, A.B> (1979). "On lithospheric flexure seaward of the Bonin and Mariana trenches".
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217:, which is completely filled with sediments. Despite their appearance, in these instances the fundamental
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3524:"Morphology and geology of the continental shelf and upper slope of southern Central Chile (33°S–43°S)"
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McConnell, A. (1990). "The art of submarine cable- laying: its contribution to physical oceanography".
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of 1872–1876, which took 492 soundings of the deep ocean. At station #225, the expedition discovered
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under a volcanic arc) are diagnostic of convergent plate boundaries and their deeper manifestations,
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also accumulate in the inner slope, and there is concern that their breakdown could contribute to
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Harris, P.T.; MacMillan-Lawler, M.; Rupp, J.; Baker, E.K. (2014). "Geomorphology of the oceans".
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worldwide. These are mostly located around the Pacific Ocean, but are also found in the eastern
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Schellart, WP; Lister, GS (2004). "Orogenic Curvature: Paleomagnetic and Structural Analyses".
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Nakakuki, T; Mura, E (2013). "Dynamics of Slab Rollback and Induced Back-Arc Basin Formation".
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from Challenger Deep has sequenced for its ecological insights and potential industrial uses.
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3568:"Mass wasting at the base of the south central Chilean continental margin: The Reloca Slide"
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Rowley, David B. (2002). "Rate of plate creation and destruction: 180 Ma to present".
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Trough. Some trenches are completely buried and lack bathymetric expression as in the
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3079:. Vol. H: The Caribbean Region. Geological Society of America. pp. 261–290.
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Trenches are related to, but distinct from, continental collision zones, such as the
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The early phase of trench exploration reached its peak with the 1960 descent of the
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An Introduction to Oceanography, With Special Reference to Geography and Geophysics
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Gallo, N.D.; Cameron, J; Hardy, K.; Fryer, P.; Bartlett, D.H.; Levin, L.A. (2015).
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Because trenches are the lowest points in the ocean floor, there is concern that
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of the subducting slab returns to the surface at the oceanic trench, producing
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A preliminary study into the tsunami hazard faced by southwest Pacific nations
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2710:
2455:
2297:
Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress on the History of Oceanography
1582:
1487:
1351:
1200:
1125:
851:
750:
723:
702:
670:
588:
559:
508:. The Reloca Slide of the central Chile trench is an example of this process.
360:
325:
261:
93:
46:
3566:
Völker, D.; Weinrebe, W.; Behrmann, J. H.; Bialas, J.; Klaeschen, D. (2009).
3102:
3085:
2777:
Geersen, Jacob; Voelker, David; Behrmann, Jan H. (2018). "Oceanic Trenches".
2401:"The Influence of Trench Migration on Slab Penetration into the Lower Mantle"
1705:
1703:
4901:
4763:
4748:
4662:
4507:
4346:
4341:
4124:
4052:
3980:
3900:
3890:
3847:
3029:
2769:
2597:
Fujikura, K.; Lindsay, D.; Kitazato, H.; Nishida, S.; Shirayama, Y. (2010).
2434:
Dastanpour, Mohammad (March 1996). "The Devonian System in Iran: a review".
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1347:
1339:
1049:
284:
115:
73:
38:, while the lithosphere is subducted back into the asthenosphere at trenches
3762:
3208:
3000:
2644:
30:
4996:
4718:
4577:
4469:
4459:
4404:
3880:
3437:
3412:
3199:
2603:
2354:
301:
107:
3808:
3622:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
1993:
1991:
1896:
1894:
4865:
4855:
4025:
3995:
3317:
3292:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
1881:
1879:
1462:
1364:
1106:
742:
669:
processes of slab rollback, which provides space for the exhumation of
364:
64:
and a few other locations. The greatest ocean depth measured is in the
324:
Trenches were not clearly defined until the late 1940s and 1950s. The
4572:
3985:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1335:
1189:
1087:
210:
199:
53:
3329:
2819:
2806:
2745:
2700:
Fisher, R. L.; Hess, H. H. (1963). "Trenches". In M. N. Hill (ed.).
2033:
1970:
1930:
1928:
773:
may accumulate in trenches and endanger the fragile trench biomes.
538:
of sediments. The inner slope topography is roughened by localized
423:
Cross section of an oceanic trench formed along an oceanic-oceanic
379:
substantially revised the theory based on his geological analysis.
4934:
4753:
4532:
4487:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1569:
1480:
1382:
1307:
1068:
754:
701:
575:
564:
418:
137:
119:
29:
2746:"Mantle circulation and the lateral migration of subducted slabs"
2097:
2095:
2093:
4366:
3008:
Jarrard, R. D. (1986). "Relations among subduction parameters".
