1891:
261:
147:
4408:
672:, which ended when the Atlantic last re-flooded the basin at the end of the Miocene. Recent research has suggested that a desiccation-flooding cycle may have repeated several times during the last 630,000 years of the Miocene epoch, which could explain several events of large amounts of salt deposition. Recent studies, however, show that repeated desiccation and re-flooding is unlikely from a
50:
459:
It has a varied and contrasting topography. The
Mediterranean Region offers an ever-changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad of islands of various shapes and sizes dotted amidst the clear blue sea. Contrary
696:
trees and shrubs, with small, hard, waxy leaves that prevent moisture loss in the dry summers. Much of these forests and shrublands have been altered beyond recognition by thousands of years of human habitation. There are now very few relatively intact natural areas in what was once a heavily wooded
1435:
zones along rivers and streams where they receive summer water. Mediterranean forests are generally composed of evergreen trees, predominantly oak and pine. At higher elevations
Mediterranean forests transition to mixed broadleaf and tall conifer forests similar to temperate zone
667:
About 6 mya during the late
Miocene, the Mediterranean was closed at its western end by drifting Africa, which caused the entire sea to evaporate. There followed several (debated) episodes of sea drawdown and re-flooding known as the
679:
The end of the
Miocene also marked a change in the Mediterranean Basin's climate. Fossil evidence shows that the Mediterranean Basin had a relatively humid subtropical climate with summer rainfall during the Miocene, which supported
1573:
2439:
1853:
2653:
624:
The
Mediterranean Basin was shaped by the ancient collision of the northward-moving African–Arabian continent with the stable Eurasian continent. As Africa–Arabia moved north, it closed the former
1753:
1501:
1867:
1827:
636:
period, a small
Neotethys ocean basin formed shortly before the Tethys Sea was closed at the eastern end. The collision pushed up a vast system of mountains, extending from the
4757:
1462:, because of its rich biodiversity and its threatened status. The Mediterranean Basin has an area of 2,085,292 km, of which only 98,009 km remains undisturbed.
4747:
1665:
1617:
1315:
occur in the driest areas, especially areas near the seacoast where wind and salt spray are frequent. Low, soft-leaved scrublands around the
Mediterranean are known as
1393:" in Spanish. In some places, shrublands are the mature vegetation type, and in other places the result of the degradation of former forest or woodland by logging or
1683:
2898:
2311:
1523:
2270:
1543:
1297:: Southwestern Mediterranean (or Southern Moroccan and Southwestern Mediterranean), Ibero-Balearian (or Iberian and Balearian), Liguro-Tyrrhenian, Adriatic,
2609:
525:. In the eastern Mediterranean the Sahara extends to the southern shore of the Mediterranean, with the exception of the northern fringe of the peninsula of
460:
to the classic sandy beach images portrayed in most tourist brochures, the
Mediterranean is surprisingly hilly. Mountains can be seen from almost anywhere.
4452:
1490:
1305:
249:
4172:
4031:
4752:
2341:
1817:
706:
1533:
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in the east, although some places may or may not be included depending on the view, as is the case with
Macaronesia: some definitions only include
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4165:
4051:
2207:
2001:
1705:
719:
2740:
4807:
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2835:
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31:
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4155:
4119:
4058:
1807:
67:
4148:
4143:
4089:
1992:
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715:
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off the
Atlantic coast of Iberia and North Africa, and the present Mediterranean vegetation evolved, dominated by coniferous trees and
4792:
4772:
4017:
2891:
267:-based map of the areas surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Based on the work of M. C. Peel, B. L. Finlayson and T. A. McMahon at the
4358:
4099:
2074:
were domesticated in Europe from the 6th to the 3rd millennium BCE. Agricultural settlements spread around the Mediterranean Basin.
1890:
1771:
212:
133:
273:
114:
4114:
4104:
4046:
4024:
4007:
4002:
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264:
86:
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1785:
71:
93:
4378:
4363:
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2406:
2093:, with lakes, rivers, and wetlands. After a period of climatic instability, the Sahara settled into a desert state by the
688:
epoch, as summer rainfall decreased. The subtropical laurel forests retreated, although they persisted on the islands of
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4742:
4411:
4063:
3693:
3420:
3125:
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and small trees and are the most common plant community around the Mediterranean. Mediterranean shrublands are known as
260:
4698:
4683:
3550:
2399:"Astrochronology for the Messinian Sorbas basin (SE Spain) and orbital (precessional) forcing for evaporite cyclicity"
2295:
1553:
536:
Europe lies to the north of the Mediterranean. The European portion of the Mediterranean Basin loosely corresponds to
4559:
100:
4812:
4787:
4782:
4622:
4438:
3728:
3713:
3011:
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1631:
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664:(23 to 5.3 mya) epochs. The Neotethys became larger during these collisions and associated folding and subduction.
2251:
60:
4762:
4678:
4109:
4041:
4012:
3997:
3738:
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inhabited western Asia and the non-glaciated portions of Europe starting about 230,000 years ago. Modern humans
82:
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3698:
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3198:
2911:
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regions. It is home to a number of plant communities, which vary with rainfall, elevation, latitude, and soil.
