152:
383:, rotate outward at the surface and clockwise in the northern hemisphere as opposed to outward and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. Under surface highs, sinking of the atmosphere slightly warms the air by compression, leading to clearer skies, winds that are lighter, and a reduced chance of precipitation. The descending air is dry, hence less energy is required to raise its temperature. If high pressure persists, air pollution will build up due to pollutants trapped near the surface caused by the subsiding motion associated with the high.
573:
overtaking the warm front is cooler than the cool air ahead of the warm front, and plows under both air masses. In a warm occlusion, the air mass overtaking the warm front is not as cool as the cold air ahead of the warm front, and rides over the colder air mass while lifting the warm air. Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel.
581:
197:
398:
731:
691:
532:
254:
42:
330:
682:
the focus of afternoon and evening thunderstorms. A dry line is depicted on United States surface analyses as a brown line with scallops, or bumps, facing into the moist sector. Dry lines are one of the few surface fronts where the special shapes along the drawn boundary do not necessarily reflect the boundary's direction of motion.
674:, or moisture, gradient. Near the surface, warm moist air that is denser than warmer, dryer air wedges under the drier air in a manner similar to that of a cold front wedging under warmer air. When the warm moist air wedged under the drier mass heats up, it becomes less dense and rises and sometimes forms thunderstorms.
681:
During daylight hours, drier air from aloft drifts down to the surface, causing an apparent movement of the dryline eastward. At night, the boundary reverts to the west as there is no longer any solar heating to help mix the lower atmosphere. If enough moisture converges upon the dryline, it can be
624:
dissipate after several days, but can change into a cold or warm front if conditions aloft change, driving one air mass toward the other. Stationary fronts are marked on weather maps with alternating red half-circles and blue spikes pointing in opposite directions, indicating no significant movement.
484:
since cold air is denser than warm air and rapidly lifts as well as pushes the warmer air. Cold fronts are typically accompanied by a narrow band of clouds, showers and thunderstorms. On a weather map, the surface position of the cold front is marked with a blue line of triangles (pips) pointing in
337:
Centers of surface high- and low-pressure areas that are found within closed isobars on a surface weather analysis are the absolute maxima and minima in the pressure field, and can tell a user in a glance what the general weather is in their vicinity. Weather maps in
English-speaking countries will
284:
points in the direction from which the wind is coming. Each full flag on the wind barb represents 10 knots (19 km/h) of wind, each half flag represents 5 knots (9 km/h). When winds reach 50 knots (93 km/h), a filled in triangle is used for each 50 knots (93 km/h) of wind. In the
576:
Occluded fronts usually form around low pressure systems in the mature or late stages of their life cycle, but some continue to deepen after occlusion, and some do not form occluded fronts at all. The weather associated with an occluded front includes a variety of cloud and precipitation patterns,
754:
During the afternoon, air pressure decreases over the land as the warmer air rises. The relatively cooler air over the sea rushes in to replace it. The result is a relatively cool onshore wind. This process usually reverses at night where the water temperature is higher relative to the landmass,
502:
mark the position on the Earth's surface where a relatively warm body of air is advancing into colder air. The front is marked on the warm edge of the gradient in isotherms, and lies within a low pressure trough that tends to be broader and weaker than that of a cold front. Warm fronts move more
366:
can form over relatively mild ocean waters when cold air sweeps in from the ice cap. The relatively warmer water leads to upward convection, causing a low to form, and precipitation usually in the form of snow. Tropical cyclones and winter storms are intense varieties of low pressure. Over land,
572:
Occluded fronts are indicated on a weather map by a purple line with alternating half-circles and triangles pointing in direction of travel: that is, with a mixture of warm and cold frontal colors and symbols. Occlusions can be divided into warm vs. cold types. In a cold occlusion, the air mass
216:
completed their process of automated surface plotting by 1987. By 1999, computer systems and software had finally become sophisticated enough to allow for the ability to underlay on the same workstation satellite imagery, radar imagery, and model-derived fields such as atmospheric thickness and
167:
network by 1845 made it possible to gather weather information from multiple distant locations quickly enough to preserve its value for real-time applications. The
Smithsonian Institution developed its network of observers over much of the central and eastern United States between the 1840s and
238:
have made it possible to devise finely tailored weather maps. Weather information can quickly be matched to relevant geographical detail. For instance, icing conditions can be mapped onto the road network. This will likely continue to lead to changes in the way surface analyses are created and
180:
finally established standard time. Other countries followed the lead of the United States in taking simultaneous weather observations, starting in 1873. Other countries then began preparing surface analyses. The use of frontal zones on weather maps did not appear until the introduction of the
623:
Often a less-steep temperature gradient continues behind (on the cool side of) the sharp frontal zone with more widely spaced isotherms. A wide variety of weather can be found along a stationary front, characterized more by its prolonged presence than by a specific type. Stationary fronts may
175:
The weather data was at first less useful as a result of the different times at which weather observations were made. The first attempts at time standardization took hold in Great
Britain by 1855. The entire United States did not finally come under the influence of time zones until 1905, when
715:. The convection then moves east and equatorward into the warm sector, parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge where the significant wind shifts and pressure rises.