1565:
1458:
1378:
741:
The fluids released at mud volcanoes and cold seeps are rich in
3812:
2021:
1709:
130:
is accumulating in trenches and threatening these communities.
2828:
Hackney, Ron; Sutherland, Rupert; Collot, Julien (June 2012).
2176:
2080:
2078:
142:
Major Pacific trenches (1–10) and fracture zones (11–20): 1.
3669:"Geophysics and the structure of the Lesser Antilles forearc"
554:, along the shallow parts of the subduction decollement. The
1982:
1745:
276:, which plunges under the other plate to be recycled in the
3246:
10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0927:ROPCAD>2.0.CO;2
3060:(3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 184–188.
2904:
Hamilton, W. B. (1988). "Plate tectonics and island arcs".
2744:
Garfunkel, Z; Anderson, C. A.; Schubert, G (10 June 1986).
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
186:
There are approximately 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of
3785:
3129:
Deutsche hydrographische Zeitschrift, Erganzungs-heft, (B)
2514:
Sedimentary Basins: Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget
2477:"Narrow subducting slabs and the origin of backarc basins"
2160:
2158:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2057:
79:
Oceanic trenches are a feature of the Earth's distinctive
2069:
1757:
2260:
3650:
Oceanography: an introduction to the marine environment
2715:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
2550:(1959 ed.). United States: Vintage Books. p.
1769:
359:
measured gravity over trenches using a newly developed
3487:. Risk and Impact Analysis Group, Geoscience Australia
2272:
2045:
1997:
1958:
1919:
1900:
1798:
1733:
304:. Examples of peripheral foreland basins include the
287:. Unlike in trenches, in continental collision zones
72:, at a depth of 10,994 m (36,070 ft) below
3667:
Westbrook, G.K.; Mascle, A.; Biju-Duval, B. (1984).
2655:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology
2200:
1671:
1669:
1667:
4874:
4848:
4810:
4762:
4701:
4596:
4468:
4365:
4160:
3846:
3786:"HADEX: Research project to explore ocean trenches"
2313:"Oceans' extreme depths measured in precise detail"
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
3454:Stern, R.J. (2005). "TECTONICS | Ocean Trenches".
2541:
2101:
4782:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
2908:. Vol. 100, no. 10. pp. 1503–1527.
2704:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. pp. 411–436.
2574:. Frontiers in Earth Sciences. pp. 327–350.
2188:
2009:
1934:
1885:
1694:
3676:Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project
399:to the bottom of the Challenger Deep. Following
4772:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
2290:"Evolution of the tectogene concept, 1930–1965"
2084:
569:Oceanic trench formed along an oceanic-oceanic
483:ridges oblique to the horst and graben ridges.
3481:Thomas, C.; Burbidge, D.; Cummins, P. (2007).
3056:Kearey, P.; Klepeis, K.A.; Vine, F.J. (2009).
641:) and is one explanation for the existence of
241:. Additionally, the Cayman Trough, which is a
205:Trenches are geomorphologically distinct from
3824:
1834:
8:
2750:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
2335:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
2120:
27:Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
2164:
2149:
2137:
1946:
1502:(*) The five deepest trenches in the world
714:Hydrothermal activity and associated biomes
328:of the ocean was poorly known prior to the
3831:
3817:
3809:
1721:
336:, now known to be the southern end of the
225:Trough, which is the forearc basin of the
3591:
3436:
3316:
3198:
3101:
2876:
2845:
2818:
2811:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
2734:
2634:
2624:
2500:
2424:
1870:
1858:
1846:
367:from aboard a submarine. He proposed the
2599:"Marine Biodiversity in Japanese Waters"
1606:List of submarine topographical features
1509:
1167:
784:
429:
3640:Isostasy and Flexure of the Lithosphere
3531:International Journal of Earth Sciences
2070:Garfunkel, Anderson & Schubert 1986
1810:
1781:
1758:Westbrook, Mascle & Biju-Duval 1984
1631:
4103:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
3226:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2906:Geological Society of America Bulletin
2781:. Springer Geology. pp. 409–424.
2702:The Sea v. 3 The Earth Beneath the Sea
1638:
753:that form the base of a unique trench
126:microorganisms. There is concern that
1770:Hackney, Sutherland & Collot 2012
1675:
7:
5050:
3802:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3790:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
2221:
2046:Geersen, Voelker & Behrmann 2018
1998:Geersen, Voelker & Behrmann 2018
1959:Geersen, Voelker & Behrmann 2018
1920:Geersen, Voelker & Behrmann 2018
1901:Geersen, Voelker & Behrmann 2018
1822:
1799:Geersen, Voelker & Behrmann 2018
1377:Eastern Pacific Ocean; off coast of
1334:Eastern Pacific Ocean; off coast of
3142:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2857:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2405:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2372:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1734:Thomas, Burbidge & Cummins 2007
1540:Western North America; between the
1526:Western North America; between the
512:Erosive versus accretionary margins
4930:National Oceanographic Data Center
4357:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
4245:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
3508:from the original on 17 April 2012
3500:Thomson, C.W.; Murray, J. (1895).