552:, extend into and comprise much of the Mediterranean-climate zone. A system of folded mountains, including the
4544:
436:, which extends much further south and north due to major rivers ending in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the
4711:
4642:
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the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest ecoregion, which extends slightly into Iraq
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4345:
4036:
3943:
3620:
3330:
3325:
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1607:
1470:
268:
146:
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4322:
4129:
3723:
3526:
2565:
Govers, Rob (1 February 2009). "Choking the Mediterranean to dehydration: The Messinian salinity crisis".
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are distinct from woodlands in having a closed canopy, and occur in the areas of highest rainfall and in
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4652:
4554:
4531:
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4415:
4279:
4199:
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2130:
1254:
1230:
779:
775:
330:
237:
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are shared with one of the four neighboring floristic regions only. According to different versions of
4637:
2502:
2023:
approximately 21,000 years ago, and ended approximately 12,000 years ago. A warm period, known as the
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4289:
3265:
2983:
2798:
2761:
2621:
2574:
2517:
2473:
2415:
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2020:
2012:
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In Western Asia, it covers the western and southern portions of the peninsula of Anatolia, as far as
4706:
4589:
4506:
4481:
3938:
3603:
3516:
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3208:
3154:
3066:
3006:
3001:
1205:
960:
783:
771:
601:
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1009:
946:
684:. The shift to a Mediterranean climate occurred within the last 3.2–2.8 million years, during the
4670:
4574:
4226:
3847:
3810:
3688:
3134:
3056:
3016:
2991:
2860:
2814:
2789:
Suc, J.-P. (1984). "Origin and evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe".
2769:
2723:
2645:
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2063:
2055:
1593:
1298:
1294:
1281:
1258:
1163:
1156:
890:
596:
mountains of the Balkan Peninsula divide the Mediterranean from the temperate climate regions of
494:, but excluding the temperate-climate mountains of central Turkey. It includes the Mediterranean
107:
2016:
1221:
are nearly endemic. Among the endemic species prominent in the Mediterranean vegetation are the
981:
4688:
4614:
4307:
3926:
3753:
3718:
3579:
3574:
3555:
3364:
3191:
2951:
2831:
2637:
2590:
2374:
2301:
2260:
1445:
1238:
855:
593:
545:
541:
402:
313:
233:
38:
3228:
2610:"Messinian salinity crisis regulated by competing tectonics and erosion at the Gibraltar Arc"
4632:
4388:
4383:
4373:
4302:
3979:
3933:
3876:
3805:
3668:
3562:
3511:
3489:
3342:
3289:
2806:
2629:
2582:
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2481:
2431:
2423:
2113:(The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II), published in 1949.
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1002:
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641:
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165:
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3703:
3653:
3593:
3535:
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3203:
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documents was another important contribution in the area of Mediterranean Jewish culture.
2106:
1801:
1513:
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803:
605:
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3588:
3472:
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3452:
3447:
3374:
3320:
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3243:
3149:
3139:
2503:"Evaporite accumulation during the Messinian Salinity Crisis : The Suez Rift Case"
2232:
2222:
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1695:
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1338:
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681:
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4206:
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3233:
3105:
3034:
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2961:
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2197:
2118:
2114:
2004:
into western Asia from Africa less than 100,000 years ago. Modern humans, known as
1478:
1441:
1242:
953:
932:
897:
834:
786:
723:
577:
518:
155:
1293:'s delineation, the Mediterranean Region is further subdivided into seven to nine
444:. Conversely, the Mediterranean Basin includes regions not in the drainage basin (
4430:
2364:
2297:
The Status and Distribution of Reptiles and Amphibians of the Mediterranean Basin
4501:
4353:
4312:
3948:
3837:
3780:
3708:
3658:
3545:
3521:
3410:
3248:
3166:
3144:
3120:
2966:
2956:
1997:
1494:
1394:
1222:
1149:
1100:
1072:
1016:
918:
807:
689:
464:
49:
17:
3883:
3852:
3678:
3673:
3337:
3298:
3260:
3178:
3051:
2936:
2931:
2005:
1677:
1655:
1246:
1234:
1226:
1193:
1170:
1135:
1128:
1114:
1107:
1044:
925:
911:
739:
673:
657:
625:
513:
region of northwestern Africa has a Mediterranean climate, separated from the
498:
at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, bounded on the east and south by the
484:
27:
Region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate
2594:
4330:
3989:
3963:
3893:
3871:
3864:
3648:
3425:
3359:
3255:
3078:
3061:
2946:
2941:
2915:
2749:
2227:
2143:
2090:
1404:
1360:
1312:
1262:
1121:
1079:
1023:
904:
876:
862:
800:
743:
727:
653:
526:
2641:
4584:
3857:
3462:
3398:
3369:
3279:
3238:
3046:
3026:
2529:
2486:
2462:"Mediterranean Sea level variations during the Messinian Salinity Crisis"
2461:
2217:
2075:
2035:
1857:
1775:
1659:
1621:
1517:
1432:
1414:
1390:
1325:
1270:
1211:
1187:
1142:
1030:
939:
869:
827:
820:
811:
731:
685:
637:
633:
629:
581:
553:
445:
441:
252:
vegetation. It was a very important part of Mediterranean civilizations.