503:
slowly than cold fronts because cold air is denser, and is only pushed along (not lifted from) the Earth's surface. The warm air mass overrides the cold air mass, so temperature and cloud changes occur at higher altitudes before those at the surface. Clouds ahead of the warm front are mostly
137:, which frequently accompanies precipitation. Various symbols are used not just for frontal zones and other surface boundaries on weather maps, but also to depict the present weather at various locations on the weather map. Areas of precipitation help determine the frontal type and location.
749:
of water is so high, there is little diurnal temperature change in bodies of water, even on the sunniest days. The water temperature varies less than 1 °C (1.8 °F). By contrast, the land, with a lower specific heat, can vary several degrees in a matter of hours.
764:
If enough moisture exists, thunderstorms can form along sea breeze fronts that then can send out outflow boundaries. This causes chaotic wind/pressure regimes if the steering flow is weak. Like all other surface features, sea breeze fronts lie inside troughs of low
229:
workstations. By 2001, the various surface analyses done within the
National Weather Service were combined into the Unified Surface Analysis, which is issued every six hours and combines the analyses of four different centers. Recent advances in both the fields of
628:
As airmass temperatures equalize, stationary fronts may become smaller in scale, degenerating to a narrow zone where wind direction changes over a short distance, known as a shear line, depicted as a blue line of single alternating dots and dashes.
744:
fronts occur on sunny days when the landmass warms the air above it to a temperature above the water temperature. Similar boundaries form downwind on lakes and rivers during the day, as well as offshore landmasses at night. Since the
676:
At higher altitudes, the warm moist air is less dense than the cooler, drier air and the boundary slope reverses. In the vicinity of the reversal aloft, severe weather is possible, especially when a triple point is formed with a cold
425:
is very large. When a front passes over a point, it is marked by changes in temperature, moisture, wind speed and direction, a minimum of atmospheric pressure, and a change in the cloud pattern, sometimes with precipitation.
706:
Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but they can outrun cold fronts. This outrunning occurs in a pattern where the upper level jet splits into two streams. The resultant
362:. Weather is normally unsettled in the vicinity of a cyclone, with increased cloudiness, increased winds, increased temperatures, and upward motion in the atmosphere, which leads to an increased chance of precipitation.
523:
can precede a warm front when precipitation falls into areas of colder air, but increasing surface temperatures and wind tend to dissipate it after a warm front passes through. Cases with environmental
755:
leading to an offshore land breeze. However, if water temperatures are colder than the land at night, the sea breeze may continue, only somewhat abated. This is typically the case along the
528:
can be conducive to thunderstorm development. On weather maps, the surface location of a warm front is marked with a red line of half circles pointing in the direction of travel.
272:, atmospheric pressure, pressure tendency, and ongoing weather are plotted. The circle in the middle represents cloud cover; fraction it is filled in represents the degree of
106:
became the first organization to draw real-time surface analyses. Use of surface analyses began first in the United States, spreading worldwide during the 1870s. Use of the
621:
A stationary front is a non-moving boundary between two different air masses. They tend to remain in the same area for long periods of time, sometimes undulating in waves.
1611:
721:
exist ahead of this type of activity, "SQLN" or "SQUALL LINE", while outflow boundaries are depicted as troughs with a label of "OUTFLOW BOUNDARY" or "OUTFLOW BNDRY".
208:
model just after World War I, the United States did not formally analyze fronts on surface analyses until late 1942, when the WBAN Analysis Center opened in downtown
226:
163:
The use of weather charts in a modern sense began in the middle portion of the 19th century in order to devise a theory on storm systems. The development of a
1471:
1540:
1388:
825:
2050:
1224:
458:) as airflow wraps around a low pressure center. Frontal zones can be distorted by such geographic features as mountains and large bodies of water.