2518:(2nd ed.). Springer. p.
25:
4777:Global Sea Level Observing System
3603:Journal of the Geological Society
3328:Scholl, D. W.; Scholl, D (1993).
3291:Schellart, WP; Moresi, L (2013).
2973:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2834:Geophysical Journal International
443:subducts beneath the continental
5060:
5049:
5040:
5039:
4235:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
4151:
4140:
3041:. Creative Media Partners, LLC.
2847:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05441.x
2572:Thrust Belts and Foreland Basins
2102:Schellart, Lister & Toy 2006
1585:
749:, providing chemical energy for
249:zone, is not an oceanic trench.
233:trough, which is an extensional
4965:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4688:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
3297:Journal of Geophysical Research
3284:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.01.002
2010:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1935:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1886:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1695:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1492:Western Pacific Ocean; between
1321:Western Pacific Ocean; east of
890:10,047 m (32,963 ft)
873:10,542 m (34,587 ft)
856:10,540 m (34,580 ft)
836:10,820 m (35,500 ft)
818:10,984 m (36,037 ft)
350:An Introduction to Oceanography
227:Lesser Antilles subduction zone
3464:10.1016/B0-12-369396-9/00141-6
2813:. Professional Paper. 1661-E.
2311:Amos, Jonathan (11 May 2021).
1155:5,625 m (18,455 ft)
1137:6,048 m (19,843 ft)
1118:6,084 m (19,961 ft)
1099:6,400 m (21,000 ft)
1080:7,225 m (23,704 ft)
1061:6,875 m (22,556 ft)
1042:7,450 m (24,440 ft)
1024:7,686 m (25,217 ft)
989:8,055 m (26,427 ft)
967:8,265 m (27,116 ft)
949:8,380 m (27,490 ft)
931:9,140 m (29,990 ft)
909:9,810 m (32,190 ft)
342:transatlantic telegraph cables
239:Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone
34:Oceanic crust is formed at an
1:
5098:Coastal and oceanic landforms
3697:Marine Geophysical Researches
3642:. Cambridge University Press.
3404:10.1126/science.277.5334.1956
3383:10.1016/S0967-0645(97)00074-X
3255:Geological Society of America
2887:10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00705-7
2685:10.1144/gsl.sp.2003.218.01.03
1544:and the Intermontane Islands
1077:Between India & Maldives
615:into the trench may increase
314:Tigris-Euphrates river system
106:Much of the fluid trapped in
83:. They mark the locations of
4225:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
4195:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
3951:Luke's variational principle
3755:10.1016/j.margen.2020.100832
3354:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90294-T
3191:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115121
3077:The Geology of North America
2964:10.1016/0040-1951(84)90013-1
2935:10.1016/j.margeo.2014.01.011
2787:10.1007/978-3-319-57852-1_21
2626:10.1371/journal.pone.0011836
2580:10.1007/978-3-540-69426-7_17
2502:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90087-Z
2426:10.1016/0012-821x(96)00023-4
2392:10.1016/0012-821X(79)90162-6
2288:Allwrardt, Allan O. (1993).
695:penetrate directly into the
611:Subduction of seamounts and
357:Felix Andries Vening Meinesz
355:During the 1920s and 1930s,
320:History of the term "trench"
45:are prominent, long, narrow
5108:Oceanographical terminology
3084:Lemenkova, Paulina (2021).
2475:; Ben-Avraham, Zvi (1993).
2085:Schellart & Moresi 2013
1467:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
751:chemotrophic microorganisms
229:. Also not a trench is the
85:convergent plate boundaries
5134:
4290:Ocean dynamical thermostat
4138:
3504:. 19thcenturyscience.org.
3162:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.031
2993:10.1016/j.tree.2009.09.009
2471:Dvorkin, Jack; Nur, Amos;
1408:Boundary of Caribbean and
296:. One such feature is the
60:, but also in the eastern
5035:
4825:Ocean acoustic tomography
4638:Mohorovičić discontinuity
4230:General circulation model
3866:Benjamin–Feir instability
3593:10.5194/adgeo-22-155-2009
3551:10.1007/s00531-012-0795-y
3037:Johnstone, James (1923).
2736:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.12.012
2510:Einsele, Gerhard (2000).