2633:
4579:
3829:
3567:
3457:
3415:
3303:
3115:
3110:
3039:
2082:
1871:
1831:
1789:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1709:
1691:
1643:
1635:
1577:
1451:
1400:
1375:
1093:
1086:
1065:
1058:
974:
841:
747:
714:, the Mediterranean Basin together with the nearby Atlantic coast, the
661:
628:, which formerly separated Eurasia from the ancient super continent of
510:
472:
2866:
2586:
4335:
3439:
3393:
3100:
3087:
2855:
Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot (Conservation International)
2810:
2731:
2435:
2155:
2139:
2086:
1942:: Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets.
1875:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1797:
1793:
1761:
1757:
1669:
1647:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1527:
1509:
1505:
1466:
1428:
1364:
1354:
1217:
1199:
1051:
1037:
759:
755:
735:
561:
495:
480:
468:
449:
425:
421:
412:
245:
241:
2111:
La Méditerranéee et le monde méditerranéen à l époque de Philippe II
1978:: Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests.
2397:
W. Krijgsman; A. R. Fortuinb; F. J. Hilgenc; F. J. Sierrod (2001).
632:, of which Africa was part. At about the same time, 170 mya in the
4465:
4243:
4186:
4081:
3625:
2923:
2907:
2872:
Mediterranean Experts on Climate and environmental Change (MedECC)
2163:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2067:
2043:
2039:
2031:
1922:: Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests.
1889:
1883:
1879:
1861:
1843:
1821:
1811:
1779:
1765:
1739:
1717:
1713:
1699:
1673:
1651:
1625:
1611:
1597:
1537:
1408:
967:
751:
569:
557:
530:
503:
259:
145:
3220:
2337:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2151:
2047:
1954:: Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests.
1854:
Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
1581:
1422:
1286:
645:
589:
565:
491:
453:
437:
429:
4434:
2880:
2861:
Are wildfires a disaster in the Mediterranean basin? – A review
1493:
ecoregions in the Mediterranean Basin, most of which featuring
792:
The Mediterranean Region was first proposed by German botanist
2071:
1898:: Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests.
1574:
Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
1418:
204:
43:
420:
The Mediterranean Basin covers portions of three continents:
2707:
Medieval Iberian Crusade Fiction and the Mediterranean World
2138:
is the dominant grain grown around the Mediterranean Basin.
2105:
One of the earliest modern studies of the Mediterranean was
1974:: Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests.
1754:
Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
1407:
occur around the Mediterranean, usually dominated by annual
2867:
MedTrees: Trees and large shrubs of the Mediterranean Basin
2363:
Hegazy, Ahmad; Lovett-Doust, Jonathan (2016). "2.18 Iraq".
1304:
The Mediterranean Basin is the largest of the world's five
201:
195:
186:
174:
30:"Mediterranean Region" redirects here. For other uses, see
2871:
2062:. Near Eastern crops spread to southeastern Europe in the
1502:
Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
2745:
180:
1828:
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
2008:, moved into Europe approximately 50–40,000 years ago.
1982:: Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests.
1938:: Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests.
1930:: Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests.
479:
while others include the whole Macaronesia (with the
213:
198:
168:
150:
Physical and political map of the Mediterranean Basin
2178:
and summer vegetables are grown in irrigated areas.
2146:
are also grown. The characteristic tree crop is the
1868:
Tyrrhenian–Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
1425:, mixed with other sclerophyll and coniferous trees.
540:. The three large Southern European peninsulas, the
463:
By definition, the Mediterranean Basin extends from
192:
183:
177:
4697:
4669:
4651:
4613:
4530:
4472:
4344:
4321:
4288:
4252:
4185:
4079:
3987:
3978:
3907:
3828:
3634:
3438:
3219:
3177:
3086:
3077:
3025:
2982:
2922:
2259:. European Commission of the European Union. 2009.
814:to the region. Among the endemic plant genera are:
189:
171:
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2085:9000–7000 years ago increased rainfall across the
648:. This episode of mountain building, known as the
274:Legend of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification
37:Not to be confused with the drainage basin of the
2830:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
2078:were constructed in Europe from 4500 – 1500 BCE.
1902:: Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests.
1666:Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
1618:Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
766:, which belongs to the Tethyan Subkingdom of the
2758:Plant Life in the World's Mediterranean Climates
2300:. Neil Cox, Janice Chanson, Simon Stuart. 2006.
1910:: Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests.
1440:The Mediterranean Basin is home to considerable
2728:The First Eden: The Mediterranean world and man
2608:Garcia-Castellanos, D.; Villaseñor, A. (2011).
1301:, South Mediterranean and Crimeo-Novorossiysk.
4446:
2892:
1970:: Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands.
1894:Map of the Mediterranean Basin's ecoregions.
1524:Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
8:
2501:Gargani J.; Moretti I.; Letouzey J. (2008).
2019:in Southern European contexts), reached its
1906:: Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests.
1544:Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
1363:are dense thickets of evergreen sclerophyll
4758:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
2828:Mittelmeerraum, Geography, History, Economy
1491:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1306:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
250:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
4453:
4439:
4431:
3984:
3083:
2899:
2885:
2877:
1946:: Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe.