185:
in the late 1910s, despite Loomis' earlier attempt at a similar notion in 1841. Since the leading edge of air mass changes bore resemblance to the
1153:
221:
in combination with surface observations to make for the best possible surface analysis. In the United States, this development was achieved when
1134:
557:
is that they are formed when a cold front overtakes a warm front. A more modern view suggests that they form directly during the wrap-up of the
1604:
1487:
1753:
1025:
976:
264:
When analyzing a weather map, a station model is plotted at each point of observation. Within the station model, the temperature, dewpoint,
94:
The first weather maps in the 19th century were drawn well after the fact to help devise a theory on storm systems. After the advent of the
1564:
1453:
507:
with precipitation that increases gradually as the front approaches. Ahead of a warm front, descending cloud bases will often begin with
146:
151:
1773:
1597:
1009:
1081:
577:
including dry slots and banded precipitation. Cold, warm and occluded fronts often meet at the point of occlusion or triple point.
1356:
1182:
1921:
1574:
1968:
1436:
907:
1100:
1768:
1715:
654:
systems like thunderstorms. Horizontal dimensions generally range from over ten kilometres to several hundred kilometres.
235:
786:
338:
depict their highs as Hs and lows as Ls, while
Spanish-speaking countries will depict their highs as As and lows as Bs.
1520:
172:
inherited this network between 1870 and 1874 by an act of
Congress, and expanded it to the west coast soon afterwards.
110:
for frontal analysis began in the late 1910s across Europe, with its use finally spreading to the United States during
2055:
2029:
708:
318:
A synoptic scale feature is one whose dimensions are large in scale, more than several hundred kilometers in length.
118:
99:
454:. Fronts usually travel from west to east, although they can move in a north-south direction or even east to west (a
297:(lines of equal pressure), isallobars (lines of equal pressure change), isotherms (lines of equal temperature), and
1963:
1720:
313:
1064:
1943:
1877:
1705:
566:
439:
1329:
1304:
717:
Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms will lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and
212:
The effort to automate map plotting began in the United States in 1969, with the process complete in the 1970s.
1810:
64:
elements over a geographical area at a specified time based on information from ground-based weather stations.
350:, are located in minima in the pressure field. Rotation is inward at the surface and counterclockwise in the
1537:
1385:
2011:
1933:
1800:
804:
796:
473:
182:
107:
103:
1865:
1825:
1778:
1763:
1745:
1221:
1208:
841:
775:
525:
169:
156:
993:
666:
is the boundary between dry and moist air masses east of mountain ranges with similar orientation to the
1912:
1805:
1795:
1758:
831:
711:(MCS) forms at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern at the area of the best low-level
643:
638:
46:
1584:
1150:
1130:
1991:
1958:
1860:
1855:
1820:
1316:
1267:
712:
477:
294:
1953:
1938:
1504:
1484:
1372:
1241:
1029:
846:
455:
355:
351:
1195:
936:
1725:
651:
512:
126:
68:
446:
is a sharpening of the general equator-to-pole temperature gradient, underlying a high-altitude
1457:
401:
Occluded cyclone example. The triple point is the intersection of the cold, warm, and occluded
2006:
1902:
1790:
1632:
1334:
1285:
877:
516:
303:
The abstract weather symbols were devised to take up the least room possible on weather maps.
1405:
1324:
1275:
1051:
718:
616:
480:. Cold fronts can move up to twice as quickly as warm fronts and produce sharper changes in
435:
209:
80:
1569:
1117:
1657:
1544:
1524:
1491:
1440:
1392:
1360:
1228:
1170:
1157:
1138:
1104:
1085:
1013:
911:
667:
67:
Weather maps are created by plotting or tracing the values of relevant quantities such as
31:
1006:
1559:
1320:
1271:
1077:
519:(mid-level) clouds, and eventually lower in the atmosphere as the front passes through.
1948:
1352:
950:
647:
585:
554:
548:
438:
is not moving. Fronts classically wrap around low pressure centers as indicated in the
359:
269:
186:
88:
84:
117:
Surface weather analyses have special symbols that show frontal systems, cloud cover,
2044:
1730:
980:
808:
800:
746:
504:
402:
392:
257:
248:
218:
1589:
964:
45:
A surface weather analysis for the United States on
October 21, 2006. By that time,
1907:
1882:
1815:
1692:
690:
562:
508:
451:
196:
134:
111:
1433:
903:
580:
472:
A cold front is located at the leading edge of a sharp temperature gradient on an
1097:
1996:
1835:
1735:
1256:"Occluded Fronts and the Occlusion Process: A Fresh Look at Conventional Wisdom"
865:
Air
Apparent: How Meteorologists Learned to Map, Predict, and Dramatize Weather.
