301:
complex of mice, an indication that genetic differences in mice could modify features of HIV disease. The defective murine leukemia virus is the major etiologic agent of MAIDS, which seems to be able to induce disease in the absence of virus replication. Target cell proliferation and oligoclonal expansion are induced by the virus, which suggests repressed immunity seen in mice thus referred to as paraneoplastic syndrome. This is further supported by the good response(s) of MAIDS mice to antineoplastic agents. This animal model is useful in demonstrating the emergence of novel hypotheses about AIDS, including the roles of defective HIV and HIV replication in the progression of the disease, and also the importance of identifying the HIV targeted cells
235:(gp120) and a stem called glycoprotein 41 (gp41) that anchors Env in the viral membrane. Only the functional portions of Env remain constant, but these are generally hidden from the immune system by the molecule's structure. X-ray analyses and low-resolution electron microscopy have revealed the overall architecture and some critical features of Env. But higher resolution imaging of the overall protein structure has been elusive because of its complex, delicate structure. Three new papers use stabilized forms of Env to gain a clearer picture of the intact trimer. An NCI research team led by Dr. Sriram Subramaniam used cryo-electron microscopy to examine the Env structure. The study appeared on October 23, 2013, in
368:
the first candidate HIV vaccine that has induced cross-clade functional CTL responses. The first phase I trial of the candidate vaccine in Africa was launched early in 1999 with
Ugandan volunteers. The study determined the extent to which Ugandan volunteers have CTL that are active against the subtypes of HIV prevalent in Uganda, A and D. In 2015, a Phase I trial called HVTN 100 in South Africa tested the combination of a canarypox vector ALVAC and a gp120 protein adapted for the subtype C HIV common in sub-Saharan Africa, with the MF59 adjuvant. Those who received the vaccine regimen produced strong immune responses early on and the regimen was safe.
506:. Because the vaccine contains only three HIV genes housed in a weakened adenovirus, study participants cannot become infected with HIV or get a respiratory infection from the vaccine. It was announced in September 2007 that the trial for V520 would be stopped after it determined that vaccination with V520 appeared associated with an increased risk of HIV infection in some recipients. The foremost issue facing the recombinant adenovirus that was used is the high prevalence of the adenovirus-specific antibodies as a result of prior exposure to adenovirus. Adenovirus vectors and many other
67:
248:
36:
293:(CMV)-based SIV vaccine results in containment of virus. Typically, virus replication and dissemination occurs within days after infection, whereas vaccine-induced T cell activation and recruitment to sites of viral replication take weeks. Researchers hypothesized that vaccines designed to maintain activated effector memory T cells might impair viral replication at its earliest stage.
914:
1344:
149:
527:. In May 2016, there was the launch of the Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials (HVTN 703 and HVTN 704), the first phase IIb trials of a monoclonal antibody for HIV prevention. HVTN 703 and HVTN 704 found that the VRC01 monoclonal antibody, which targets the CD4 binding site, was not able to prevent HIV acquisition.
367:
infected with primary isolates of HIV, suggesting that induced CTLs could have biological significance. Besides, cells from at least some volunteers were able to kill cells infected with HIV from other clades, though the pattern of recognition was not uniform among volunteers. The canarypox vector is
275:
or the chimeric SHIV for research purposes. However, the well-proven route of trying to induce neutralizing antibodies by vaccination has stalled because of the great difficulty in stimulating antibodies that neutralise heterologous primary HIV isolates. Some vaccines based on the virus envelope have
637:
In 2020, the Ad26.Mos4.HIV plus adjuvanted clade C gp140 vaccine regimen entered a phase III trial called HVTN 706/"Mosaico". The regimen is a combination of an adenovirus vector vaccine engineered against multiple global strains of HIV, and a protein vaccine. The trial was ended in
January 2023 due
336:
envelope candidates have been evaluated, in the US predominantly through the AIDS Vaccine
Evaluation Group. Most research focused on gp120 rather than gp41/gp160, as the latter is generally more difficult to produce and did not initially offer any clear advantage over gp120 forms. Overall, they have
300:
alleles to be present. For organisms like mice, the human allele must be inserted into their genome to produce a useful mimic. Murines are also experimental animals in AIDS and also murine AIDS and human AIDS are similar. Immunological analysis and genetic studies reveal resistant gene(s) in the H-2
234:
of the IVIG1-2 gene are able to produce such an antibody. Env is a protein on the HIV surface that enables to infect cells. Env extends from the surface of the HIV virus particle. The spike-shaped protein is "trimeric" — with 3 identical molecules, each with a cap-like region called glycoprotein 120
435:
The VRC01 line of research produced an "eOD-GT8" antigen which specifically exposes the CD4 binding site for immunization, refined over time to expose less of the other sites. As it turns out that most (but not all) humans do have the required alleles, the problem shifted to the method of delivery.
191:
Second, HIV isolates are themselves highly variable. HIV can be categorized into multiple subtypes with a high degree of genetic divergence. Therefore, the immune responses raised by any vaccine need to be broad enough to account for this variability. Any vaccine that lacks this breadth is unlikely
596:
that are prevalent in
Thailand, while 8198 were given a placebo. The participants were tested for HIV every six months for three years. After three years, the vaccine group had HIV infection rates reduced by about 30% compared with those in the placebo group. However, after taking into account the
486:
Merck developed V520 to stimulate HIV-specific cellular immunity, which prompts the body to produce T cells that kill HIV-infected cells. In previous smaller trials, this vaccine was found to be safe, because of the lack of adverse effects on the participants. The vaccine showed induced cellular
888:
Live attenuated vaccines are highly successful against polio, rotavirus and measles, but have not been tested against HIV in humans. Reversion to live virus has been a theoretical safety concern that has to date prevented clinical development of a live attenuated HIV-1 vaccine. Scientists are
530:
In 2017, Janssen and the HVTN launched the phase IIb trial called HVTN 705/Imbokodo, testing the mosaic vector vaccine Ad26.Mos4.HIV and the aluminum phosphate-adjuvanted Clade C gp140 vaccines which are designed to prevent infection of all HIV subtypes around the world. In 2021 the
510:
currently used in HIV vaccines will induce a rapid memory immune response against the vector. This results in an impediment to the development of a T cell response against the inserted antigen (HIV antigens) The results of the trial prompted the reexamination of vaccine development
179:
First, HIV is highly mutable. Because of the virus's ability to rapidly respond to selective pressures imposed by the immune system, the population of virus in an infected individual typically evolves so that it can evade the two major arms of the adaptive immune system; humoral
2664:
363:. Increasing the complexity of the canarypox vectors by including more genes/epitopes has increased the percent of volunteers that have detectable CTL to a greater extent than did increase the dose of the viral vector. CTLs from volunteers were able to kill
3279:
1961:"A Phase 1, Randomized, First-in-human, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of eOD-GT8 60mer mRNA Vaccine (mRNA-1644) and Core-g28v2 60mer mRNA Vaccine (mRNA-1644v2-Core) in HIV-1 Uninfected Adults in Good General Health"
613:
production was associated with a 54% greater risk of infection than those who did not produce the antibodies (but not worse than placebo). Viruses collected from vaccinated participants had mutations in the V2 region. Tests of a vaccine for
98:
and
Imbokodo trials, showed they can prevent HIV in some individuals; however, the protection was in relatively few individuals, and was not long lasting. For these reasons, no HIV vaccines have been licensed for the market yet.