2456:10.1017/S0016756800008670
1835:Thomson & Murray 1895
1421:Southwest of New Zealand
1282:Northeast of New Zealand
1243:Southwest of New Zealand
1217:Cedros Trench (inactive)
298:peripheral foreland basin
4955:Ocean surface topography
4330:Thermohaline circulation
4320:Subsurface ocean current
4260:Hydrothermal circulation
4093:Wave–current interaction
3871:Boussinesq approximation
3103:10.5200/baltica.2021.1.3
2399:Christensen, UR (1996).
2121:Nakakuki & Mura 2013
1506:Ancient oceanic trenches
1431:Eastern edge of Japan's
1367:(New Hebrides Islands).
1164:Notable oceanic trenches
777:Deepest oceanic trenches
215:Cascadia subduction zone
188:convergent plate margins
4992:Sea surface temperature
4975:Outline of oceanography
4170:Atmospheric circulation
4108:shallow water equations
4098:Waves and shallow water
3991:Significant wave height
3717:10.1023/A:1026514914220
3648:Weyl, Peter K. (1969).
3572:Advances in Geosciences
3456:Encyclopedia of Geology
3154:2013E&PSL.361..287N
3030:10.1029/RG024i002p00217
2869:2002E&PSL.201..321H
2779:Submarine Geomorphology
2770:10.1029/JB091iB07p07205
2417:1996E&PSL.140...27C
2384:1979E&PSL..43..132B
2150:Hall & Spakman 2002
2138:Flower & Dilek 2003
1947:Bodine & Watts 1979
134:Geographic distribution
118:. These support unique
4987:Sea surface microlayer
4352:Wind generated current
1746:Goldfinger et al. 2012
1554:Western North America
1446:South Sandwich Islands
1288:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
864:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
710:
685:Interactions with the
606:megathrust earthquakes
596:
573:
506:megathrust earthquakes
447:
427:
183:
39:
5093:Depressions (geology)
4820:Deep scattering layer
4802:World Geodetic System
4310:Princeton Ocean Model
4190:Coriolis–Stokes force
3840:Physical oceanography
3417:Reviews of Geophysics
3411:Stern, R. J. (2002).
3264:Earth-Science Reviews
3010:Reviews of Geophysics
2658:(8th ed.). 1997.
1616:Physical oceanography
1601:Glossary of landforms
1457:Curves from south of
1440:South Sandwich Trench
1330:Middle America Trench
957:South Sandwich Trench
705:
579:
568:
433:
422:
330:Challenger expedition
252:Trenches, along with
141:
33:
5103:Submarine topography
4840:Underwater acoustics
4400:Perigean spring tide
4265:Langmuir circulation
3976:Rossby-gravity waves
3638:Watts, A.B. (2001).
3438:10.1029/2001RG000108
2665:Pub. Geol. Soc. Lond
2355:10.1029/2020JB019861
2177:Fujikura et al. 2010
1528:Intermontane Islands
1249:Izu–Ogasawara Trench
1233:East of New Zealand
1196:Bougainville Trench
1006:8,412 m (27,498 ft)
899:Izu–Ogasawara Trench
591:beneath the oceanic
445:South American Plate
369:tectogene hypothesis
300:, a sediment-filled
258:Wadati-Benioff zones
5002:Science On a Sphere
4608:Convergent boundary
4280:Modular Ocean Model
4240:Geostrophic current
3956:Mild-slope equation
3747:2021MarGn..5700832Z
3709:2000MarGR..21..489W
3652:. New York: Wiley.
3623:10.1144/jgs2012-119
3615:2013JGSoc.170..723V
3584:2009AdG....22..155V
3543:2014IJEaS.103.1765V
3429:2002RvGeo..40.1012S
3398:(5334): 1956–1962.
3375:1998DSRII..45..517S
3346:1993Tectp.219..163V
3309:2013JGRB..118.3221S
3276:2006ESRv...76..191S
3238:2002GSAB..114..927R
3183:2020WatRe.16815121P
3022:1986RvGeo..24..217J
2985:2010TEcoE..25..190J
2956:1984Tectp.102..175H
2927:2014MGeol.352....4H
2762:1986JGR....91.7205G
2727:2015DSRI...99..119G
2677:2003GSLSP.218...21F
2652:"Deep-sea trench".
2617:2010PLoSO...511836F
2548:The Immense Journey
2493:1993Tectp.227...63D
2448:1996GeoM..133..159D
2436:Geological Magazine
2347:2020JGRB..12519861B
2058:Dvorkin et al. 1993
2012:, pp. 264–266.
1961:, pp. 412–416.
1922:, pp. 411–412.
1888:, pp. 250–251.