836:
792:
695:
558:
443:
380:
368:
231:
190:
76:
72:
57:
17:
923:
397:
41:
2001:
1973:
1887:
1682:
1667:
1647:
1579:
1418:
Mesoscale classifications: their history and their application to forecasting.
890:
756:
741:
735:
536:
499:
494:
467:
447:
431:
427:
290:
265:
222:
1338:
1289:
276:. Outside the United States, temperature and dewpoint are plotted in degrees
1843:
1672:
1652:
1637:
1517:
812:
730:
671:
363:
281:
213:
164:
95:
35:
1280:
1255:
253:
442:
here depicted for the northern hemisphere. On a larger scale, the Earth's
285:
United States, rainfall plotted in the corner of the station model are in
2021:
1983:
1897:
1642:
663:
422:
414:
410:
273:
102:
became possible for the first time, and beginning in the late 1840s, the
531:
1892:
481:
347:
329:
298:
277:
205:
177:
61:
1303:
Stoelinga, Mark T.; Locatelli, John D.; Hobbs, Peter V. (2002-05-01).
699:
485:
the direction of travel, at the leading edge of the cooler air mass.
1305:"Warm Occlusions, Cold Occlusions, and Forward-Tilting Cold Fronts"
1063:
Saseendran S. A., Harenduprakash L., Rathore L. S. and Singh S. V.
1700:
729:
689:
579:
530:
396:
328:
293:. Once a map has a field of station models plotted, the analyzing
252:
195:
150:
1030:
Hydrometeorological
Prediction Center 1999 Accomplishment Report.
417:. Strictly speaking, the front is marked at the warmer edge of a
320:
Migratory pressure systems and frontal zones exist on this scale.
1677:
994:
Prospectus for an NMC Digital
Facsimile Incoder Mapping Program.
286:
1593:
1472:
A Numerical Simulation of Dryline Sensitivity to Soil Moisture.
1007:
The Hong Kong Observatory Computer System and Its Applications.
1710:
520:
289:. The international standard rainfall measurement unit is the
981:
A Brief History of the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
799:, characterized by a localized, small-scale area of enhanced
1330:
10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0709:WOCOAF>2.3.CO;2
954:, 2003, revised, 2004, 2006, p. 5. Retrieved on 2006-07-14.
193:, the term "front" came into use to represent these lines.
1065:
A GIS application for weather analysis and forecasting.
129:, implying clear skies and relatively warm weather. An
30:"Surface analysis" redirects here. For other uses, see
951:
Perspectives on Fred Sanders's Research on Cold Fronts
2020:
1982:
1834:
1744:
1691:
1625:
1351:National Weather Service Office, Norman, Oklahoma.
1118:
Selected DataStreme Atmosphere Weather Map Symbols.
1050:David Roth. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.
476:analysis, often marked by a sharp surface pressure
1516:Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology.
1423:American Meteorological Society, Boston, p. 18–35.
1254:Schultz, David M.; Vaughan, Geraint (2011-04-01).
413:that have different density, air temperature, and
121:, or other important information. For example, an
371:are indicative of hot weather during the summer.
902:Frank Rives Millikan. Smithsonian Institution.
734:Idealized circulation pattern associated with a
1309:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
1260:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
430:develop where the cold air mass is advancing,
1605:
409:Fronts in meteorology are boundaries between
8:
1754:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
904:Joseph Henry: Father of the Weather Service.
200:Present weather symbols used on weather maps
49:was active (Paul later became a hurricane).
1612:
1598:
1590:
1171:Weather's Highs and Lows: Part 1 The High.
791:A descending reflectivity core (DRC) is a
354:as opposed to inward and clockwise in the
204:Despite the introduction of the Norwegian
1328:
1279:
867:University of Chicago PressChicago: 1999.
1183:Meteorología del aeropuerto de La Palma.
40:
857:
826:Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
434:where the warm air is advancing, and a
239:displayed over the next several years.
1421:Mesoscale Meteorology and Forecasting.
698:such as this one can be a sign that a
670:, depicted at the leading edge of the
301:(lines of equal wind speed) are drawn.