2806:
Compared with overview in: Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's
Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
90:
or treat HIV-infected individuals. It is thought that an HIV vaccine could either induce an immune response against HIV (active vaccination approach) or consist of preformed antibodies against HIV (passive vaccination approach).
424:. HIV used in the vaccine was chemically and physically deadened through radiation. The trial, conducted in Canada in 2012, demonstrated a good safety profile and elicited antibodies to HIV-1. According to Dr. Chil-Yong Kang of
2671:
2470:"Intradermal injection of a Tat Oyi-based therapeutic HIV vaccine reduces of 1.5 log copies/mL the HIV RNA rebound median and no HIV DNA rebound following cART interruption in a phase I/II randomized controlled clinical trial"
597:
seven people who already had HIV before getting vaccinated (two in the placebo group, five in the vaccine group) the difference was 26%. It was discovered that participants receiving vaccines in the RV 144 trial who produced
547:
Biosantech developed a therapeutic vaccine called Tat Oyi, which targets the tat protein of HIV. It was tested in France in a double-blind Phase I/II trial with 48 HIV-positive patients who had reached viral suppression on
218:. Since the 2010s a core candidate is VRC01 and similar BNAbs, as they have been found in multiple unrelated people. These antibodies mimic CD4 and compete for the conserved CD4 binding site. These antibodies all share a
2825:
Foley B, Leitner T, Apetrei C, Hahn B, Mizrachi I, Mullins J, Rambaut A, Wolinsky S, Korber B (2017). HIV Sequence
Compendium (Report). Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM, LA-UR
618:
in monkeys found greater resistance to SIV in animals producing antibodies against this region. Therefore, further research is expected to focus on creating vaccines designed to provoke an IgG reaction against the V2
282:
There is a new animal model strongly resembling that of HIV in humans. Generalized immune activation as a direct result of activated CD4+ T cell killing - performed in mice allows new ways of testing HIV behaviour.
3274:
2301:
Corey, Lawrence; Gilbert, Peter B.; Juraska, Michal; Montefiori, David C.; Morris, Lynn; Karuna, Shelly T.; Edupuganti, Srilatha; Mgodi, Nyaradzo M.; deCamp, Allan C.; Rudnicki, Erika; Huang, Yunda (2021-03-18).
901:
for proper protein translation, which allows it to replicate. Because this amino acid is foreign to the human body, the virus cannot reproduce. Recent evidence suggests using universal CAR NK cells against HIV
885:(GBV-C), also called hepatitis G virus, can survive longer than those without GBV-C, but the patients may be different in other ways. GBV-C is potentially useful in the future development of an HIV vaccine.
2422:
2367:
2396:
341:(CTL). Mammalian derived envelope preparations have been better inducers of neutralizing antibody than candidates produced in yeast and bacteria. Although the vaccination process involved many repeated "
2723:
1661:
Lin, YR; Parks, KR; Weidle, C; Naidu, AS; Khechaduri, A; Riker, AO; Takushi, B; Chun, JH; Borst, AJ; Veesler, D; Stuart, A; Agrawal, P; Gray, M; Pancera, M; Huang, PS; Stamatatos, L (13 October 2020).
3586:
3550:
2089:
276:
protected chimpanzees or macaques from homologous virus challenge, but in clinical trials, humans who were immunised with similar constructs became infected after later exposure to HIV-1.
2617:
3269:
3641:
2587:
4237:
592:
part of the HIV envelope. The study involved 16,395 participants who did not have HIV infection, 8197 of whom were given treatment consisting of two experimental vaccines targeting
475:
286:
279:
There are some differences between SIV and HIV that may introduce challenges in the use of an animal model. The animal model can be extremely useful but at times controversial.
674:
Theoretically, any possible HIV vaccine must inhibit or stop the HIV virion replication cycle. The targets of a vaccine could be the following stages of the HIV virion cycle:
139:
Most effective vaccines are whole-killed or live-attenuated organisms; killed HIV-1 does not retain antigenicity and the use of a live retrovirus vaccine raises safety issues.
4232:
3286:
2447:
1946:
Duan, H. et al., Glycan
Masking Focuses Immune Responses to the HIV-1 CD4-Binding Site and Enhances Elicitation of VRC01-Class Precursor Antibodies. Immunity 49, 301 (2018).
889:
researching novel strategies to develop a non-virulent live attenuated HIV-1 vaccine. For example, a genetically modified form of HIV has been created in which the virus's
5303:
502:). Subtype B is the most prevalent HIV subtype in the regions of the study sites. Adenoviruses are among the main causes of upper respiratory tract ailments such as the
538:
In 2019, Terevac-VIH, a vaccine from Cuba, was determined to have passed the first stage of clinical trials after two years and move to the second stage of development.
3747:
1845:
1461:"Immunological and virological analyses of persons infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 while participating in trials of recombinant gp120 subunit vaccines"
1926:
655:
A July 2012 report of the HIV Vaccines & Microbicides
Resource Tracking Working Group estimates that $ 845 million was invested in HIV vaccine research in 2011.
3220:
2772:
McGovern SL, Caselli E, Grigorieff N, Shoichet BK (April 2002). "A common mechanism underlying promiscuous inhibitors from virtual and high-throughput screening".
2418:
2359:
4446:
3088:
4335:
2839:"Crystal structure of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) gp41 core: conserved helical interactions underlie the broad inhibitory activity of gp41 peptides"
2388:
3621:
2006:
440:
against HIV if a further developed (via their 'env–gag VLP mRNA platform' which contains eOD-GT8) vaccine is confirmed safe and effective. On
January 17, 2022
2696:
1275:
Lee, Jeong Hyun; Toy, Laura; Kos, Justin T.; Safonova, Yana; Schief, William R.; Havenar-Daughton, Colin; Watson, Corey T.; Crotty, Shane (6 September 2021).
4486:
4481:
466:
A recombinant Adenovirus-5 HIV vaccine (called V520) was tested in two Phase 2b studies, Phambili and STEP. On December 13, 2004, recruitment began for the
3493:
3312:
3262:
3210:
2183:
Efficacy Results from the STEP Study (Merck V520 Protocol 023/HVTN 502): A Phase II Test-of-Concept Trial of the MRKAd5 HIV-1 Gag/Pol/Nef Trivalent Vaccine
3606:
429:
4248:
2097:
565:
There have been no passive preventive HIV vaccines to reach Phase III yet, but some active preventive HIV vaccine candidates have entered Phase III.
3420:
2034:"A multiclade env–gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques"
1154:
LĂ©tourneau S, Im EJ, Mashishi T, Brereton C, Bridgeman A, Yang H, Dorrell L, Dong T, Korber B, McMichael AJ, Hanke T (October 2007). Nixon D (ed.).
4883:
1963:. ModernaTX, Inc., The University of Texas at San Antonio, George Washington University, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Emory University.