1572:and Southeast Asia
1522:Intermontane Trench
1496:and Mariana Trench
1359:New Hebrides Trench
681:Mantle interactions
571:convergent boundary
425:convergent boundary
363:that could measure
274:oceanic lithosphere
4658:Seafloor spreading
4648:Outer trench swell
4613:Divergent boundary
4513:Continental margin
4498:Carbonate platform
4395:Lunitidal interval
3413:"Subduction Zones"
3318:10.1002/jgrb.50173
2034:Völker et al. 2014
1983:Völker et al. 2009
1971:Völker et al. 2013
1710:Harris et al. 2014
1530:and North America
1404:Puerto Rico Trench
1212:Western Caribbean
1145:Puerto Rico Trench
939:Puerto Rico Trench
917:New Britain Trench
897:Izu–Bonin Trench (
728:Methane clathrates
711:
708:Puerto Rico Trench
666:Seismic tomography
653:Processes involved
597:
574:
529:accretionary prism
524:accretionary wedge
481:seafloor spreading
448:
428:
377:Harry Hammond Hess
184:
40:
5075:
5074:
5067:Oceans portal
5027:World Ocean Atlas
5017:Underwater glider
4960:Ocean temperature
4623:Hydrothermal vent
4588:Submarine volcano
4523:Continental shelf
4503:Coastal geography
4493:Bathymetric chart
4375:Amphidromic point
4063:Wave nonlinearity
3921:Infragravity wave
3703:(489–511): 2000.
3659:978-0-471-93744-9
3473:978-0-12-369396-9
3363:Deep-Sea Research
3067:978-1-4051-0777-8
3048:978-1-340-39958-0
2796:978-3-319-57851-4
2756:(B7): 7205–7223.
2589:978-3-540-69425-0
2543:"The Great Deeps"
2529:978-3-540-66193-1
2273:Gallo et al. 2015
2189:Zhang et al. 2021
2022:Bangs et al. 2020
1576:
1575:
1564:South of Turkey,
1500:
1499:
1390:Philippine Trench
1373:Peru–Chile Trench
1220:Pacific coast of
1161:
1160:
1152:Rio Bermuda Deep
975:Peru–Chile Trench
844:Philippine Trench
472:outer trench high
436:Peru–Chile Trench
289:continental crust
235:sedimentary basin
16:(Redirected from
5125:
5088:Oceanic trenches
5065:
5064:
5053:
5052:
5043:
5042:
4982:Pelagic sediment
4920:Marine pollution
4714:Deep ocean water
4583:Submarine canyon
4518:Continental rise
4410:Rule of twelfths
4325:Sverdrup balance
4255:Humboldt Current
4180:Boundary current
4155:
4144:
3961:Radiation stress
3931:Iribarren number
3906:Equatorial waves
3861:Ballantine scale
3856:Airy wave theory
3833:
3826:
3819:
3810:
3805:
3798:"Ocean Trenches"
3793:
3774:
3728:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3673:
3663:
3643:
3634:
3597:
3595:
3562:
3537:(7): 1765–1787.
3528:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3477:
3450:
3440:
3423:(4): 1012–1049.
3407:
3386:
3357:
3340:(1–3): 163–175.
3322:
3320:
3303:(6): 3221–3248.
3287:
3270:(3–4): 191–233.
3258:
3249:
3220:
3202:
3165:
3148:(B11): 287–297.
3136:
3123:
3105:
3080:
3071:
3058:Global tectonics
3052:
3033:
3004:
2967:
2950:(1–4): 175–205.
2938:
2909:
2898:
2880:
2851:
2849:
2840:(3): 1293–1305.
2824:
2822:
2800:
2773:
2740:
2738:
2705:
2696:
2659:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2593:
2565:
2545:
2533:
2517:
2506:
2504:
2467:
2430:
2428:
2395:
2366:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2225:
2219:
2204:
2201:Peng et al. 2020
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2165:Christensen 1996
2162:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2105:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1679:
1673:
1642:
1636:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1510:
1229:Hikurangi Trough
1186:Aleutian Islands
1168:
1134:Madagascar Deep
1058:Mauritius Point
785:
747:hydrogen sulfide
660:phase transition
556:Franciscan Group
476:horst and graben
340:. The laying of
266:subduction zones
243:pull-apart basin
198:and Andean-type
43:Oceanic trenches
21:
18:Submarine trench
5133:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5113:Plate tectonics
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5059:
5031:
4870:
4844:
4806:
4787:Sea-level curve
4758:
4697:
4683:Transform fault
4633:Mid-ocean ridge
4599:
4592:
4558:Oceanic plateau
4464:
4450:Tidal resonance
4420:Theory of tides
4361:
4270:Longshore drift
4220:Ekman transport
4156:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4136:
4088:Wave turbulence
4021:Trochoidal wave
3946:Longshore drift
3842:
3837:
3796:
3784:
3781:
3735:Marine Genomics
3731:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3647:
3637:
3600:
3565:
3526:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3499:
3490:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3453:
3410:
3389:
3369:(45): 517–567.