1684:Mediterranean acacia–argania dry woodlands
2709:. University of Toronto Press. p. 4.
2485:
2162:, are grown where irrigation is present.
2060:establishment of agricultural settlements
1818:Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
707:Category:Environment of the Mediterranean
533:, which has a dry Mediterranean climate.
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
4748:Drainage basins of the Mediterranean Sea
1966:: South Apeninne mixed montane forests.
1534:Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
2276:from the original on September 19, 2017
2253:Natura 2000 in the Mediterranean Region
2243:
1950:: Mediterranean woodlands and forests.
1469:of the Mediterranean Basin include the
2777:
2767:
2676:"Флористические деления суши и океана"
2208:Life zones of the Mediterranean region
2154:are another important fruit tree, and
1706:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
720:Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
1958:: Northwest Iberian montane forests.
32:Mediterranean Region (disambiguation)
7:
2054:in the eastern Mediterranean in the
2011:The most recent glacial period, the
1808:South Apennine mixed montane forests
232:, is the region of lands around the
72:adding citations to reliable sources
1993:History of the Mediterranean region
1732:Mediterranean woodlands and forests
716:Mediterranean woodlands and forests
2680:Древнесредиземноморское подцарство
2170:crop, grown for fruit and to make
1962:: Pindus Mountains mixed forests.
25:
2764:: University of California Press.
2752:, 2021, retrieved: March 8, 2021.
2344:from the original on 24 June 2022
1772:Northwest Iberian montane forests
4753:Environment of the Mediterranean
4407:
4406:
3739:West South Central United States
2460:Gargani J., Rigollet C. (2007).
2366:Plant Ecology in the Middle East
2314:from the original on 26 May 2023
1918:: Cyprus Mediterranean forests.
1397:, or disturbance by major fires.
750:and the Black Sea coast between
248:, which supports characteristic
164:
48:
3954:Latin America and the Caribbean
3820:Latin America and the Caribbean
2734:, MA: Little Brown and Company.
2656:from the original on 2012-11-10
2547:from the original on 2021-05-07
2442:from the original on 2024-01-01
1914:: Crete Mediterranean forests.
59:needs additional citations for
4689:Central Australian or Eremaean
2081:A strengthening of the summer
1934:: Illyrian deciduous forests.
1786:Pindus Mountains mixed forests
764:Mediterranean Floristic Region
1:
2826:Wagner, Horst-Günter (2011).
2750:Institute of European History
2746:EGO - European History Online
2663:– via sites.google.com.
2428:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00171-8
656:(34 to 23 million years ago (
652:, occurred mostly during the
4808:Geography of the Middle East
3421:Middle East and North Africa
3126:Middle East and North Africa
2682:(in Russian). Archived from
2510:Geophysical Research Letters
2466:Geophysical Research Letters
2117:'s multivolume study of the
1564:Cyprus Mediterranean forests
770:and is enclosed between the
620:Geology and paleoclimatology
509:The northern portion of the
2857:(archived 23 November 2005)
1926:: Iberian conifer forests.
1554:Crete Mediterranean forests
1458:designates the region as a
810:, is the only plant family
806:, recently segregated from
240:, with mild to cool, rainy
4829:
4717:South Subantarctic Islands
3714:Northeastern United States
2756:Dallman, Peter F. (1998).
2213:Mediterranean wine climate
2128:
1990:
1632:Illyrian deciduous forests
1456:Conservation International
796:in the late 19th century.
704:
432:. It is distinct from the
277:on the Wikimedia Commons.
36:
29:
4793:Geography of North Africa
4773:Natural history of Europe
4402:
2025:Holocene climatic optimum
1417:are usually dominated by
670:Messinian Salinity Crisis
386:Humid continental climate
347:Humid subtropical climate
271:. For a full legend, see
4560:St. Helena and Ascension
4195:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3199:Transantarctic Mountains
2705:Wacks, David A. (2019).
2058:, which allowed for the
2027:, followed the ice age.