133:
Classic vaccines mimic natural immunity against reinfection as seen in individuals recovered from infection; there are few recovered AIDS patients.
1869:"First Phase I human clinical trial of a killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine: demonstration of its safety and enhancement of anti-HIV antibody responses"
207:
Another response to the challenge has been to create a single peptide that contains the least variable components of all the known HIV strains.
4496:
3332:
3162:
2609:
296:
Specific vaccines may also need specialized animal models. For example, vaccines designed to produce VRC01-type antibodies require human-like V
2639:
5354:
5282:
3581:
2756:
1723:
1027:
838:
cell membranes with receptors. Any chemical and organic alternative (with the ability to bind the gp120) of these receptors also can be used.
441:
211:
4888:
2583:
432:
in Canada, the developer of this vaccine, antibodies against gp120 and p24 increased to 8-fold and 64-fold, respectively after vaccination.
4012:
549:
1741:"Subtype C ALVAC-HIV and bivalent subtype C gp120/MF59 HIV-1 vaccine in low-risk, HIV-uninfected, South African adults: a phase 1/2 trial"
4920:
4598:
4451:
3700:
2751:. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. Vol. 1 (ninth ed.). Hodder Education Publishers. pp. 75–91.
108:
436:
In 2021, after promising results in tests with mice and primates, scientists announced that they plan to conduct a Phase 1 trial of an
5330:
4667:
4637:
4270:
4137:
3377:
4742:
3560:
3450:
2812:
452:
reported that it had launched a "clinical trial of three mRNA HIV vaccines". The phase one trial is expected to conclude July 2023.
2443:
337:
been safe and immunogenic in diverse populations, have induced neutralizing antibody in nearly 100% recipients, but rarely induced
136:
Most vaccines protect against disease, not against infection; HIV infection may remain latent for long periods before causing AIDS.
160:
of the viral envelope are more variable than those of many other viruses. Furthermore, the functionally important epitopes of the
5408:
5309:
4279:
3307:
2896:
Bagasra O, Bagasra AU, Sheraz M, Pace DG (March 2012). "Potential utility of GB virus type C as a preventive vaccine for HIV-1".
4893:
5403:
4930:
4898:
4722:
4672:
474:
of a novel HIV vaccine, at sites in North America, South America, the Caribbean and Australia. The trial was co-funded by the
4988:
4593:
4040:
3302:
1964:
520:
Potential broadly neutralizing antibodies have been cloned in the laboratory (monoclonal antibodies) and are being tested in
2118:
1918:
1837:
630:/"Uhambo" found that ALVAC/gp120/MF59 vaccinations were safe, and caused no harm, but had no efficacy in HIV prevention in
5398:
4786:
4491:
4102:
3616:
3596:
3327:
3215:
2613:
2159:
1326:
898:
615:
588:
vaccine trial in Thailand that showed partial efficacy in preventing HIV. The AIDSVAX B/E and ALVAC vaccines targeted the
479:
449:
425:
272:
1215:"Structural basis for germ-line gene usage of a potent class of antibodies targeting the CD4-binding site of HIV-1 gp120"
4215:
3488:
3476:
3357:
3317:
2185:
3683:
1404:"Protection of chimpanzees from infection by HIV-1 after vaccination with recombinant glycoprotein gp120 but not gp160"
66:
5371:
3987:
3611:
3540:
3498:
3242:
3200:
772:
606:
2010:
725:
Chemical or organically based capture (creation of any skin or additional membrane around the virion) of HIV virions
4908:
4345:
4328:
3677:
3601:
3591:
3322:
3155:
937:
659:
223:
4958:
4151:
4119:
4107:
4060:
3636:
2155:
535:
announced that the Imbokodo Phase 2b study did not provide statistically significant reduction in HIV infection.
4913:
4878:
4873:
4868:
3992:
3842:
3715:
3403:
3362:
662:) because after an AIDS vaccine has been developed, governments and NGOs may be able to bid the price down to
388:
vector, p24, etc. Specifically, candidate vaccines that induce one or more of the following are being sought:
1070:
Kim D, Elizaga M, Duerr A (March 2007). "HIV vaccine efficacy trials: towards the future of HIV prevention".
5359:
5292:
5273:
5069:
5041:
4998:
4978:
4501:
4210:
4082:
3957:
3875:
3777:
3342:
3337:
215:
2519:
Rerks-Ngarm S, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Kaewkungwal J, Chiu J, Paris R, et al. (December 2009).
420:
In 2016, results were published of the first Phase I human clinical trial of a killed whole-HIV-1 vaccine,
5340:
5269:
4263:
3922:
3895:
3885:
3807:
3792:
3690:
3510:
3440:
3247:
3237:
942:
201:
5335:
5169:
5164:
4615:
4561:
4471:
4205:
4159:
4097:
4087:
3997:
3932:
3503:
3471:
3408:
3232:
3148:
3084:
1979:
392:
380:
256:
252:
129:
Many factors make the development of an HIV vaccine different from other classic vaccines (as of 1996):
2419:"Cure for HIV/AIDS: Cuba makes a Breakthrough, NIH and Gate Foundation will Donate for Future Research"
172:
and receptor-induced conformational changes making it difficult to block with neutralizing antibodies.
2203:"The failed HIV Merck vaccine study: a step back or a launching point for future vaccine development?"
5218:
5159:
4950:
4588:
4466:
4417:
4384:
4318:
4174:
4092:
4007:
3982:
3967:
3905:
3857:
3837:
3762:
3757:
3742:
3483:
3415:
3078:
2850:
1415:
1277:"Vaccine genetics of IGHV1-2 VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibody precursor naĂŻve human B cells"
1226:
1167:
517:, a Phase IIb study, was launched in 2009 but halted in 2013 due to meeting requirements of futility.
507:
356:
83:
2990:"NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: Investigating current advances and future possibilities"
1363:"Neutralizing antibodies have limited effects on the control of established HIV-1 infection in vivo"
658:
Economic issues with developing an HIV vaccine include the need for advance purchase commitment (or
581:
as there was not a statistically significant reduction of HIV infection within the study population.
5141:
5107:
4993:
4759:
4754:
4700:
4531:
4399:
4371:
4323:
4189:
4164:
4132:
4050:
4022:
3972:
3890:
3880:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3787:
3398:
3372:
3129:
247:
5174:
5008:
4749:
4710:
4695:
4571:
4541:
4461:
4379:
4179:
4169:
4077:
4072:
4045:
4032:
4017:
4002:
3952:
3915:
3900:
3852:
3847:
3827:
3797:
3772:
3732:
3724:
3656:
3651:
3520:
3445:
3347:
3124:
2921:
2071:
1819:
1441:
841:
Insertion into blood chemical or organic compounds which binds to the receptors of the CD4 cells.
1508:
Morgan C, Marthas M, Miller C, Duerr A, Cheng-Mayer C, Desrosiers R, et al. (August 2008).
1019:
1012:
371:
Other strategies that have progressed to phase I trials in uninfected persons include peptides,
2468:
Loret EP, Darque A, Jouve E, Loret EA, Nicolino-Brunet C, Morange S, et al. (April 2016).