3360:
3327:
3290:
3261:
3252:
3223:
3168:
3139:
3126:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3055:
3049:
3036:
3007:
2970:
2941:
2912:
2903:
2878:10.1.1.511.9094
2854:
2827:
2820:10.3133/pp1661F
2803:
2797:
2776:
2743:
2708:
2699:
2662:
2651:
2596:
2590:
2568:
2562:
2536:
2530:
2509:
2470:
2433:
2398:
2369:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2228:
2220:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2127:
2119:
2108:
2100:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1907:
1899:
1892:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1722:Dastanpour 1996
1720:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1682:
1674:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1611:Mid-ocean ridge
1591:
1584:
1581:
1550:Farallon Trench
1542:Insular Islands
1508:
1417:Puysegur trench
1323:Mariana Islands
1277:Kermadec Trench
1222:Baja California
1180:Aleutian Trench
1166:
1149:Atlantic Ocean
1096:Sri Lanka Deep
1021:Caribbean Deep
1018:Atlantic Ocean
961:Atlantic Ocean
943:Atlantic Ocean
921:Pacific Ocean (
881:Kermadec Trench
814:Challenger Deep
779:
716:
683:
655:
643:back-arc basins
631:trench rollback
626:
624:Trench rollback
613:aseismic ridges
602:
514:
489:
465:angle of repose
417:
401:Robert S. Dietz
334:Challenger Deep
322:
294:collision zones
270:tectonic plates
247:transform fault
237:related to the
223:Lesser Antilles
168:Kuril–Kamchatka
136:
81:plate tectonics
66:Challenger Deep
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5131:
5129:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5080:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5057:
5047:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5007:Stratification
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4899:
4897:Color of water
4894:
4892:Benthic lander
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4797:Sea level rise
4794:
4792:Sea level drop
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4628:Marine geology
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:Passive margin
4565:
4563:Oceanic trench
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Ocean dynamics
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Coriolis force
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Stokes problem
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3941:Kinematic wave
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3794:
3780:
3779:External links
3777:
3776:
3775:
3729:
3692:
3664:
3658:
3645:
3635:
3609:(5): 723–736.
3598:
3563:
3518:
3497:
3478:
3472:
3451:
3408:
3387:
3358:
3334:Tectonophysics
3324:
3323:
3288:
3259:
3250:
3232:(8): 927–933.
3221:
3171:Water Research
3166:
3137:
3124:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3053:
3047:
3034:
3016:(2): 217–284.
3005:
2979:(3): 190–197.
2968:
2944:Tectonophysics
2939:
2915:Marine Geology
2910:
2900:
2899:
2863:(2): 321–336.
2852:
2825:
2801:
2795:
2774:
2741:
2706:
2697:
2660:
2649:
2594:
2588:
2566:
2560:
2538:Eiseley, Loren
2534:
2528:
2507:
2487:(1–4): 63–79.
2481:Tectonophysics
2468:
2442:(2): 159–170.
2431:
2411:(1–4): 27–39.
2396:
2378:(1): 132–148.
2367:
2329:
2308:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2261:Jamieson et al
2226:
2205:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2154:
2142:
2125:
2106:
2089:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2048:, p. 421.
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
2000:, p. 416.
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. 251.
1924:
1905:
1903:, p. 420.
1890:
1875:
1871:Allwrardt 1993
1863:
1859:Johnstone 1923
1851:
1847:McConnell 1990
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1699:
1697:, p. 250.
1680:
1643:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1536:Insular Trench
1532:
1531:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1469:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:Ryukyu Islands
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:Atlantic Ocean
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1316:Mariana Trench
1312:
1311:
1310:, Philippines
1304:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1271:East of Japan
1269:
1263:
1262:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1001:Pacific Ocean
999:
993:
992:
990:
987:
986:Richards Deep
984:
983:Pacific Ocean
981:
979:Atacama Trench
971:
970:
968:
965:
962:
959:
953:
952:
950:
947:
946:Brownson Deep
944:
941:
935:
934:
932:
929:
926:
919:
913:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:Pacific Ocean
902:
894:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:Pacific Ocean
883:
877:
876:
874:
871:
869:
868:Pacific Ocean
866:
860:
859:
857:
854:
849:
848:Pacific Ocean
846:
840:
839:
837:
834:
831:
830:Pacific Ocean
828:
822:
821:
819:
816:
811:
810:Pacific Ocean
808:
806:Mariana Trench
802:
801:
798:
797:Maximum Depth
795:
792:
789:
778:
775:
771:plastic debris
736:global warming
715:
712:
692:shear stresses
682:
679:
654:
651:
639:hinge rollback
625:
622:
617:aseismic creep
601:
598:
582:Mariana Trench
513:
510:
494:Atacama Desert
488:
485:
416:
413:
409:plate tectonic
338:Mariana Trench
321:
318:
278:Earth's mantle
219:plate-tectonic
176:Middle America
135:
132:
128:plastic debris
87:, along which
70:Mariana Trench
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5130:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5056:
5048:
5046:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Marine energy
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4882:Acidification
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:SOFAR channel
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4643:Oceanic crust
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Fracture zone
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4553:Oceanic basin
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Abyssal plain
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Internal tide
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:Ocean current
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4143:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Wave shoaling
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4043:Ursell number
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Internal wave
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Breaking wave
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
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3799:
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3256:
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3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3200:11250/2677323
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
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3087:
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3073:
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3023:
3019:
3015:
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3006:
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2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:(8): e11836.