734:, the southern coast of
4492:North American Atlantic
3944:Caribbean South America
2371:Oxford University Press
1608:Iberian conifer forests
1471:Mediterranean monk seal
1285:. Moreover, many plant
517:, which extends across
269:University of Melbourne
4803:Geography of West Asia
3724:Southern United States
3527:Scandinavian Peninsula
2030:Food crops, including
1983:
1640:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1489:The WWF identifies 22
730:coast of northeastern
417:
151:
4768:Palearctic ecoregions
4653:South African Kingdom
4532:Paleotropical Kingdom
4200:Antarctic Convergence
3744:Western United States
2334:"Mediterranean Basin"
2131:Mediterranean cuisine
2129:Further information:
1893:
1255:Greek strawberry tree
1231:Mediterranean cypress
331:Mediterranean climate
263:
244:and warm to hot, dry
238:Mediterranean climate
224:), also known as the
149:
83:"Mediterranean basin"
3266:Greater Central Asia
2762:Berkeley, California
2530:10.1029/2007gl032494
2487:10.1029/2007GL029885
2013:Wisconsin glaciation
1460:biodiversity hotspot
467:in the west, to the
226:Mediterranean Region
68:improve this article
4798:Geography of Europe
4743:Mediterranean Basin
4615:Neotropical Kingdom
4412:Continents of Earth
3939:Brazilian Highlands
3348:Indian subcontinent
3209:Antarctic Peninsula
3007:Southern Hemisphere
3002:Northern Hemisphere
2803:1984Natur.307..429S
2724:Attenborough, David
2634:10.1038/nature10651
2626:2011Natur.480..359G
2579:2009Geo....37..167G
2522:2008GeoRL..35.2401G
2478:2007GeoRL..3410405G
2420:2001SedG..140...43K
2407:Sedimentary Geology
1444:, including 22,500
1295:floristic provinces
712:Phytogeographically
236:that have mostly a
160:Mediterranean Basin
4671:Australian Kingdom
4227:Great Barrier Reef
3848:Mainland Australia
3556:Apennine Peninsula
3017:Western Hemisphere
2992:Eastern Hemisphere
2472:(L10405): L10405.
2203:Indo-Mediterranean
2095:4th millennium BCE
2064:7th millennium BCE
2056:9th millennium BCE
1984:
1299:East Mediterranean
1282:Vitex agnus-castus
580:along the eastern
418:
152:
4813:Regions of Africa
4788:Regions of Europe
4783:Floristic regions
4730:
4729:
4699:Antarctic Kingdom
4628:Guayana Highlands
4545:Usambara-Zululand
4474:Holarctic Kingdom
4462:Floristic regions
4428:
4427:
4308:Mediterranean Rim
4181:
4180:
4120:Mediterranean Sea
3974:
3973:
3927:Amazon Rainforest
3754:Canadian Prairies
3719:Pacific Northwest
3580:Iberian Peninsula
3365:Arabian Peninsula
3192:Antarctic Plateau
2952:Three/Four Worlds
2837:978-3-534-23179-9
2797:(5950): 429–432.
2738:Borutta, Manuel,
2674:Тахтаджян, А. Л.
2587:10.1130/G25141A.1
2380:978-0-19-107874-3
2307:978-2-8317-0912-3
2266:978-92-79-11587-5
2166:are an important
2089:, which became a
1239:Oriental sweetgum
787:floristic regions
546:Italian Peninsula
542:Iberian Peninsula
403:Subarctic climate
314:Semi-arid climate
234:Mediterranean Sea
144:
143:
136:
118:
39:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
4820:
4763:Palearctic realm
4712:Chile-Patagonian
4550:Sudano-Zambezian
4540:Guineo-Congolian
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4410:
4409:
4389:Global Southwest
4384:Global Southeast
4374:Global Northwest
4369:Global Northeast
4359:Global Heartland
4303:Indian Ocean Rim
3985:
3877:Island Melanesia
3568:Balkan Peninsula
3343:Himalayan states
3290:Russian Far East
3084:
3012:Water Hemisphere
2901:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2841:
2822:
2811:10.1038/307429a0
2785:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2735:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2620:(7377): 359–63.
2605:
2599:
2598:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2507:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2403:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2258:
2248:
1389:in French, and "
794:August Grisebach
642:Zagros Mountains
640:in Spain to the
550:Balkan Peninsula
415:
410:
406:
405:
400:
396:
394:
388:
383:
379:
377:
373:
371:
367:
365:
361:
360:
355:
349:
344:
340:
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334:
333:
328:
324:
322:
316:
311:
307:
305:
301:
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295:
294:
289:
285:
283:
220:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
18:Submediterranean
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4693:
4665:
4647:
4609:
4526:
4487:Eastern Asiatic
4468:
4459:
4429:
4424:
4398:
4340:
4317:
4284:
4248:
4177:
4166:South China Sea
4075:
4018:Central America
3970:
3903:
3824:
3776:Northern Mexico
3764:Northern Canada
3749:Atlantic Canada
3704:Mountain states
3630:
3485:European Russia
3478:Southern Russia
3434:
3387:Iranian Plateau
3215:
3204:West Antarctica
3187:East Antarctica
3173:
3073:
3021:
2997:Land Hemisphere
2978:
2918:
2905:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2825:
2788:
2776:
2766:
2755:
2722:
2719:
2717:Further reading
2714:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2308:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2184:
2133:
2127:
2107:Fernand Braudel
2103:
1995:
1989:
1802:North Macedonia
1514:North Macedonia
1497:plant species:
1487:
1475:Barbary macaque
1291:Armen Takhtajan
1276:Acanthus mollis
1251:strawberry tree
1183:
804:Drosophyllaceae
709:
703:
701:Flora and fauna
676:point of view.