175:
The ineffectiveness of previously developed vaccines primarily stems from two related factors:
5297:
5264:
5243:
5097:
4938:
4828:
4717:
4578:
4403:
4366:
4256:
4127:
3977:
3947:
3927:
3910:
3817:
3782:
3767:
3752:
3737:
3515:
3425:
3382:
3252:
3058:
3017:
3009:
2989:
2970:
2913:
2878:
2808:
2789:
2752:
2715:
2560:
Callaway E (16 September 2011). "Clues emerge to explain first successful HIV vaccine trial".
2542:
2501:
2341:
2323:
2283:
2232:
2063:
2055:
1900:
1811:
1770:
1719:
1694:
1643:
1592:
1541:
1490:
1433:
1384:
1308:
1254:
1195:
1136:
1087:
1052:
1023:
992:
119:
2719:
2695:
Berndt ER, Glennerster R, Kremer M, Lee J, Levine R, Weizsacker G, et al. (April 2005).
1663:"HIV-1 VRC01 Germline-Targeting Immunogens Select Distinct Epitope-Specific B Cell Receptors"
1402:
Berman PW, Gregory TJ, Riddle L, Nakamura GR, Champe MA, Porter JP, et al. (June 1990).
602:
5223:
5208:
5064:
4925:
4838:
4184:
3962:
3942:
3937:
3867:
3802:
3545:
3048:
3001:
2960:
2952:
2905:
2868:
2858:
2781:
2707:
2565:
2532:
2491:
2481:
2331:
2315:
2273:
2263:
2222:
2214:
2045:
1890:
1880:
1801:
1760:
1752:
1684:
1674:
1633:
1623:
1582:
1572:
1531:
1521:
1480:
1472:
1423:
1374:
1298:
1288:
1244:
1234:
1185:
1175:
1126:
1118:
1079:
982:
974:
932:
709:
Biological, chemical and/or physical approaches for removing the HIV virions from the blood.
700:
Therefore, the following list comprises the current possible approaches for an HIV vaccine:
598:
521:
338:
111:
2665:"Investing to End the AIDS Epidemic: A new Era for HIV Prevention Research and Development"
1867:
Choi E, Michalski CJ, Choo SH, Kim GN, Banasikowska E, Lee S, et al. (November 2016).
1739:
Bekker LG, Moodie Z, Grunenberg N, Laher F, Tomaras GD, Cohen KW, et al. (June 2018).
1559:
Marques R, Williams A, Eksmond U, Wullaert A, Killeen N, Pasparakis M, et al. (2009).
1361:
Poignard P, Sabbe R, Picchio GR, Wang M, Gulizia RJ, Katinger H, et al. (April 1999).
5228:
5026:
4833:
4791:
4657:
4627:
4610:
4536:
4526:
4456:
4395:
4391:
4340:
3695:
3435:
3205:
2189:
1992:
853:
Attachment, Penetration, Uncoating, Integration, Replication, Assembling and/or Releasing.
593:
402:
376:
290:
2697:"Advanced Purchase Commitments for a Malaria Vaccine: Estimating Costs and Effectiveness"
1459:
Connor RI, Korber BT, Graham BS, Hahn BH, Ho DD, Walker BD, et al. (February 1998).
210:
It had been observed that a few, but not all, HIV-infected individuals naturally produce
2854:
1419:
1230:
1171:
737:
Here, "damage" means inhibiting or stopping the ability of virion to process any of the
5365:
5092:
4983:
4943:
4823:
4644:
4583:
3646:
3430:
2965:
2940:
2496:
2469:
2336:
2303:
2278:
2251:
2227:
2202:
1895:
1868:
1765:
1740:
1689:
1662:
1638:
1611:
1587:
1560:
1536:
1509:
1303:
1276:
1249:
1214:
1190:
1155:
1131:
1106:
987:
962:
919:
524:
487:
immune responses against HIV in more than half of volunteers. V520 contains a weakened
483:
471:
313:
123:
1756:
1485:
1460:
1379:
1362:
634:. Vaccinations with the Uhambo vaccine regimen began late 2016 and stopped early 2020.
448:
launched a phase I trial of a HIV vaccine with mRNA technology. On March 14, 2022 the
5392:
5248:
5233:
5203:
5198:
5053:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4705:
4551:
4350:
3626:
3535:
2873:
2838:
2075:
1788:
Pavot V, Rochereau N, Lawrence P, Girard MP, Genin C, Verrier B, Paul S (July 2014).
1348:
663:
578:
345:" injections, it was challenging to induce and maintain the high anti-gp120 antibody
169:
165:
2925:
1823:
1476:
1122:
200:
response has led to the attempts to develop a vaccine that stimulates a response by
5325:
4968:
4863:
4796:
4737:
4732:
4556:
4412:
4303:
4283:
3661:
3352:
1561:"Generalized immune activation as a direct result of activated CD4+ T cell killing"
1445:
927:
719:
631:
437:
360:
342:
325:
264:
17:
3135:
2610:"NIH and partners to launch HIV vaccine efficacy trial in the Americas and Europe"
1960:
2389:"HIV Vaccine Candidate Does Not Sufficiently Protect Women Against HIV Infection"
2122:
1806:
1789:
1679:
1526:
1180:
978:
417:. The vaccine induced an immunological response in 92% of the healthy subjects.
49:
Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information.
5112:
5102:
4963:
4769:
4764:
4677:
4652:
4620:
4546:
4408:
4299:
4291:
3565:
3466:
3257:
2941:"Construction of a live-attenuated HIV-1 vaccine through genetic code expansion"
2148:
1107:"The hope for an HIV vaccine based on induction of CD8+ T lymphocytes--a review"
894:
552:
and then stopped antiretrovirals after getting the intradermal Tat Oyi vaccine.
503:
372:
2843:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2304:"Two Randomized Trials of Neutralizing Antibodies to Prevent HIV-1 Acquisition"
2050:
2033:
1293:
1219:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5238:
5213:
4903:
4853:
3525:
3367:
3195:
3005:
2486:
2360:"Candidate for new AIDS vaccine advances to next phase of pre-approval trials"
1885:
1612:"Life and death as a T lymphocyte: from immune protection to HIV pathogenesis"
1083:
909:
881:
488:
467:
384:
3062:
3013:
2327:
2182:
2059:
359:
has provided interesting results that may prove to be generalizable to other
5287:
4858:
4726:
4295:
3053:
3036:
2863:
1239:
846:
Biological, chemical or physical approaches to inhibit the process of phases
353:
3021:
2974:
2956:
2917:
2793:
2546:
2521:"Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX to prevent HIV-1 infection in Thailand"
2505:
2345:
2287:
2268:
2236:
2067:
2007:"Experimental MRNA HIV Vaccine Safe, Shows Promise In Animals - ScienceMag"
1904:
1815:
1774:
1713:
1698:
1647:
1596:
1545:
1388:
1312:
1258:
1199:
1140:
1091:
996:
86:, which means it would either protect individuals from being infected with
3114:
2882:
2569:
2537:
2520:
2319:
1494:
1437:
1056:
733:
Approaches to destroying or damaging the virion or its parts (Stage I-VII)
5129:
5122:
5117:
5087:
4843:
4779:
4774:
3631:
3530:
3227:
3175:
2218:
625:
514:
219:
197:
181:
2711:
647:
No therapeutic HIV vaccine candidates have reached phase 3 testing yet.