1570:Unified Surface Analysis Manual — NWS
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1026:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
977:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
650:systems like fronts, but larger than
379:High-pressure systems, also known as
7:
346:Low-pressure systems, also known as
1716:Convective condensation level (CCL)
1222:Pressure, Wind and Weather Systems.
686:Outflow boundaries and squall lines
588:that may be found on a weather map:
260:plotted on surface weather analyses
147:History of surface weather analysis
133:, on the other hand, may represent
1922:Equivalent potential temperature (
1131:INTRODUCTION TO DRAWING ISOPLETHS.
243:Station model used on weather maps
25:
1774:Conditional symmetric instability
1620:Meteorological data and variables
1181:Agencia Estatal de Meteorología.
1116:American Meteorological Society.
878:American Pioneers in Meteorology.
569:and rotation around the cyclone.
535:Illustration clouds overriding a
2051:Synoptic meteorology and weather
1721:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
1052:Unified Surface Analysis Manual.
611:Stationary fronts and shearlines
225:workstations were replaced by n-
1706:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
1969:Wet-bulb potential temperature
1811:Level of free convection (LFC)
1575:Unified Surface Analysis — NWS
1505:Dry Line: A Moisture Boundary.
1220:United Kingdom School System.
1196:Weather Basics - Low Pressure.
236:geographic information systems
1:
2012:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
1934:Sea surface temperature (SST)
1769:Convective momentum transport
1565:Norwegian Cyclone Model — NWS
1826:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
965:Air Masses and Weather Maps.
787:Descending reflectivity core
781:Descending reflectivity core
100:surface weather observations
2030:Maximum potential intensity
1796:Free convective layer (FCL)
1759:Convective inhibition (CIN)
709:mesoscale convective system
584:A guide to the symbols for
565:, and lengthen due to flow
141:History of surface analysis
2072:
1964:Wet-bulb globe temperature
1821:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
1560:"The Mid-Latitude Cyclone"
1076:National Weather Service.
926:. Retrieved on 2007-06-24.
784:
773:
726:Sea and land breeze fronts
646:features are smaller than
636:
614:
546:
492:
465:
390:
314:Synoptic scale meteorology
311:
246:
144:
29:
1944:Thermodynamic temperature
1878:Forest fire weather index
1536:Glossary of Meteorology.
1483:Glossary of Meteorology.
1384:Glossary of Meteorology.
1355:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1149:Glossary of meteorology.
1133:Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
1084:October 25, 2007, at the
1080:Retrieved on 2007-04-29.
910:October 20, 2006, at the
906:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
553:The classical view of an
1866:Equivalent temperature (
1779:Convective temperature (
1663:Surface weather analysis
1547:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1527:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1507:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1503:University of Illinois.
1494:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1474:Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
1443:Retrieved on 2006-12-05.
1407:Retrieved on 2021-03-13.
1395:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1375:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1371:University of Illinois.
1359:October 9, 2006, at the
1244:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1240:University of Illinois.
1231:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1211:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1198:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1160:Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
1120:Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
1107:Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
1096:Dr Elizabeth R. Tuttle.
1067:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1054:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
1032:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
1016:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
996:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
983:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
967:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
939:Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
893:Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
880:Retrieved on 2007-04-18.
333:Wind barb interpretation
60:that provides a view of
54:Surface weather analysis
1913:Potential temperature (
1658:Surface solar radiation
1580:Glossary of Meteorology
1518:Chapter 2: Definitions.
1137:April 28, 2007, at the
1005:Hong Kong Observatory.
963:Bureau of Meteorology.
797:supercell thunderstorms
795:phenomenon observed in
308:Synoptic scale features
183:Norwegian cyclone model
108:Norwegian cyclone model
104:Smithsonian Institution
1903:Relative humidity (RH)
1791:Equilibrium level (EL)
1764:Convective instability
1434:Dryline cross section.
1281:10.1175/2010BAMS3057.1
1078:Station Model Example.
937:An Expanding Presence.
842:Outline of meteorology
776:Microscale meteorology
738:
703:
607:
539:
406:
334:
261:
201:
170:U.S. Army Signal Corps
160:
157:Great Blizzard of 1888
50:
1460:on 27 September 2007.
1416:Fujita, T. T., 1986.