622:
606:Northern Europe
538:Southern Europe
523:Atlas Mountains
416:
408:
407:
398:
397:
392:
391:
390:
389:
381:
380:
375:
374:
369:
368:
363:
362:
358:Oceanic climate
353:
352:
351:
350:
342:
341:
336:
335:
326:
325:
320:
319:
318:
317:
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
287:
286:
281:
280:
279:
278:
258:
218:
214:
167:
163:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4735:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4517:Irano-Turanian
4514:
4512:Saharo-Arabian
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:Rocky Mountain
4494:
4489:
4484:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4420:Physical Earth
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4259:
4257:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4232:Mariana Trench
4229:
4219:
4214:
4212:Atlantic Ocean
4209:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4173:Southern Ocean
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4161:East China Sea
4153:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4095:Atlantic Ocean
4092:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3899:Remote Oceania
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3769:Western Canada
3766:
3761:
3759:Eastern Canada
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3473:South Caucasus
3470:
3468:North Caucasus
3460:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3375:South Caucasus
3367:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:Aralkum Desert
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3035:Africa-Eurasia
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2850:
2849:External links
2847:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2823:
2786:
2753:
2736:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2697:
2666:
2600:
2573:(2): 167–170.
2557:
2493:
2452:
2389:
2379:
2355:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2265:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2233:Zanclean flood
2230:
2225:
2223:Ottoman Empire
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2193:Ancient Greece
2190:
2183:
2180:
2126:
2123:
2102:
2101:Historiography
2099:
2021:maximum extent
1991:Main article:
1988:
1985:
1888:
1887:
1865:
1851:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1783:
1769:
1751:
1729:
1703:
1696:Canary Islands
1688:Western Sahara
1681:
1663:
1629:
1615:
1605:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1486:
1483:
1449:vascular plant
1438:
1437:
1426:
1412:
1398:
1358:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
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1076:
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1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
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992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
816:
780:Saharo-Arabian
776:Irano-Turanian
768:Boreal Kingdom
702:
699:
694:sclerophyllous
682:laurel forests
650:Alpine orogeny
621:
618:
614:Eastern Europe
610:Central Europe
574:Central Europe
477:Canary Islands
434:drainage basin
292:Desert climate
257:
254:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4825:
4814:
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4809:
4806:
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4801:
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4796:
4794:
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4784:
4781:
4779:
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4774:
4771:
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4766:
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4761:
4759:
4756:
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4751:
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4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
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4656:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4605:Neocaledonian
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
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4558:
4556:
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4546:
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4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4507:Mediterranean
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
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4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:Pacific Ocean
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:Pacific Ocean
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Caribbean Sea
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4052:by population
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4025:South America
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4008:North America
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3959:Southern Cone
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3934:Andean States
3932:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3909:South America
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3636:North America
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Low Countries
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:South-western
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3563:South-eastern
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3551:South-central
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3541:Mediterranean
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:British Isles
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3404:Levantine Sea
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Mediterranean
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2741:Mediterraneum
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2686:on 2008-06-16
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:(2): L02401.
2515:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2356:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Ancient Egypt
2186:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:, especially
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:, along with
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1267:common myrtle
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
997:
996:Hermodactylus
993:
991:
990:
989:Helicodiceros
986:
984:
983:
979:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
961:Euzomodendron
958:
956:
955:
951:
949:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
893:
892:
888:
886:
885:
881:
879:
878:
874:
872:
871:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
857:
853:
851:
850:
849:Argantoniella
846:
844:
843:
839:
837:
836:
832:
830:
829:
825:
823:
822:
818:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
802:
797:
795:
790:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
700:
698:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
675:
671:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:Sahara Desert
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
404:
387:
359:
348:
332:
315:
293:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:Köppen–Geiger
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:or sometimes
227:
223:
222:
209:
161:
157:
148:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4722:Neozeylandic
4707:Fernandezian
4502:Macaronesian
4482:Circumboreal
4418: /
4416:List of seas
4414: /
4379:Global South
4364:Global North
4298:Atlantic Rim
4237:Ring of Fire
4217:Indian Ocean
4207:Arctic Ocean
4149:Persian Gulf
4144:Indian Ocean
4125:Adriatic Sea
4090:Arctic Ocean
3922:Amazon Basin
3917:Amazon Plain
3889:Near Oceania
3694:Mid-Atlantic
3644:Aridoamerica
3604:Northwestern
3540:
3517:Northwestern
3490:Southeastern
3382:Greater Iran
3321:Southeastern
3316:Pacific Asia
3285:Pacific Asia
3273:Northeastern
3229:Asia–Pacific
3095:
2972:Fourth World
2962:Second World
2844:
2827:
2794:
2790:
2757:
2739:
2727:
2706:
2700:
2688:. Retrieved
2684:the original
2679:
2669:
2658:. Retrieved
2617:
2613:
2603:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2513:
2509:
2496:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2444:. Retrieved
2414:(1): 43–60.