107:
In 1984, after it was confirmed that HIV caused AIDS, the United States
4848:
4605:
4287:
3555:
2909:
574:
445:
268:
185:
157:
115:
79:
2785:
1213:
West AP, Jr; Diskin, R; Nussenzweig, MC; Bjorkman, PJ (24 July 2012).
913:
830:
Insertion into blood chemical or organic compounds which binds to the
609:
were 43% less likely to become infected than those who did not, while
148:
5151:
5136:
4422:
3671:
2144:
1628:
1577:
1428:
1403:
890:
585:
570:
421:
410:
231:
95:
2640:"Experimental HIV vaccine regimen safe but ineffective, study finds"
2090:"IAVI and Moderna launch trial of HIV vaccine antigens with mRNA te"
413:
unveiled data from the Phase I clinical trial of their new vaccine,
1790:"Recent progress in HIV vaccines inducing mucosal immune responses"
5146:
5031:
4632:
4566:
3140:
831:
589:
414:
346:
333:
329:
246:
161:
147:
65:
3094:
2747:
Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M (1998). Mahy B, Collier L (eds.).
1347:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1156:"Design and pre-clinical evaluation of a universal HIV-1 vaccine"
27:
In-progress vaccinations that may prevent or treat HIV infections
4441:
3705:
3666:
3081:- Information concerning Preventive HIV vaccine research studies
2584:"Experimental HIV vaccine regimen ineffective in preventing HIV"
2250:
Iaccino E, Schiavone M, Fiume G, Quinto I, Scala G (July 2008).
783:
364:
4252:
3144:
2837:
Malashkevich VN, Chan DC, Chutkowski CT, Kim PS (August 1998).
1510:"The use of nonhuman primate models in HIV vaccine development"
1014:
And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic
289:-funded SIV research has shown that challenging monkeys with a
3190:
3171:
2032:
Zhang Peng; Elisabeth Narayanan; et al. (December 2021).
835:
765:
610:
532:
87:
29:
3587:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
3109:
2939:
Wang N, Li Y, Niu W, Sun M, Cerny R, Li Q, Guo J (May 2014).
961:
Gray GE, Laher F, Lazarus E, Ensoli B, Corey L (April 2016).
859:
Inhibiting the functionality of infected cells (Stage VI-VII)
398:
cytotoxic T cell responses in a vast majority of recipients;
349:
necessary to have any hope of neutralizing an HIV exposure.
1712:
Ibeh, Bartholomew Okechukwu; Ashano, Efejiro (2018-11-05).
1043:
Fauci AS (1996). "An HIV vaccine: breaking the paradigms".
1919:"New HIV Vaccine Proves Successful In Phase 1 Human Trial"
879:
There have been reports that HIV patients coinfected with
214:(BNAbs) which keep the virus suppressed, and these people
118:
would be available within two years. However, priming the
1715:
Experimental Animal Models of HIV/AIDS for Vaccine Trials
963:"Approaches to preventative and therapeutic HIV vaccines"
851:
Biological, chemical or physical approach to inhibit the
3270:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
714:
Approaches to catching the virion (Stage I-III, VI, VII)
491:
that serves as a carrier for three subtype B HIV genes (
3119:
4238:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
3104:
3099:
3037:"A universal CAR-NK cell approach for HIV eradication"
897:
that form genetic code) are manipulated to rely on an
584:
AIDSVAX B/E was a component, along with ALVAC, of the
3120:
HIV.gov - The U.S. Federal Domestic HIV/AIDS Resource
476:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
395:
active against a broad range of HIV primary isolates;
3095:
Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)
1959:
International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (2021-09-29).
741:. Here are the different classification of methods:
312:
Several vaccine candidates are in varying phases of
5318:
5257:
5189:
5080:
5052:
5019:
4688:
4519:
4512:
4431:
4359:
4311:
4233:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
4198:
4150:
4118:
4059:
4031:
3866:
3723:
3714:
3622:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
3607:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
3574:
3459:
3391:
3295:
3183:
2988:Perera Molligoda Arachchige, Arosh S (2022-03-25).
2444:"Successful Clinical Trials of HIV Vaccine in Cuba"
409:In 2011, researchers in National Biotech Centre in
1011:
5304:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1838:"New Vaccine Could Turn HIV Into Minor Infection"
863:Inhibiting the life functions of infected cells:
2252:"The aftermath of the Merck's HIV vaccine trial"
870:Inhibiting the energy exchange of infected cells
3221:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
3125:HIVtest.org - Find an HIV testing site near you
82:that could be either a preventive vaccine or a
3035:Arachchige, Arosh S. Perera Molligoda (2021).
1270:
1268:
267:for vaccine research is the monkey, often the
70:Various approaches for HIV vaccine development
4264:
3156:
1018:(2007 ed.). St. Martin's Press. p.
728:Chemical or organic attachments to the virion
8:
3100:International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI)
2143:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (
324:Most initial approaches have focused on the
94:Two active vaccine regimens, studied in the
3313:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
1072:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
867:Inhibiting the metabolism of infected cells
430:Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry
196:The difficulties in stimulating a reliable
4516:
4271:
4257:
4249:
4065:
3720:
3546:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
3163:
3149:
3141:
3130:Bit by Bit, Scientists Gain Ground on AIDS
1954:
1952:
1610:Vrisekoop N, Mandl JN, Germain RN (2009).
834:. Hypothetically, it can be pieces of the
126:proteins did not prevent HIV acquisition.