2610:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2561:0-394-70157-7
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
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2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
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2309:
2298:
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2285:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:, p. 49.
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1593:Oceans portal
1588:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1560:Tethys Trench
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1494:Palau Islands
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1427:Ryukyu Trench
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:Manila Trench
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:Kuril islands
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:Cayman Trench
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1184:South of the
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1131:Indian Ocean
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:Indian Ocean
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1093:Indian Ocean
1092:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:Indian Ocean
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1055:Indian Ocean
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:Indian Ocean
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Cayman Trench
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
980:
976:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
908:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
858:
855:
853:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
833:Horizon Deep
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
817:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
794:Lowest Point
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
776:
774:
772:
767:
765:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:mud volcanoes
713:
709:
704:
700:
698:
693:
688:
680:
678:
674:
672:
667:
663:
661:
652:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:hinge retreat
632:
623:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
599:
594:
593:Mariana Plate
590:
587:
586:Pacific Plate
583:
578:
572:
567:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:oceanic crust
549:
543:
541:
537:
536:thrust sheets
534:
530:
526:
525:
518:
511:
509:
507:
502:
498:
495:
487:Sedimentation
486:
484:
482:
477:
473:
468:
466:
460:
456:
454:
446:
442:
437:
432:
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
393:
388:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:volcanic arcs
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:New Caledonia
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Izu–Ogasawara
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:mud volcanoes
109:
104:
102:
98:
95:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:Pacific Ocean
55:
51:
48:
44:
37:
36:oceanic ridge
32:
19:
5022:Water column
4970:Oceanography
4945:Observations
4940:Explorations
4910:Marginal sea
4903:
4861:OSTM/Jason-2
4693:Volcanic arc
4668:Slab suction
4562:
4385:Head of tide
4275:Loop Current
4215:Ekman spiral
4001:Stokes drift
3911:Gravity wave
3886:Cnoidal wave
3801:
3789:
3738:
3734:
3700:
3696:
3686:26 September
3684:. Retrieved
3679:
3675:
3649:
3639:
3606:
3602:
3575:
3571:
3534:
3530:
3510:. Retrieved
3491:26 September
3489:. Retrieved
3483:
3455:
3420:
3416:
3395:
3391:
3366:
3362:
3337:
3333:
3300:
3296:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3174:
3170:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3096:(1): 27–46.
3093:
3089:
3076:
3057:
3038:
3013:
3009:
2976:
2972:
2947:
2943:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2860:
2856:
2837:
2833:
2810:
2778:
2753:
2749:
2718:
2714:
2701:
2671:(1): 21–41.
2668:
2664:
2653:
2608:
2602:
2571:
2547:
2513:
2484:
2480:
2439:
2435:
2408:
2404:
2375:
2371:
2338:
2334:
2321:. Retrieved
2316:
2302:29 September
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2282:Bibliography
2268:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2145:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1811:Eiseley 1946
1806:
1782:Einsele 2000
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1634:
1621:Ring of Fire
1501:
1474:Tonga Trench
1453:Sunda Trench
1444:East of the
1395:East of the
1267:Japan Trench
1239:Hjort Trench
1115:Somali Deep
1032:Sunda Trench
997:Japan Trench
964:Meteor Deep
928:Planet Deep
826:Tonga Trench
780:
768:
761:
759:extremophile
740:
732:gas hydrates
717:
697:lower mantle
684:
675:
664:
656:
647:
638:
634:
630:
627:
610:
603:
544:
540:mass wasting
528:
522:
519:
515:
503:
499:
490:
471:
469:
461:
457:
449:
395:
389:
385:echosounders
381:
368:
354:
349:
345:
323:
310:Ganges River
297:
282:
268:. Here, two
251:
204:
192:Indian Ocean
185:
152:Bougainville
124:chemotrophic
105:
101:volcanic arc
89:lithospheric
78:
62:Indian Ocean
42:
41:
5012:Thermocline
4729:Mesopelagic
4702:Ocean zones
4673:Slab window
4538:Hydrography
4478:Abyssal fan
4445:Tidal range
4435:Tidal power
4430:Tidal force
4315:Rip current
4250:Gulf Stream
4210:Ekman layer
4200:Downwelling
4175:Baroclinity
4162:Circulation
4058:Wave height
4048:Wave action
4031:megatsunami
4011:Stokes wave
3971:Rossby wave
3936:Kelvin wave
3916:Green's law
3578:: 155–167.