2411:
2405:
2392:
2384:
2365:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2296:
2290:
2278:. Retrieved
2252:
2246:
2198:Ancient Rome
2134:
2119:Cairo Geniza
2115:S.D. Goitein
2110:
2104:
2080:
2052:domesticated
2029:
2010:
1998:Neanderthals
1996:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1488:
1479:Iberian lynx
1464:
1442:biodiversity
1439:
1384:
1374:
1373:in Catalan,
1368:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1324:
1316:
1303:
1280:
1274:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1010:Hymenocarpus
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
973:
966:
959:
954:Drosophyllum
952:
947:Dorystoechas
945:
938:
933:Coridothymus
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
898:Ceratocapnos
896:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
835:Aphyllanthes
833:
826:
819:
798:
791:
784:Macaronesian
772:Circumboreal
763:
724:North Africa
710:
678:
666:
623:
602:Northwestern
578:Dinaric Alps
535:
519:North Africa
508:
489:
462:
458:
419:
272:
230:Mediterranea
229:
225:
159:
156:biogeography
153:
130:
124:October 2013
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
4575:Indochinese
4555:Karoo-Namib
4394:Global West
4354:Global East
4313:Pacific Rim
4255:waterbodies
4244:World Ocean
4069:New Zealand
3949:The Guianas
3838:Australasia
3781:West Indies
3709:New England
3689:Great Lakes
3659:Mesoamerica
3546:Middle East
3522:Scandinavia
3411:Middle East
3249:Caspian Sea
3155:Great Lakes
3135:Sub-Saharan
3121:Middle East
2984:Hemispheres
2967:Third World
2957:First World
2910:'s primary
2778:|work=
2348:29 November
2318:29 November
2125:Agriculture
2006:Cro-Magnons
1495:sclerophyll
1465:Endangered
1395:overgrazing
1223:Aleppo pine
1206:Dracunculus
1185:The genera
1164:Tremastelma
1150:Tetraclinis
1101:Rothmaleria
1073:Petromarula
1017:Ionopsidium
919:Chronanthus
891:Callicotome
808:Droseraceae
690:Macaronesia
465:Macaronesia
4737:Categories
4595:Polynesian
4565:Madagascan
4135:Ionian Sea
4130:Aegean Sea
4100:Baltic Sea
4032:Antarctica
3884:Micronesia
3853:New Guinea
3811:Portuguese
3734:West Coast
3684:East Coast
3679:Bible Belt
3674:Appalachia
3353:Subregions
3261:Inner Asia
3179:Antarctica
3079:Continents
3052:Antarctica
3027:Landmasses
2937:Down Under
2932:Arab World
2916:subregions
2690:26 January
2660:2011-12-15
2551:2021-05-06
2446:2019-04-05
2239:References
2144:vegetables
1678:San Marino
1656:Montenegro
1485:Ecoregions
1477:, and the
1405:grasslands
1361:Shrublands
1343:tomillares
1313:Scrublands
1247:kermes oak
1235:bay laurel
1227:stone pine
1194:Sesamoides
1171:Triplachne
1157:Trachelium
1136:Soleirolia
1129:Staehelina
1115:Rupicapnos
1108:Rosmarinus
1045:Lycocarpus
982:Gyrocarion
926:Cladanthus
912:Chamaerops
762:forms the
740:Sevastopol
705:See also:
674:geodynamic
626:Tethys Sea
584:, and the
548:, and the
485:Cape Verde
94:newspapers
4684:Southwest
4679:Northeast
4638:Brazilian
4633:Amazonian
4623:Caribbean
4585:Papuasian
4331:Antarctic
4115:Irish Sea
4105:Black Sea
4064:Australia
4013:Caribbean
3990:continent
3964:Patagonia
3894:Polynesia
3872:Melanesia
3865:Zealandia
3843:Australia
3729:Southwest
3649:Caribbean
3426:Near East
3067:submerged
3062:Zealandia
3057:Australia
2947:Old World
2942:New World
2780:ignored (
2770:cite book
2748:, Mainz:
2650:205227033
2595:0091-7613
2538:129573384
2436:1874/1632
2280:August 6,
2228:Phoenicia
2091:grassland
2076:Megaliths
2036:chickpeas
1594:Palestine
1415:Woodlands
1263:terebinth
1122:Santolina
1080:Phillyrea
1024:Lafuentea
905:Ceratonia
877:Bolanthus
863:Biserrula
856:Bellardia
801:monotypic
744:Feodosiya
728:Black Sea
654:Oligocene
568:dividing
556:dividing
527:Cyrenaica
521:, by the
506:deserts.
256:Geography
4600:Hawaiian
4580:Malesian
3858:Tasmania
3806:Hispanic
3669:Northern
3616:Germanic
3594:Atlantic
3536:Southern
3497:Northern
3463:Caucasus
3399:Dead Sea
3370:Caucasus
3338:Southern
3331:Maritime
3326:Mainland
3299:Northern
3280:Far East
3239:Aral Sea
3162:Southern
3106:Northern
2726:(1987).
2654:Archived
2642:22170684
2542:Archived
2440:Archived
2342:Archived
2312:Archived
2271:Archived
2218:MISTRALS
2182:See also
1858:Portugal
1776:Portugal
1660:Slovenia
1622:Portugal
1518:Bulgaria
1436:forests.
1433:riparian
1401:Savannas
1391:matorral
1335:phrygana
1326:garrigue
1317:garrigar
1271:oleander
1243:holm oak
1212:Arisarum
1188:Aubrieta
1143:Spartium
1031:Lagoecia
940:Didesmus
870:Bivonaea
828:Andryala
821:Anagyris
738:between
732:Anatolia
697:region.