3110:U.S. Military HIV Research Program (MHRP)
3052:
2964:
2872:
2862:
2536:
2495:
2485:
2335:
2277:
2267:
2226:
2049:
1894:
1884:
1805:
1764:
1688:
1678:
1637:
1627:
1586:
1576:
1535:
1525:
1484:
1427:
1378:
1302:
1292:
1248:
1238:
1189:
1179:
1130:
986:
3115:Investigation of first candidate vaccine
352:The availability of several recombinant
953:
237:Nature Structural and Molecular Biology
3105:AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition (AVAC)
1988:
1977:
704:Filtering virions from blood (Stage I)
482:(NIH), and the pharmaceutical company
3582:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
328:protein. At least thirteen different
184:-mediated) and cellular (mediated by
7:
2590:from the original on 4 February 2020
2207:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1327:"Key HIV Protein Structure Revealed"
807:Damaging the Reverse Transcriptase (
550:Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
478:(NIAID), which is a division of the
3701:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
3132:- The New York Times, March 8, 2019
2644:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
2525:The New England Journal of Medicine
2399:from the original on 31 August 2021
2393:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
2308:The New England Journal of Medicine
1331:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
670:Classification of possible vaccines
109:Health and Human Services Secretary
5331:Eradication of infectious diseases
5088:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
1111:MemĂłrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
365:peripheral blood mononuclear cells
25:
4921:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
3287:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
2620:from the original on 23 July 2019
2009:. 9 December 2021. Archived from
755:Chemical and biological methods (
622:In 2020, the phase IIb-III trial
5310:Alternative vaccination schedule
4280:Artificial induction of immunity
3748:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3308:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1342:
912:
34:
2729:from the original on 2013-07-21
2450:from the original on 2021-12-11
2425:from the original on 2021-12-11
2370:from the original on 2018-07-11
2165:from the original on 2014-06-29
1967:from the original on 2021-11-30
1929:from the original on 2013-09-07
1848:from the original on 2011-09-29
1477:10.1128/JVI.72.2.1552-1576.1998
1123:10.1590/S0074-02762008000200001
784:Transmembrane Glycoprotein gp41
271:. Monkeys can be infected with
216:remain asymptomatic for decades
212:broadly neutralizing antibodies
5142:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
2774:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
825:Blocking replication (Stage V)
1:
4673:Group B streptococcal disease
4492:Vaccines for Children Program
3617:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
3597:International AIDS Conference
3551:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
3494:Discrimination against people
3079:Vaccine Research Center (VRC)
2614:National Institutes of Health
1757:10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30071-7
1380:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80043-6
480:National Institutes of Health
450:National Institutes of Health
3477:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
3358:HIV Drug Resistance Database
2994:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1807:10.1097/qad.0000000000000308
1680:10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.007
1527:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050173
1181:10.1371/journal.pone.0000984
979:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.02.010
800:Damaging the virion Capsid (
793:Damaging the virion matrix (
339:CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
3778:CĂ´te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
3612:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
3541:List of HIV-positive people
3041:AIMS Allergy and Immunology
967:Current Opinion in Virology
103:Difficulties in development
5425:
3678:Reports from the Holocaust
3602:International AIDS Society
3592:Elton John AIDS Foundation
2201:Sekaly RP (January 2008).
2051:10.1038/s41591-021-01574-5
1294:10.1038/s41541-021-00376-7
938:HIV Vaccine Trials Network
773:Docking Glycoprotein gp120
764:By damaging target of the
660:advance market commitments
5349:
4228:
4068:
3637:Treatment Action Campaign
3353:Tuberculosis co-infection
3216:disease progression rates
3006:10.1002/JLB.5RU0821-412RR
2898:Expert Review of Vaccines
2487:10.1186/s12977-016-0251-3
2156:World Health Organization
1886:10.1186/s12977-016-0317-2
1105:Watkins DI (March 2008).
1084:10.1016/j.idc.2007.01.006
577:vaccine was a failure in
230:, where only a few human
43:This article needs to be
4668:Clostridioides difficile
3363:Innate resistance to HIV
3333:Neurocognitive disorders
2586:. NIH. 3 February 2020.
1925:. New York. 2013-09-04.
643:Therapeutic HIV vaccines
543:Therapeutic HIV vaccines
122:system to recognize the
5409:Hypothetical technology
4931:Tick-borne encephalitis
3684:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
3667:Gay Men's Health Crisis
3343:Opportunistic infection
3054:10.3934/Allergy.2021015
2864:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9134
1240:10.1073/pnas.1208984109
601:antibodies against the
561:Preventive HIV vaccines
472:phase II clinical trial
461:Preventive HIV vaccines
393:neutralizing antibodies
251:Young chimpanzees from
202:cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
5404:Prevention of HIV/AIDS
5341:List of vaccine topics
4336:Mathematical modelling
3511:HIV-affected community
3451:HIV and homosexual men
3136:Treatment Action Group
3085:NIAID HIV vaccine site
2957:10.1002/anie.201402092
2269:10.1186/1742-4690-5-56
2149:"AIDS epidemic update"
2119:"STEP Study Locations"
1987:Cite journal requires
1010:Shilts, Randy (1987).
943:World AIDS Vaccine Day
684:Stage III. Penetration
470:, a 3,000-participant
260:
164:protein are masked by
153:
71:
5336:Vaccinate Your Family
4787:Japanese encephalitis
3691:Silence=Death Project
3489:Criminal transmission
3409:Multiple sex partners
2570:10.1038/news.2011.541
2538:10.1056/NEJMoa0908492
2320:10.1056/NEJMoa2031738
1045:Proc. Am. Assoc. Phys
893:(a sequence of three
745:By nature of method:
573:announced that their
257:Republic of the Congo
253:Tchimpounga Sanctuary
250:
151:
69:
5399:HIV vaccine research
5219:John Franklin Enders
4013:United Arab Emirates
3484:Circumcision and HIV
3441:City of Hope Patient
3201:structure and genome
2421:. 27 December 2019.
2219:10.1084/jem.20072681
899:unnatural amino acid
802:Stage I-III, VI, VII
795:Stage I-III, VI, VII
788:Stage I-III, VI, VII
777:Stage I-III, VI, VII
766:HIV virion structure
696:Stage VII. Releasing
693:Stage VI. Assembling
690:Stage V. Replication
681:Stage II. Attachment
4400:Virus-like particle
4324:Vaccine ingredients
3561:AIDS Memorial Quilt
3373:HIV-positive people
2855:1998PNAS...95.9134M
2712:10.2139/ssrn.696741
2147:) (December 2005).
1465:Journal of Virology
1420:1990Natur.345..622B
1231:2012PNAS..109E2083W
1172:2007PLoSO...2..984L
722:of the HIV virions.
687:Stage IV. Uncoating
678:Stage I. Free state
638:to ineffectiveness.
522:passive vaccination
152:HIV structure cycle
84:therapeutic vaccine
18:Subunit HIV vaccine
5376:Never to phase III
5175:Hexavalent vaccine
4989:Epstein–Barr virus
4884:Oxford–AstraZeneca
4572:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
4138:Dominican Republic
3521:HIV/AIDS denialism
3446:Women and HIV/AIDS
3436:The London Patient
3303:Signs and symptoms
3211:CDC classification
2910:10.1586/erv.11.191
2704:NBER Working Paper
2395:. 31 August 2021.
2188:2011-07-26 at the
2013:on 18 January 2022
1616:Journal of Biology
1565:Journal of Biology
814:Damaging the RNA (
748:Physical methods (
607:HIV outer envelope
569:In February 2003,
426:Western University
261:
154:
72:
5386:
5385:
5298:Vaccines and SIDS
5185:
5184:
4959:Hepatitis A and B
4935:Varicella zoster
4392:Subunit/component
4246:
4245:
4224:
4223:
4146:
4145:
3627:The SING Campaign
3516:HIV/AIDS activism
3504:Cost of treatment
3426:Timothy Ray Brown
3421:World AIDS Museum
2945:Angewandte Chemie
2786:10.1021/jm010533y
2758:978-0-340-66316-5
2314:(11): 1003–1014.
2044:(12): 2234–2245.
1725:978-1-78923-165-6
1673:(4): 840–851.e6.
1029:978-0-312-24135-3
594:HIV types B and E
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
5416:
5277:MMR autism fraud
5224:Maurice Hilleman
5209:Hilary Koprowski
4517:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4250:
4216:Papua New Guinea
4066:
3721:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3142:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2670:. Archived from
2669:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2616:. 15 July 2019.