832:Extratropical cyclone
733:
693:
639:Mesoscale meteorology
583:
534:
400:
332:
256:
199:
154:
56:is a special type of
44:
1992:Atmospheric pressure
1959:Wet-bulb temperature
1861:Dry-bulb temperature
1856:Dew point depression
924:Daylight Saving Time
452:thermal wind balance
159:on March 12 at 10 pm
155:Surface analysis of
1954:Virtual temperature
1939:Temperature anomaly
1633:Adiabatic processes
1321:2002BAMS...83..709S
1272:2011BAMS...92..443S
889:Human Intelligence.
847:Ridge (meteorology)
770:Microscale features
759:coast, for example.
594:3. stationary front
515:(high-level), then
356:southern hemisphere
352:northern hemisphere
47:Tropical Storm Paul
27:Type of weather map
2056:Weather prediction
1726:Precipitable water
1543:2007-03-14 at the
1523:2009-05-06 at the
1490:2011-09-19 at the
1439:2008-01-20 at the
1404:Aviation Weather.
1391:2007-03-14 at the
1227:2007-09-27 at the
1156:2007-08-11 at the
1103:2008-07-09 at the
1012:2006-12-31 at the
948:David M. Schultz.
801:radar reflectivity
739:
719:outflow boundaries
704:
633:Mesoscale features
608:
540:
407:
335:
262:
202:
161:
69:sea level pressure
51:
2038:
2037:
2007:Pressure gradient
1816:Lifted index (LI)
1470:Lewis D. Grasso.
1373:Stationary Front.
598:5. surface trough
596:4. occluded front
87:features such as
16:(Redirected from
2063:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1591:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1514:
1508:
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604:8. tropical wave
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127:high pressure
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119:precipitation
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83:to help find
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1914:
1908:Mixing ratio
1883:Haines Index
1867:
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1693:Condensation
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1458:the original
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419:frontal zone
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381:anticyclones
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369:thermal lows
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342:Low pressure
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135:low pressure
130:
122:
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112:World War II
93:
66:
53:
52:
1997:Baroclinity
1844:Dew point (
1836:Temperature
1736:Water vapor
1538:Sea Breeze.
1485:Lee Trough.
1454:"Lecture 3"
1386:Shear Line.
837:Frontolysis
702:is imminent
696:shelf cloud
652:storm-scale
602:7. dry line
567:deformation
526:instability
517:altostratus
500:Warm fronts
444:polar front
432:warm fronts
428:Cold fronts
358:due to the
232:meteorology
191:World War I
168:1860s. The
77:cloud cover
73:temperature
58:weather map
2045:Categories
1974:Wind chill
1888:Heat index
1746:Convection
1683:Wind shear
1668:Visibility
1648:Lapse rate
1129:CoCoRAHS.
853:References
774:See also:
757:California
742:Sea breeze
736:sea breeze
637:See also:
537:warm front
505:stratiform
495:Warm front
489:Warm front
468:Cold front
462:Cold front
448:jet stream
421:where the
411:air masses
364:Polar lows
312:See also:
291:millimeter
266:wind speed
247:See also:
223:Intergraph
145:See also:
1673:Vorticity
1653:Lightning
1638:Advection
1339:0003-0007
1290:0003-0007
811:into the
807:from the
765:pressure.
672:dew point
644:Mesoscale
606:9. Trowal
282:wind barb
270:direction
214:Hong Kong
165:telegraph
96:telegraph
36:etymology
2022:Velocity
1984:Pressure
1898:Humidity
1801:Helicity
1643:Buoyancy
1541:Archived
1521:Archived
1488:Archived
1437:Archived
1389:Archived
1357:Archived
1225:Archived
1154:Archived
1135:Archived
1101:Archived
1082:Archived
1010:Archived
908:Archived
819:See also
805:descends
664:dry line
658:Dry line
474:isotherm
423:gradient
415:humidity
348:cyclones
299:isotachs
274:overcast
1893:Humidex
1806:K Index
1626:General
1317:Bibcode
1268:Bibcode
668:Rockies
561:during
482:weather
295:isobars
278:Celsius
206:cyclone
178:Detroit
79:onto a
62:weather
1337:
1288:
992:ESSA.
935:NOAA.
713:inflow
700:squall
677:front.
509:cirrus
478:trough
403:fronts
387:Fronts
287:inches
280:. The
75:, and
1701:Cloud
803:that
440:image
227:AWIPS
1678:Wind
1335:ISSN
1286:ISSN
662:The
511:and
268:and
234:and
34:and
1711:Fog
1325:doi
1276:doi
521:Fog
189:of
2047::
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1037:^
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1927:e
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1781:T
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405:.
131:L
123:H
38:.
20:)
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