686:Pliocene
638:Pyrenees
634:Jurassic
630:Gondwana
582:Adriatic
554:Pyrenees
475:and the
446:Portugal
4522:Madrean
4464:of the
4059:Oceania
4047:by area
4003:America
3980:Islands
3830:Oceania
3699:Midwest
3654:Central
3621:Romance
3589:Western
3458:Balkans
3453:Eastern
3448:Central
3416:Mashriq
3360:Western
3304:Siberia
3256:Eastern
3234:Central
3167:Western
3140:Central
3116:Mashriq
3111:Maghreb
3101:Saharan
3047:America
3040:Eurasia
2912:regions
2819:4318726
2799:Bibcode
2622:Bibcode
2575:Bibcode
2567:Geology
2518:Bibcode
2474:Bibcode
2416:Bibcode
2083:monsoon
2050:, were
1987:History
1872:Croatia
1832:Lebanon
1790:Albania
1748:Tunisia
1744:Morocco
1736:Algeria
1726:Tunisia
1722:Morocco
1710:Algeria
1692:Morocco
1644:Croatia
1636:Albania
1578:Lebanon
1467:mammals
1452:species
1446:endemic
1429:Forests
1409:grasses
1381:Italian
1376:macchia
1347:Spanish
1321:Catalan
1094:Putoria
1087:Preslia
1066:Ortegia
1059:Morisia
975:Guiraoa
842:Argania
812:endemic
748:Ukraine
662:Miocene
660:)) and
598:Western
594:Rhodope
511:Maghreb
473:Madeira
246:summers
242:winters
221:-nee-ən
217:-ih-tə-
108:scholar
4778:Levant
4643:Andean
4590:Fijian
4570:Indian
4346:Global
4336:Arctic
4275:Rivers
4253:Other
4187:Oceans
4042:Europe
3998:Africa
3791:French
3664:Middle
3626:Slavic
3611:Celtic
3512:Nordic
3502:Baltic
3440:Europe
3394:Levant
3088:Africa
2924:Worlds
2834:
2817:
2791:Nature
2732:Boston
2648:
2640:
2614:Nature
2593:
2536:
2377:
2304:
2263:
2164:Grapes
2160:lemons
2156:citrus
2140:Pulses
2087:Sahara
2040:olives
2038:, and
1876:France
1848:Turkey
1840:Jordan
1836:Israel
1798:Kosovo
1794:Greece
1762:Monaco
1758:France
1670:France
1648:Greece
1602:Turkey
1590:Jordan
1586:Israel
1568:Cyprus
1558:Greece
1548:France
1528:Turkey
1510:Turkey
1506:Greece
1473:, the
1386:maquis
1370:màquia
1365:shrubs
1355:Hebrew
1349:, and
1331:French
1259:mastic
1218:Biarum
1200:Cynara
1052:Malope
1038:Leuzea
1003:Hutera
884:Boleum
760:Russia
756:Tuapse
736:Crimea
726:, the
612:, and
586:Balkan
576:, the
564:, the
562:France
500:Syrian
496:Levant
481:Azores
469:Levant
450:Jordan
428:, and
426:Africa
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4466:world
4323:Polar
4268:lists
4263:Lakes
4082:ocean
3801:Ibero
3796:Latin
3786:Anglo
2908:Earth
2863:(PDF)
2815:S2CID
2646:S2CID
2545:(PDF)
2534:S2CID
2506:(PDF)
2402:(PDF)
2274:(PDF)
2257:(PDF)
2148:olive
2136:Wheat
2068:Poppy
2048:goats
2044:sheep
2032:wheat
2002:moved
1884:Malta
1880:Italy
1862:Spain
1844:Syria
1822:Spain
1812:Italy
1780:Spain
1766:Spain
1740:Libya
1718:Libya
1714:Egypt
1700:Spain
1674:Italy
1652:Italy
1626:Spain
1612:Spain
1598:Syria
1538:Spain
1351:batha
1339:Greek
1178:Vella
968:Fedia
752:Anapa
572:from
570:Italy
560:from
558:Spain
531:Libya
504:Negev
442:Rhône
115:JSTOR
101:books
4661:Cape
4280:Seas
4037:Asia
3309:Ural
3221:Asia
3150:Horn
3145:East
2914:and
2832:ISBN
2782:help
2692:2019
2638:PMID
2591:ISSN
2375:ISBN
2350:2020
2338:CEPF
2320:2020
2302:ISBN
2282:2015
2261:ISBN
2176:Rice
2172:wine
2168:vine
2152:Figs
2142:and
2072:oats
2070:and
2046:and
2017:Würm
1980:1222
1976:1221
1972:1220
1968:1219
1964:1218
1960:1217
1956:1216
1952:1215
1948:1214
1944:1213
1940:1212
1936:1211
1932:1210
1928:1209
1924:1208
1920:1207
1916:1206
1912:1205
1908:1204
1904:1203
1900:1202
1896:1201
1582:Iraq
1423:pine
1421:and
1403:and
1287:taxa
1279:and
1215:and
799:The
782:and
754:and
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718:and
646:Iran
590:Rila
588:and
566:Alps
502:and
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483:and
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4290:Rim
4080:By
3988:By
2807:doi
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