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2489:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2281:
2271:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2198:
2192:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2121:. Archived from
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2096:. Archived from
2086:
2080:
2079:
2053:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1809:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1751:(7): e366–e378.
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1682:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1629:10.1186/jbiol198
1607:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1578:10.1186/jbiol194
1556:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1431:
1429:10.1038/345622a0
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1225:(30): E2083-90.
1210:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1078:(1): 201–17, x.
1067:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
958:
933:COVID-19 vaccine
922:
917:
916:
629:
628:
403:immune responses
192:to be effective.
114:declared that a
112:Margaret Heckler
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5366:Clinical trials
5345:
5314:
5253:
5229:Stanley Plotkin
5191:
5181:
5093:Cancer vaccines
5076:
5070:Schistosomiasis
5048:
5042:Trypanosomiasis
5015:
4979:Cytomegalovirus
4889:Pfizer–BioNTech
4684:
4508:
4457:Vaccine wastage
4427:
4355:
4307:
4277:
4247:
4242:
4220:
4194:
4142:
4114:
4055:
4027:
3973:Myanmar (Burma)
3862:
3710:
3696:Day Without Art
3642:The Global Fund
3570:
3499:Economic impact
3455:
3387:
3291:
3243:pathophysiology
3179:
3169:
3075:
3070:
3034:
3033:
3029:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2951:(19): 4867–71.
2938:
2937:
2933:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2805:
2801:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2531:(23): 2209–20.
2518:
2517:
2513:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2190:Wayback Machine
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2038:Nature Medicine
2031:
2030:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1800:(12): 1701–18.
1787:
1786:
1782:
1745:The Lancet. HIV
1738:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1414:(6276): 622–5.
1401:
1400:
1396:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1009:
1008:
1004:
960:
959:
955:
951:
918:
911:
908:
877:
861:
848:
827:
735:
716:
706:
672:
653:
624:
623:
558:
525:clinical trials
484:Merck & Co.
458:
401:strong mucosal
322:
314:clinical trials
310:
308:Clinical trials
299:
291:cytomegalovirus
245:
227:
146:
120:adaptive immune
105:
78:is a potential
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5422:
5420:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5312:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5244:Katalin KarikĂł
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4999:Herpes simplex
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Sinopharm BIBP
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Bharat Biotech
4846:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4647:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4472:Vaccine injury
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4435:
4433:
4432:Administration
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4406:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:United Kingdom
4037:
4035:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3872:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3654:
3652:YAA/Youthforce
3649:
3647:World AIDS Day
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Berlin Patient
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3348:Superinfection
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3328:Cardiomyopathy
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3280:Teens / Adults
3277:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3082:
3074:
3073:External links
3071:
3069:
3068:
3047:(3): 192–194.
3027:
3000:(4): 921–931.
2980:
2931:
2888:
2849:(16): 9134–9.
2829:
2817:
2799:
2780:(8): 1712–22.
2764:
2757:
2739:
2687:
2656:
2631:
2601:
2575:
2552:
2511:
2460:
2435:
2410:
2380:
2366:. 2018-07-08.
2351:
2293:
2242:
2193:
2175:
2135:
2110:
2081:
2024:
1998:
1989:|journal=
1948:
1939:
1910:
1859:
1844:. 2011-09-29.
1829:
1780:
1731:
1724:
1718:. IntechOpen.
1704:
1653:
1602:
1551:
1500:
1471:(2): 1552–76.
1451:
1394:
1353:
1318:
1264:
1205:
1146:
1097:
1062:
1035:
1028:
1002:
952:
950:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
923:
920:Viruses portal
907:
904:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
860:
857:
856:
855:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
780:
762:
761:
760:
753:
734:
731:
730:
729:
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723:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
702:
698:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
671:
668:
652:
649:
640:
639:
635:
620:
582:
557:
554:
540:
539:
536:
528:
518:
512:
457:
454:
407:
406:
399:
396:
321:
318:
309:
306:
297:
244:
241:
225:
222:origin in the
194:
193:
189:
145:
142:
141:
140:
137:
134:
124:viral envelope
104:
101:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5421:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5249:Drew Weissman
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5234:H. Fred Clark
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5204:Louis Pasteur
5202:
5200:
5199:Edward Jenner
5197:
5196:
5194:
5188:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5170:DTwP-HepB-Hib
5168:
5166:
5165:DTaP-IPV-HepB
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:combination:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5054:Helminthiasis
5051:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:combination:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
4651:
4650:
4649:combination:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4563:
4562:Meningococcus
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4552:Leptospirosis
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Vaccine court
4485:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:GAVI Alliance
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4152:South America
4149:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4109:
4108:New York City
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:United States
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4061:North America
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Sex education
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Lipodystrophy
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:(3): 335–47.
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:0-7817-8215-5
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2677:on 2012-12-14
2673:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:Retrovirology
2471:
2464:
2461:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:Retrovirology
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2125:on 2008-07-24
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2100:on 2022-02-13
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1981:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1928:
1924:
1923:Medical Daily
1920:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1873:Retrovirology
1870:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1514:PLOS Medicine
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1349:public domain
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:(2): 119–29.
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
921:
915:
910:
905:
903:
900:
896:
892:
886:
884:
883:
874:
869:
866:
865:
864:
858:
854:
850:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
829:
828:
824:
817:
813:
810:
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
782:Damaging the
781:
778:
774:
771:Damaging the
770:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
751:
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
740:
732:
727:
724:
721:
718:
717:
713:
708:
707:
703:
701:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
676:
675:
669:
667:
665:
664:marginal cost
661:
656:
650:
648:
645:
644:
636:
633:
627:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
579:North America
576:
572:
568:
567:
566:
563:
562:
555:
553:
551:
545:
544:
537:
534:
529:
526:
523:
519:
516:
513:
509:
508:viral vectors
505:
501:
497:
494:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
463:
462:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
433:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
390:
389:
387:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
366:
362:
361:viral vectors
358:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
307:
305:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
258:
254:
249:
242:
240:
238:
233:
229:
221:
217:
213:
208:
205:
203:
199:
190:
187:
183:
178:
177:
176:
173:
171:
170:trimerisation
167:
166:glycosylation
163:
159:
150:
144:HIV structure
143:
138:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
102:
100:
97:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
58:
55:November 2021
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5326:Epidemiology
5302:
5274:
5160:DTaP-IPV/Hib
5003:
4951:Yellow fever
4864:EpiVacCorona
4616:Tuberculosis
4589:Pneumococcal
4557:Lyme disease
4385:Heterologous
4284:Immunization
4003:Taiwan (ROC)
3993:Saudi Arabia
3843:South Africa
3676:
3662:Larry Kramer
3404:Epidemiology
3044:
3040:
3030:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2820:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2748:
2742:
2731:. Retrieved
2703:
2690:
2679:. Retrieved
2672:the original
2659:
2648:. Retrieved
2646:. 2023-01-18
2643:
2634:
2622:. Retrieved
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2578:
2561:
2555:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2452:. Retrieved
2438:
2427:. Retrieved
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2392:
2383:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2354:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2178:
2167:. Retrieved
2138:
2127:. Retrieved
2123:the original
2113:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2093:
2084:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
2011:the original
2001:
1980:cite journal
1969:. Retrieved
1942:
1931:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1852:29 September
1850:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1714:
1707:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1411:
1407:
1397:
1373:(4): 431–8.