3458:: 428–437.
2721:: 119–133.
2473:Mavko, Gary
1639:Rowley 2002
1461:to west of
1397:Philippines
1344:El Salvador
923:Solomon Sea
763:Deinococcus
600:Earthquakes
453:décollement
441:Nazca Plate
392:Bathyscaphe
373:downwelling
306:floodplains
262:earthquakes
196:island arcs
54:ocean floor
50:depressions
47:topographic
5118:Subduction
5082:Categories
4950:Reanalysis
4849:Satellites
4830:Sofar bomb
4678:Subduction
4653:Ridge push
4548:Ocean bank
4528:Contourite
4455:Tide gauge
4440:Tidal race
4425:Tidal bore
4415:Slack tide
4380:Earth tide
4300:Ocean gyre
4120:Wind setup
4115:Wind fetch
4078:Wave setup
4073:Wave radar
4068:Wave power
3966:Rogue wave
3896:Dispersion
3741:: 100832.
3257:: 237–254.
3177:: 115121.
3135:: 467–473.
1676:Stern 2005
1627:References
1488:Yap Trench
1352:Costa Rica
1201:New Guinea
1188:, west of
1126:Madagascar
1039:Java Deep
852:Emden Deep
724:cold seeps
671:ophiolites
589:subducting
560:California
533:imbricated
415:Morphology
405:Harry Hess
361:gravimeter
326:bathymetry
260:(zones of
180:Peru–Chile
116:cold seeps
94:subducting
4812:Acoustics
4764:Sea level
4663:Slab pull
4600:tectonics
4508:Cold seep
4470:Landforms
4347:Whirlpool
4342:Upwelling
4125:Wind wave
4053:Wave base
3981:Sea state
3901:Edge wave
3891:Cross sea
3771:229392459
3631:128432525
3559:129460412
3447:247695067
3217:204122125
3112:247031368
2895:129884170
2873:CiteSeerX
2693:128899276
2464:129199671
2363:225154312
2323:2 October
2222:Amos 2021
1823:Weyl 1969
1516:Location
1348:Nicaragua
1340:Guatemala
1199:South of
1174:Location
1050:Mauritius
604:Frequent
548:lithified
285:Himalayas
245:within a
122:based on
108:sediments
74:sea level
5045:Category
4997:Seawater
4724:Littoral
4719:Deep sea
4578:Seamount
4460:Tideline
4405:Rip tide
4335:shutdown
4305:Overflow
4038:Undertow
3881:Clapotis
3763:33867118
3512:26 March
3506:Archived
3209:31605833
3001:19846236
2921:: 4–24.
2645:20689840
2604:PLoS ONE
2540:(1946).
1579:See also
1465:and the
1363:West of
1306:West of
1261:islands
411:theory.
312:and the
302:foredeep
172:Aleutian
144:Kermadec
5055:Commons
4925:Mooring
4875:Related
4866:Jason-3
4856:Jason-1
4739:Pelagic
4734:Oceanic
4709:Benthic
4026:Tsunami
3996:Soliton
3743:Bibcode
3725:6072675
3705:Bibcode
3682:: 23–38
3611:Bibcode
3580:Bibcode
3539:Bibcode
3425:Bibcode
3392:Science
3371:Bibcode
3342:Bibcode
3305:Bibcode
3272:Bibcode
3234:Bibcode
3179:Bibcode
3150:Bibcode
3120:3854076
3090:Baltica
3018:Bibcode
2981:Bibcode
2952:Bibcode
2923:Bibcode
2865:Bibcode
2758:Bibcode
2723:Bibcode
2673:Bibcode
2636:2914005
2613:Bibcode
2489:Bibcode
2444:Bibcode
2413:Bibcode
2380:Bibcode
2343:Bibcode
1463:Sumatra
1365:Vanuatu
1128:Trench
1109:Trench
1107:Somalia
1090:Trench
1071:Trench
1052:Trench
800:Source
788:Trench
743:methane
396:Trieste
365:gravity
308:of the
207:troughs
200:orogens
156:Mariana
68:of the
52:of the
4744:Photic
4573:Seabed
3986:Seiche
3769:
3761:
3723:
3656:
3629:
3557:
3470:
3445:
3215:
3207:
3118:
3110:
3064:
3045:
2999:
2893:
2875:
2793:
2691:
2643:
2633:
2586:
2558:
2526:
2462:
2361:
2341:(11).
1513:Trench
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