1370:
1366:
1356:
1335:. Retrieved
1333:. 2015-05-14
1330:
1321:
1284:
1281:npj Vaccines
1280:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1166:(10): e984.
1163:
1159:
1149:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1013:
1005:
970:
966:
956:
928:Cabotegravir
887:
880:
878:
862:
852:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
776:
756:
749:
739:Phase II-VII
738:
736:
720:Phagocytosis
699:
673:
657:
654:
646:
642:
641:
632:South Africa
564:
560:
559:
546:
542:
541:
499:
495:
492:
460:
459:
438:mRNA vaccine
434:
419:
408:
383:
373:lipopeptides
370:
351:
326:HIV envelope
323:
311:
302:
295:
285:
281:
278:
265:animal model
263:The typical
262:
243:Animal model
236:
209:
206:
195:
174:
155:
128:
106:
93:
75:
73:
52:
44:
5362:from market
5258:Controversy
5192:researchers
5108:Hepatitis B
4994:Hepatitis C
4939:Chicken pox
4765:Hepatitis E
4760:Hepatitis B
4755:Hepatitis A
4701:Chikungunya
4678:Shigellosis
4532:Brucellosis
4418:Therapeutic
4372:Inactivated
4312:Development
4300:Inoculation
4292:Vaccination
4211:New Zealand
4083:El Salvador
3988:Philippines
3958:North Korea
3911:China (PRC)
3876:Afghanistan
3566:Product Red
3467:AIDS orphan
3323:Nephropathy
3258:vaccination
2403:1 September
2213:(1): 7–12.
1520:(8): e173.
1051:(1): 6–13.
973:: 104–109.
895:nucleotides
875:Future work
816:Stage I-VII
809:Stage I-VII
757:Stage I-VII
750:Stage I-VII
575:AIDSVAX B/E
511:strategies.
504:common cold
188:) immunity.
76:HIV vaccine
5393:Categories
5293:Thiomersal
5239:Paul Offit
5214:Jonas Salk
5190:Inventors/
5061:research:
5038:research:
4975:research:
4904:Skycovione
4894:Sanofi–GSK
4839:SARS-CoV-2
4750:Hantavirus
4711:rVSV-ZEBOV
4696:Adenovirus
4664:research:
4542:Diphtheria
4380:Attenuated
3923:East Timor
3896:Bangladesh
3886:Azerbaijan
3808:Mozambique
3793:Madagascar
3526:Red ribbon
3368:Serostatus
3296:Conditions
3248:prevention
3238:management
3196:Lentivirus
2733:2021-12-11
2681:2010-12-13
2650:2023-01-26
2594:4 February
2454:2021-12-11
2429:2021-12-11
2374:2018-07-11
2169:2014-04-22
2129:2008-11-04
2104:2022-02-14
2017:16 January
1971:2021-11-30
1933:2013-09-04
1622:(10): 91.
1571:(10): 93.
1337:2023-01-05
1287:(1): 113.
949:References
882:GB virus C
489:adenovirus
468:STEP study
385:Salmonella
381:attenuated
5372:Phase III
5360:Withdrawn
5288:Pox party
5098:ALVAC-CEA
5020:Protozoan
4909:Sputnik V
4859:CoronaVac
4829:Rotavirus
4727:Pandemrix
4579:Pertussis
4520:Bacterial
4404:Synthetic
4367:Conjugate
4319:Adjuvants
4296:Infection
4206:Australia
4160:Argentina
4120:Caribbean
4098:Nicaragua
4088:Guatemala
3998:Sri Lanka
3933:Indonesia
3716:Locations
3657:"Free Me"
3383:Pregnancy
3378:Nutrition
3233:diagnosis
3063:2575-615X
3014:0741-5400
2826:17-25240.
2328:1533-4406
2076:245116317
2060:1546-170X
1879:(1): 82.
651:Economics
556:Phase III
354:canarypox
5130:Prostvac
5123:Gardasil
5118:Cervarix
5065:Hookworm
4944:Shingles
4926:Smallpox
4844:Corbevax
4780:Gardasil
4775:Cervarix
4513:Vaccines
4467:Schedule
4438:Global:
4346:Timeline
4288:Vaccines
4175:Colombia
4093:Honduras
4008:Thailand
3983:Pakistan
3968:Malaysia
3906:Cambodia
3858:Zimbabwe
3838:Tanzania
3763:Ethiopia
3758:Eswatini
3743:Botswana
3632:Solidays
3531:Safe sex
3472:Religion
3416:Timeline
3338:Pruritus
3275:Children
3253:research
3228:HIV/AIDS
3206:subtypes
3022:34668588
2975:24715496
2926:26476119
2918:22380825
2815:. Page 3
2794:11931626
2749:Virology
2724:Archived
2618:Archived
2588:Archived
2547:19843557
2506:27036656
2448:Archived
2423:Archived
2397:Archived
2368:Archived
2346:33730454
2288:18597681
2237:18195078
2186:Archived
2160:Archived
2068:34887575
1965:Archived
1927:Archived
1905:27894306
1846:Archived
1842:Fox News
1824:28618851
1816:25009956
1775:29898870
1699:33053332
1667:Immunity
1648:19951397
1597:19943952
1546:18700814
1389:10229186
1367:Immunity
1313:34489473
1259:22745174
1200:17912361
1160:PLOS ONE
1141:18425263
1092:17502236
997:26985884
906:See also
626:HVTN 702
515:HVTN 505
456:Phase II
303:in vivo.
220:germline
198:antibody
182:antibody
158:epitopes
5319:Related
5265:General
5027:Malaria
4914:Valneva
4879:Novavax
4874:Moderna
4869:Janssen
4854:CanSino
4834:Rubella
4792:Measles
4658:Td/Tdap
4628:Typhoid
4611:Tetanus
4606:Q fever
4537:Cholera
4527:Anthrax
4396:Peptide
4360:Classes
4341:Storage
4199:Oceania
4190:Uruguay
4165:Bolivia
4133:Jamaica
4051:Ukraine
4023:Vietnam
3891:Bahrain
3881:Armenia
3833:Senegal
3823:Nigeria
3813:Namibia
3788:Lesotho
3575:Culture
3556:HIV.gov
3399:History
3392:History
2966:4984542
2883:9689046
2851:Bibcode
2624:23 July
2497:4818470
2337:8189692
2279:2483718
2228:2234358
1896:5126836
1766:6028742
1690:7735217
1639:2790836
1588:2790834
1537:2504486
1495:9445059
1446:4258128
1438:2190095
1416:Bibcode
1304:8421370
1250:3409792
1227:Bibcode
1191:1991584
1168:Bibcode
1132:2997999
1057:8834058
988:5020417
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